Civilian Experts Research Articles

Expertise Integration in Cybercrime Policing: Exploring Civilian Career Lifecycles

ABSTRACT This study examines the internal dynamics and composition of federal police cybercrime units with a focus on civilianization. The study is based on interviews with 56 sworn and civilian (unsworn) members of two federal law enforcement organizations located in two of the Five Eyes countries. Both police organizations had a significant number of civilian employees in their cybercrime units and were in the process of actively recruiting more. The findings relate to civilianization across four domains: organizational design and structure; recruitment and remuneration; education and training; and attrition and retention. These four (interrelated) domains were identified as core organizational challenges that impacted the capacity of police cybercrime units to optimally harness civilian expertise to enhance cybercrime capability. Our study finds widespread support for civilianization within federal police cybercrime units as an approach to improving capability but highlights several challenges for police organizations across the civilian career lifecycle. The main challenges relate to recruitment and retention. A much broader tension relates to how police organizations remunerate sworn and civilian employees and provide opportunities for career advancement. There is an increasing need for new policy solutions to this issue as police organizations continue to adapt to evolving cybercrime challenges.

The Spirit of the Service: Dash, Discipline, and Flying Accidents in the Royal Australian Air Force, 1921–48

From its establishment in 1921, the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) attracted political and public critique for flying accidents. This article explores how its nascent institutional ethos developed in relation to a problematic safety record. Military aviators were expected to balance airborne “dash” against obeying flying orders, risking castigation if they proved either too timid or too reckless. Despite vigorous attempts to isolate their service from scrutiny, Air Force leaders were forced to adapt the RAAF's safety culture in response to civilian expertise, media pressure, political machinations, and comparisons with other air arms — particularly Britain's Royal Air Force. Through the 1930s and the Second World War, responsibility was increasingly channelled toward individual personnel. Tactics included severe punishments, signed attestations that confirmed compliance with orders and an “endorsement” system that permanently recorded infractions in errant flyers' log books. These measures risked producing timorous and inadequately skilled pilots, unprepared to exploit their aircraft's capabilities to the full. In 1945, the establishment of a Directorate of Flying Safety profoundly changed the RAAF's institutional safety culture, but its accident record remained problematic. Over 1921–48, the “sweet spot” between initiative and dependability eluded the RAAF's quest to inculcate an enduring “spirit of the service”.

The Role of Civilian Cybersecurity Companies in Military Cyber Operations

Abstract The Russia-Ukraine war has clearly shown that critical infrastructures are prime targets for cyber operations in addition to the physical domain. In practice, in many cases, these critical infrastructures are protected by civilian cybersecurity companies in the context of a managed security service, so their defense operations must necessarily be coordinated with military defense activities. This includes among others the sharing of information classified under different classification systems (national, EU, NATO) between different actors in national cyber defense, the inclusion of appropriate civilian experts in the armed forces, and the usage of cutting-edge cybersecurity technologies (e.g. AI-enabled solutions) that are first introduced for civilian use, with military organizations only having access to them later or possibly not encountering them at all due to procurement difficulties. The main goal of this paper is to introduce the existing opportunities and obstacles to civilians’ involvement in military cyber operations in the areas of legislation, technology, and human resources from the European perspective. Moreover, the paper deals with the actual questions of cybersecurity intelligence sharing between civilian and military entities and the European Union’s actions in order to improve the overall cybersecurity posture of the region.

War, Public Opinion and the British Constitution, c. 1867–1914

By the late nineteenth century, questions were raised about the efficacy of the British political system to manage and prosecute modern wars. At the centre of these questions was the issue of public opinion, seen as a potentially detrimental influence on planning and preparation for future wars. This article outlines the late-Victorian and Edwardian views on the role between Britain's constitution and war, and shows how public opinion was brought up in discussions on how Britain's armed forces could be better prepared for future conflicts. It argues that, by World War I, British officers as well as civilian experts proposed various solutions to the country's perceived political problems and argued that the public could potentially be mobilised to side-line a lethargic parliament and the political parties. The article thereby follows in the wake of an increased interest in the intellectual and political history of war and military planning, and offers a new perspective on political thought in Victorian and Edwardian Britain.

OPEN BALKANS AND THE CONSPIRACY FOR SUSTAINABLE INSECURITY

The war in Ukraine and the consequences of the war impose the fear that there is a risk that the countries of the Western Balkans will become a second front that Russia will open in Europe. The flared up conflict is a new "red" dividing line that awakens old bloody wounds in the Balkan countries. The consequences of the war in Ukraine are also felt in Europe and especially in the Western Balkan region because there were or are operational plans that if Russia succeeds in defeating Ukraine, the war can spill over the gates, into the Western Balkan region which also could be the next point of destabilization on European soil, which would represent a further expansion of Russian influence. The diplomatic priorities of the international community for the region include inclusive democracy, the rule of law, freedom of public opinion, freedom of the media, fight against corruption, mutual recognition of countries, reduction of trade barriers. The easily vulnerable region of the Western Balkans encouraged Western diplomats to increase activities and initiatives, negotiations, agreements.Will the Western Balkans once again become a new field of serious conflicts, given the existing ethnic tensions? Will the attention of the USA and the EU be completely focused on the reconstruction of Ukraine, and this part of the Old Continent will be left at the mercy and mercy? Political initiatives and numerous actions on a political, security and defense plan signal the generation of additional mistrust towards these countries. Especially since the international community is constantly active and engaged in countless diplomatic talks and negotiations followed by the signing of various agreements, while, on the other hand, the inclusion in the European structures hangs in the clouds, and the inclusion in the largest defense-security organization - NATO is partially resolved. Peace seems to be working, but it is on glass legs.If we analyze the strategic concepts of NATO from 1991, 1999 and 2010 in terms of security issues, certain risks to allied security are still present in terms of territorial disputes and ethnic conflicts or intolerances that have a potential initial capsule for a conflict of wider aspects. As a fundamental instrument for NATO's intervention, crisis management is one of NATO's basic tasks, for which it uses an appropriate combination of political and military tools for crisis management in an increasingly complex security environment. NATO is an international organization that includes the implementation of a wide range of operations for the prevention and management of crises that can be of a political, military or humanitarian nature, and can be the result of a natural disaster or as a result of technological, chemical, biological, radiological or nuclear (CBRN) disruptions. NATO is transforming from a defense to a security organization including not only the deployment of troops, but a whole range of military and civilian experts engaged through civil-military coordination and cooperation. The new strategic concept of the Alliance was prompted as a result of the interventions in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1995 and the operation of the allied forces in Kosovo in 1999 with the aim of ending the human suffering and conflicts caused by the conflicts that took place in the areas of the Western Balkans, and which later resulted in the signing of numerous resolutions and agreements. The question of whether and to what extent all those agreements will be respected remains open.However, the 2010 strategic concept promotes Euro-Atlantic security by strengthening partnerships with the Balkan countries through collective defense, crisis management and cooperative security. At the same time, NATO monitors the region and in possible early signs of crisis, which by using various instruments should stabilize the regions safety, and ensures and guarantees peace.

Exploratory Study upon Military Leadership in the 21st Century. What Are Skills and Knowledge Required for Leadership Success?

Within the context of increasingly digital work, it appeared interesting to look at how military leaders and their leadership style will have to adapt to remain “up-to-speed” with current challenges. It is qualitative research based on interviews with military and civilian experts. Four interviews have been conducted, but there would be the potential to interview many more experts and look deeper into the matter. Within the context of digitalised military leadership, the importance of communication and mutual trust has been underscored by the experts. They agreed that leaders nowadays must embrace digital developments and include them in their leadership styles. The civilian world can learn from the military when it comes to leadership approaches, which is happening at the time of publication of this article with practical examples (senior military leaders assigned to lead the pandemic task force in some countries). Overall, the outcome of the research is that a relevant and resilient military leadership style in the 21st century resembles the elements of the situational leadership style developed by Hersey-Blanchard.

Public Perception and Communication Patterns Pertaining to Nuclear Power in Korea: Focusing on the Transition Period from Pro-nuclear to De-nuclear Policy

Background: An effective communication strategy for reducing conflicts in South Korea has been designed through the analysis of public perception and communication variables on nuclear power under the conditions of rapidly changing nuclear power policies.Materials and Methods: This study conducted both qualitative research through group discussions based on social psychology and quantitative research through surveys.Results and Discussion: Nuclear power plant (NPP) area residents in favor of nuclear power indicated higher levels of communication, safety perception, and contribution than those against it. NPP area residents trusted the civilian expert groups (18.3%) and local government (17.3%) the most, while metropolitan city residents trusted the Nuclear Safety and Security Commission and the Korea Institute of Nuclear Safety (20.7%) the most. In determining nuclear power policy, both the NPP area residents (18.1%) and metropolitan city residents (17.1%) prioritized safety, health, and the environment. While metropolitan city residents thought that energy security and economic growth (16.4%) were important, NPP area residents thought the current issue of spent fuel rods (14.1%) to be important.Conclusion: It is necessary for the nuclear power industry to have and actively implement communication and conflict resolution strategies based on the patterns obtained in the study results.

Guns, Guerrillas, and the Great Leader: North Korea and the Third World by Benjamin R. Young

<i>Guns, Guerrillas, and the Great Leader: North Korea and the Third World</i> by Benjamin R. Young

The Org. Gehlen/BND and German military and civilian experts in the Middle East in the 1950s and 1960s

This article deals with the observation of the activities of West Germans in the Middle East by the West German intelligence organizations Org. Gehlen (under US tutelage until 1956) and the Bundesnachrichtendienst/ BND (under German Federal jurisdiction thereafter) between the late 1940s and late 1960s. It is largely based on hitherto unpublished primary sources from the BND archive, to which the author had access as member of the officially appointed Independent Commission of Historians for the History of the BND (‘Unabhängige Historikerkommission’ or UHK). It argues that the Org. Gehlen/ the BND performed well. It furnished its employers with accurate information and insightful interpretations in the complicated field of Middle Eastern politics in the first quarter century after de-colonization. It also demonstrates how the Federal Government did not necessarily follow the BND’s recommendations, particularly with regard to its policy towards Israel. In this aspect the BND serves as an example of the strengths and weaknesses of intelligence services per se.

Towards control and effectiveness: The Ministry of Defence and civil-military relations in India

ABSTRACT This article analyses India’s Ministry of Defence and its influence on civil-military relations. It argues that, until very recently, the strategic intent of the defence ministry has primarily focused on civilian control over the military. The resultant institutional structure of civilian control compromised the effectiveness of the Indian military. This was due to several features of the country’s model of civilian control, including a lack of civilian expertise, bureaucratic procedures underlying civil-military interactions as well as military autonomy. Acknowledging these problems, the government has currently embarked on reforms to maximize military power. It is doing so mainly by infusing military expertise at the ministerial level. However, this may upend the civil-military dynamic in India and the success of this initiative remains to be seen. Conceptually, this article examines a possibly pernicious effect of a civilian dominated ministry and highlights the importance of expertise in enhancing both control and military effectiveness.

EVALUATION OF A BUILDING LIFE CYCLE COST (LCC) CRITERIA IN EGYPT USING THE ANALYTIC HIERARCHY PROCESS (AHP)

Recently, life cycle cost (LCC) has gained a wide acceptance in the field of industrial building construction, where it is categorized under economic sustainability in the overall sustainability of buildings. Hence, it is necessary to think about the categories and criteria that affect the building’s cost over its lifespan. In this study, the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), a multi-criteria decision-making methodology, is employed to evaluate and weight four categories which are building blocks of the LCC of industrial building construction. The assessment model applies seventeen criteria which are distributed under the following four categories: initial cost, operating or maintenance cost, environmental impact cost, and the end of life. These are evaluated by thirty-seven civilian experts responding to a pair wise questionnaire. The results are significant as they reflect the viewpoints of the civilian experts and can aid in the development of a building's economic sustainability by illuminating the impact factors of the life cycle cost of buildings. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to handle criteria evaluation of LCC for sustainable building using the AHP multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) methodology.

Inhumane medicine: imperial japan’s development and the use of biological weapons during World War II

There is currently an acute lack of information on the activities of Japanese doctors during World War II. Being a country with limited natural, financial, and human resources, Imperial Japan considered biological and chemical weapons one of the most promising and effective means of warfare in its quest to dominate Southeast Asia. In the mid 1920s, the Japanese leadership approved biological and chemical warfare research. The implementation of the biological weapons project, including human testing, was entrusted to Shiro Ishii and a group of Japanese scientists under his leadership, as well as to military and civilian experts. These studies examined the effectiveness of plague, gas gangrene, cholera, anthrax, and other pathogens. Experiments, including detailed descriptions of the subjects suffering and the results of autopsies/vivisections, were carefully documented. Field tests involved the distribution of contaminated food and crops to the Chinese population, as well as the contamination of water supplies. Similarly, in keeping with military interests, the effectiveness of munitions and the effects of decompression, hypothermia, and electric current were investigated on prisoners. After the end of World War II and the surrender of Imperial Japan, large-scale buried victims of experiments were found on the territory of the Peoples Republic of China, including the borders of the USSR. The paper focuses on the ethical component of the studies conducted, based on the dominant view in the Japanese society that all actions for the glory of the country and the emperor are justified and the absence of any ethical considerations due to the prejudice of the Japanese against foreigners in general and the Chinese in particular.

지방자치단체의 조경분야 민간전문가 제도 운영현황 및 문제점 분석†,††

This research analyzed the status and problems of civilian expert programs for landscape architects to suggest alternatives to improve the current system. Literature research focused on the issues of the legal definition of civilian experts, the background of the program, and related regulations. Based on the understanding of the legal system, the research analyzed the operation status, structure, roles of the civilian expert program of local governments where landscape architects were delegated as civilian experts. Currently, 50 local governments are running the civilian expert program, and landscape architects are working as civilian experts in 11 institutions. The majority of landscape architects are working as MA or general architects. Only SMG runs an independent general landscape architect program. Based on the literature research and interviews with 16 experts, the research examined four main issues related to the program. First, the legal system issues of the civilian expert programs are related to the regulations assuming architects as experts. Revising the current legal system is a better alternative than promulgating a new law for landscape architects. Second, the compensation issue was a main problem related to operation. Securing a sufficient budget and more effective administration is required to solve the problem. Third, related to the role, the tasks being limited to consultation were regarded as the main problem. Although landscape architects wanted more opportunities to directly participate in the project’s design, the fairness of the public project contracting system needed to be considered. Fourth, the competence issue is related to the number of available landscape architects. This issue can be solved by expanding the pool of civilian experts to adjacent disciplines, such as public design or landscape management.

Opening the Black Box: The Turkish Military Before and After 15 July 2016

Opening the Black Box: The Turkish Military Before and After 15 July 2016

Chinese Scholars on the Progress and Outcomes of the Military Reforms in Russia (from the 1990s till Present)

Since the early 1990s, Russia and China have come a long way in developing military cooperation. It began with an exchange of delegations, the reduction of troops along the border, the adoption of confidence-building measures, and, by now, has transformed into a strong partnership. Two countries annually conduct several joint military exercises and develop military training cooperation. In this regard, the Chinese assessments of the Russian military policy after the collapse of the USSR are of particular interest. The survey of specialized publications shows that Chinese scholars commenced studies on the Russian military reforms in the mid-1990s. The author notes that there was a spike of research activity on that matter in 2009 soon after the start of radical reforms of the Russian Armed Forces. Chinese scholars usually identify four waves in the Russian military reforms, each determined by a combination of domestic and external political and economic factors. Chinese military and academic experts assessed these reforms both in terms of their impact on the global balance of power in the military-political sphere and their potential relevance to similar reforms in China. The first two phases of the Russian military reforms (from 1992 to 1997 and from 1997 to 1999) are usually assessed negatively. The general failure of military reforms is attributed to the economic challenges, the lack of political will, and the absence of an adequate theoretical and methodological basis for such transformations. Subsequent reforms (from 2001 to 2004, and, particularly, after 2008) are generally assessed positively. In that regard, Chinese experts emphasize the importance of the processes of political power consolidation and economic recovery that took place in Russia in that period, as well as the role of lessons learned by the Russian military from local wars and armed conflicts. Nevertheless, according to Chinese assessments these reforms still have certain drawbacks, particularly, associated with hasty and misguided attempts to copy the Western military models at the turn of the 2000s — 2010s. In general, Chinese civilian and military experts conclude that throughout a long and difficult process of military reforms Russia has made a significant progress in rearmament and increasing the combat potential of its armed forces. Moreover, such reforms could serve as a valuable source of experience and an example for further development and modernization of the People’s Liberation Army of China (PLA).

A Tool Adaptation Workshop for Moral Distress in Military Critical Care Nurses.

The US military healthcare services provide the highest level of trusted medical care to its members and to the world population during catastrophic events. These services can be difficult, making moral and ethical situations commonplace. Moral distress results when actions are inconsistent with personal or professional beliefs, resulting in a loss of moral integrity. Moral distress research is well established in the civilian literature and results in poor outcomes and increased expenses. There is little research studying moral distress in military providers. A clinical nurse specialist-led workshop was conducted with military and civilian experts. The expert panel reviewed the literature, examined instruments, and reviewed tool items for applicability to military healthcare providers. The team determined the existing civilian moral distress tool was applicable to military providers. Twelve additional items were added to the modified tool. A tool testing plan was developed to test the tool in military critical care nurses on the last day of the workshop for the next phase of this project. The civilian moral distress tool was adapted for a military version and will be tested in the next phase of the project.

Technology and Disasters: The Evolution of the National Emergency Tele-Critical Care Network.

Technology and Disasters: The Evolution of the National Emergency Tele-Critical Care Network.

(NE)VYUŽÍVÁNÍ CIVILNÍ ODBORNOSTI PŘÍSLUŠNÍKŮ AKTIVNÍ ZÁLOHY --- Nevyužitá příležitost personálních kvalit

Text sums up outcomes of researcher focused on utilizing civilian expertise during their service in Czech Army Active Reserve Forces. The main outcome is that Czech Army is not aware of individual civilian expertise of its reservist and except small group of highly specialized units the armed forces are not even interested in this matter.

(NOT)UTILIZING THE CIVILIAN EXPERTISE OF INDIVIDUAL RESERVISTS IN CZECH ARMY ACTIVE RESERVE FORCES

Text sums up outcomes of researcher focused on utilizing civilian expertise during their service in Czech Army Active Reserve Forces. The main outcome is that Czech Army is not aware of individual civilian expertise of its reservist and except small group of highly specialized units the armed forces are not even interested in this matter.

지방중소도시의 지역발전투자협약 추진체계 구축제언 - 영주시 공공건축가제도를 중심으로 -

This research aimed to propose an organizational system that implements a planning agreement in local small and medium sized city, Korea. To conduct this research, three successful cases were deduced using integration systems to investigate purpose and background of the planning agreement. Articles, reports, media, and participation in meetings and workshops related on this topic are used for collecting data and interview of regional activists and experts, and public officials were carried out. Among them, the case of Yeongju city that used the new integration system instead of pre-adminstration system was examined in detail. There are three local governments; Yeongwol-gun, Jeungpyeong-gun, and Yeongju city which have successfully fulfilled projects from various departments of central adminstration not projects of planning agreement. The similarity noticed between those three cases is to continue various projects from several departments of central adminstration for numerous years and contribute to regional revitalization. A successful factor was to establish organizational system and manage it for the integration plan and performance for appropriate regional and administrative characteristics. In particular, in the case of Yeongju city, organization for urban architectural management composed of civilian experts were formed, authorized status on administrative organization was established, and the function and role were identified. It is helpful to other local governments to carry out the projects of planning agreement as the case of Yeongju city is now a new method.