Civilian Clothes Research Articles

Sexual violence among female survivors in Goma, in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: epidemiology, clinical features, and circumstances of occurrence

Sexual violence (SV) is a major public health issue in Goma, Democratic Republic of the Congo, especially in the eastern part of the country where women have been victims of SV for many years. The objective of this study is to provide an overview of the survivor and perpetrator characteristics, as well as the circumstances surrounding SV incidents in Goma. We conducted a retrospective, descriptive cross-sectional study using data from all SV survivors who sought medical care at four hospitals in Goma from January 2019 to December 2020. The analysis of the data was carried out using STATA 16 software. A total of 700 women sought medical attention for SV in the four hospitals. The survivors’ age range was 12–67 years with a mean age of 31.7 ± 14.6 years. Women aged 20–29 years were the most affected (28%). The majority of SV survivors experienced their first assault (88.29%) and sought medical attention within 72 h (60.6%). The assaults occurred mostly outside the SV survivors’ homes under armed threat (84.29%), predominantly by men in civilian clothes (61.43%) compared to men in military uniform (38.57%). More than half of the survivors were assaulted by a stranger (64.71%), and of those, more than half were committed by a single perpetrator (57.29%). The findings underscore the urgent need to address this pervasive issue, emphasizing the necessity of targeted interventions to protect survivors and prevent future incidents. The circumstances surrounding these assaults, such as the prevalence of armed threats and attacks outside survivors’ homes, highlight the complex challenges in combating SV in this region.

Does the cowl make the monk? The effect of military and Red Cross uniforms on empathy for pain, sense of agency and moral behaviors.

According to the embodied cognition framework, cognitive functions are not confined to the brain but are also shaped by the mutual interactions between the brain, body, and external environment. In this regard, a theory developed in 2012, called enclothed cognition, suggests an effect on wearing specific clothing on various psychological processes. However, the neuro-cognitive mechanisms underlying the impact of clothing on behavior have received less systematic investigation. The present study examined the influence of clothing on prosocial behaviors, and focused on sense of agency, and empathy for pain as neuro-cognitive processes of interest. Participants (40 in total) wore civilian, military, and Red Cross uniforms. They were paired up and assigned as either agents or victims. Agents had the option to administer real electric shocks to victims for a monetary reward of +€0.05. They could choose to shock freely (free condition) or follow the experimenter's instructions (coerced condition). We measured prosocial behavior by counting the number of shocks prevented, neural empathic response using electroencephalography with the P3 and the LPP, and sense of agency through an implicit method based on interval estimates. Findings showed that wearing the Red Cross uniform led to more prosocial behavior compared to civilian clothing. The Red Cross uniform also increased neural response to pain when participants witnessed shocks, compared to civilian or military clothing. Moreover, wearing a military uniform increased the sense of agency in the free condition, as compared to civilian clothing. This study broadens our knowledge on the impact of enclothed cognition on cognitive and psychological processes.

ПРАВОВЕ РЕГУЛЮВАННЯ ДІЯЛЬНОСТІ НАЦІОНАЛЬНОЇ ПОЛІЦІЇ УКРАЇНИ У ВИКОНАННІ СЛУЖБОВО-БОЙОВИХ ЗАВДАНЬ

The article examines the legal regulation of the National Police of Ukraine in the performance of official and combat tasks. In particular, attention was paid to the genesis of certain central concepts of our work, the authority to ensure and implement measures of the legal regime of martial law, the performance of official and combat tasks by police officers in civilian clothes. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the fact that the work deepened the theoretical work on the legal regulation of the activities of the National Police of Ukraine in the performance of official and combat tasks. In accordance with the current legislation of Ukraine, police officers are assigned a number of duties and powers. accordingly, it is clear that during the period of martial law, the work of a policeman has a number of peculiarities. So, as a general rule, a police officer performing official duties in civilian clothes must always carry a special badge. It is forbidden for a policeman to remove a special badge from his uniform or hide it. It is important to note that in the Law of Ukraine «On the National Police» the powers in the context of ensuring the functioning of the measures of the martial law regime or the state of emergency; work in the direction of combating criminal acts against critical infrastructure objects, which in turn poses a great threat to the normal provision of life activities of the population, work to support security in cyberspace; joint work with special units in the direction of combating criminal groups, sabotage and intelligence groups and groups whose main task is to overthrow the constitutional order and sovereignty of the country, etc. Carrying out the police service in conditions of war, state of emergency or other critical situations requires the employees of the National Police to have the appropriate abilities, skills and characteristics of character. So, one of the main requirements for police officers is the speed of decision-making in critical situations, the ability to act taking into account all the circumstances. So, taking into account the above, we note that the combat effectiveness of a unit of police officers directly depends on the ability to act in stressful situations and, most importantly, the ability to cope with stress, and the ability to correctly apply tactical work.

Nazwy cywilnej odzieży męskiej warstw niższych. Na materiale poznańskich listów gończych z lat 1816–1836

The article presents the lexical material concerning clothes vocabulary. The data was extracted from arrest warrants published from 1816 to 1836 in Publiczny Donosiciel ( Public Denunciator ) which was an annex to Dziennik Urzędowy Królewskiej Regencyi w Poznaniu ( Official Journal of the Royal Regency in Poznan ). The article presents the structure of the lexical and semantic field of NAMES OF CIVILIAN CLOTHES OF MEN’S FROM LOWER SOCIAL STRATA and its semantic and genealogical analysis. In this lexical and semantic field, 361 lexical items were classified, described and assigned to nine subfields which were then divided further. The genealogical analysis showed that a third of the vocabulary described are loanwords.

Review: Verde, by Federico Rios Escobar

Review: <i>Verde</i>, by Federico Rios Escobar

Forensic investigation of a mass grave at Ovčara, near Vukovar, of victims killed by the Serbian army in 1991

Objective: To evaluate the contribution of forensic research to the discovery and analysis of mass graves of victims of the Yugoslav People’s Army and Serbian paramilitaries at Ovčara, near Vukovar, and to the identification of exhumed victims as missing persons who were forcibly removed from Vukovar Hospital on 20 November 1991. Methods: We analysed official international documentation and transcripts from the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. Data on causes of death and injury classifications were derived from autopsy reports and their interpretation by a forensic specialist. Identification of individuals was based on a report by a representative of the Commission on Detainees and Missing Persons. Results: Scientific and expert evidence from forensic research of the Ovčara mass grave shows that 198 male and 2 female bodies (one of a pregnant woman) in civilian clothes were exhumated from the site, with an average age of 32.5 years, including 3 minors. The determined manner of death for all 200 exhumed bodies was homicide, and the cause of death for 95% of the victims was a gunshot wound to a vital part of the body, in 67% of cases to the head. Traces of medical treatment and hospital workwear were found on 53% of the victims. 96% of the bodies were positively identified, 46.5% using classical forensic methods, and 49.5% by DNA analysis. Most of the victims were Croatian nationals of the Catholic faith. Conclusion: Forensic analysis and identification confirmed that the war crime victims exhumed from the Ovčara mass grave were listed as missing persons who disappeared from Vukovar Hospital. Their murder was used as relevant evidence of planned ethnic cleansing in court.

Performance of Basic Life Support by Lifeboat Crewmembers While Wearing a Survival Suit and Life Vest: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Introduction: Crewmembers of the “Royal Netherlands Sea Rescue Institution” (KNRM) lifeboats must wear heavy survival suits with integrated lifejackets. This and the challenging environment onboard (boat movements, limited space) might influence Basic Life Support (BLS) performance. The primary objective of this study was to assess the impact of the protective gear on single-rescuer BLS-quality.Material and Methods: Sixty-five active KNRM crewmembers who had recently undergone a BLS-refresher course were randomized to wear either their protective gear (n = 32) or their civilian clothes (n = 33; control group) and performed five 2-min sessions of single rescuer BLS on a mannequin on dry land. BLS-quality was assessed according to Dutch and European Resuscitation guidelines. A between group analysis (Mann-Whitney U) and a repeated within group analysis of both groups (Friedman test) were performed.Results: There were no major demographic differences between the groups. The protective gear did not significant impair BLS-quality. It was also not associated with a significant increase in the perceived exertion of BLS (Borg's Rating scale). Compression depth, compression frequency, the percentage of correct compression depth and of not leaning on the thorax, and ventilation volumes in both groups were suboptimal when evaluated according to the BLS-guidelines.Conclusions: The protective gear worn by KNRM lifeboat-crewmembers does not have a significant influence on BLS-quality under controlled study conditions. The impact and significance on outcome in real life situations needs to be studied further. This study provides valuable input for optimizing the BLS-skills of lifeboat crewmembers.

Assessment of Dermal and Inhalation Exposure to Permethrin During Field Treatment of Military Uniforms.

Permethrin is a common pesticide spray-applied to civilian clothing and military uniforms for protection against biting arthropods in an effort to reduce risks to arthropod-borne diseases. During mass clothing spray events, exposure is possible through the dermal, inhalation, and ingestion routes. The potentially exposed population during a spray event includes the pesticide applicator(s) and working party (personnel who handle clothing/uniforms by positioning on the ground, flipping, and removing after spraying is complete). Previous investigation is limited regarding permethrin exposure via multiple routes of entry. Additionally, most exposure assessments are limited to pesticide applicators rather than working party that support applicator personnel. The purpose of this investigation was to conduct a multi-route exposure assessment for all personnel normally participating in mass permethrin military uniform treatments. The protocol and Informed Consent Document were approved by the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USUHS) Institutional Review Board (IRB) before fieldwork initiation (IRB number: USUHS.2019-032). Sampling occurred during routine spray events performed by 14 U.S. Navy personnel (3 applicators and 11 working party) over 2 days. Personal exposures were measured with dermal sampling, and airborne concentrations were measured with area air sampling. Permethrin area air sampling and analysis were conducted using OSHA Versatile Sampler-2 sampling media (n = 36). Dermal exposure was measured using dosimeter gloves (n = 26) and a dermal patch (n = 26) worn by study participants. All air samples were reported below the 0.4 µg limit of quantification. Glove sample results ranged from 45 to 120,000 µg and patch results ranged from 0.57 to 45 µg. A repeated-measures ANOVA showed non-statistically significant differences in dermal concentrations (P-value = .8340) between the applicators and working party in patches and gloves. Results suggest dermal contact is the primary route of exposure compared to inhalation when mass spraying clothing with permethrin. Similar dermal exposures between these two occupations may necessitate reconsidering risk assessment procedures, training and personal protective equipment (PPE) requirements for mass spray uniform treatments. Specifically, while PPE requirements for applicators are highly regulated by the Armed Forces Pest Management Board and include items such as Tyvek suits, chemical protective gloves, and air-purifying respirators, PPE was not regulated for working party personnel before this investigation.

Industrial workwear for hot workplace environments: thermal management attributes.

Personal protective clothing (PPC) is critical for worker safety and wellbeing from both protection and thermal management perspectives, particularly as PPC typically covers more than 90% of the body. Research of PPC in low-risk categories such as mining, oil, gas, and construction and their thermal management attributes is limited, although these industries represent a significant proportion of the industrial workforce, work across a broad range of major industries, and frequently work in hot and/or humid thermal environments. This study evaluated and characterized the thermal management attributes of a selection of commercial low-level risk PPC ensembles currently used around the world as well as a civilian/corporate wear ensemble, using a sweating thermal manikin. The results demonstrate that there are substantially poorer thermal attributes for the PPC ensembles. Predicted Heat Strain Index (PHS) results for hot conditions reveal significantly lower duration limited exposure (DLE) and considerably greater body water loss for the wearers of PPC. Opportunities to substantially reduce PPC material mass and improve construction for these low-level risk categories in order to enhance thermal management performance are identified. Relationships between the thermal attributes of PPC and civilian clothing, and their garment construction, fit, and material characteristics are identified, providing new and important knowledge for current performance and direction for development of new improved PPC. This study provides researchers, developers, and garment designers with valuable insights for future improvement of PPC to create improved PPC for industrial workwear worn in hot environments.

No tights, no flights: Constructing the wardrobe of television superheroes

Superheroes have always been defined by their dual lives, but analysis of the ways dress has informed characterization is often limited to just their superhero costumes, despite qualitative evidence that comic book heroes are depicted in civilian clothes at least half as often. Contemporary depictions of superheroes on television spend an even greater percentage of time dressed in civilian garments. This article combines both adaptation studies and industry studies approaches to discuss the overlooked influence of civilian clothing in conceiving the television superhero – examining both comic book source materials and the process of costume design through the intrinsic constraints of industry television production. Through case studies into the DC comics Arrowverse, a series of interconnected programmes aired on the CW Network, and Marvel’s Runaways, the Hulu adaptation about teenage superheroes without costumes, as well as interviews with costume designers and actors, this article recognizes strong visual similarities across programmes between pseudo-character archetypes, and presents a de facto formula for analysing civilian superhero costume design. The resulting narrative reveals a struggle within superhero civilian costume design: finding the balance between serving semiotics or characterization, and building a sense of realism and individual choice within costuming choices from within hegemonic structures.

제주 4 · 3사건과 응원경찰부대 - 『강원경찰전사 영광의 서곡 제1집』과 경북 특별경찰대 소속 한 부대의 기념사진을 중심으로 -

초록 · 키워드 목차 오류제보하기 Although data such as "Jeju 4 · 3 Incident Fact-finding Report" (2003), "Jeju 4 3 Incident Additional Fact-finding Report I"(2019), and various data collections generally describe or organize the development of Jeju 4 · 3 Incident, most of the police records are based on domestic newspaper articles. In particular, the cheering police unit is directly linked to the damage caused by the operation, so it is necessary to secure literature data, but only a few. In the meantime, I newly obtained data on the Jeju April 3rd Incident from the police and carefully considered it. First of all, according to the 『Prelude to Glory of Gangwon Police Warrior』, Gangwon Police Corps was dispatched twice in May and July 1948, but the operation plan was changed during the first dispatch, and the second mission was carried out. However, such a simple record alone shows that although no one knows when or where the operation was conducted, it was also conducted in the middle of the village, disguised as civilian clothes, and carried out combat operations. Next, the unit in the "Photo to commemorate the dispatch of troops belonging to the Gyeongbuk Special Police Force" is a platoon, and the timing of the dispatch was reported to the media when the cheering police units of the Seoul Metropolitan Police Agency and the 8th(Jeonnam) Police Agency were dispatched in early October. The troops were also wearing Japanese long-sleeved armor, and firearms were also carrying 11-year-old Japanese light machine guns and U.S. M3 machine guns, indicating that the unit was armed to respond effectively in combat as a guerrilla force. Anyway, I hope that this article will actively collect new data in the future, and further revitalize follow-up research, providing an opportunity to shed light on the Jeju April 3 incident once again. #제주 4 · 3사건 #사건사 #국가폭력 #응원경찰부대 #강원경찰전사 #특별경찰대 #Jeju April 3 Incident #Incident history #National Violence #Supporting Police Force #Gangwon Police Combat History #Special Police Force Ⅰ. 머리말Ⅱ. 제주 4 · 3사건 위원회의 발간 자료 검토Ⅲ. 『강원경찰전사 영광의 서곡 제1집』Ⅳ. 경북 특별경찰대 소속 부대의 파견 기념사진Ⅳ. 맺음말참고문헌ABSTRACT

Meilleures Pratiques Internationales De Lutte Contre Le Terrorisme Et La Criminalite Organisee Par Des Unites Speciales Et Des Services De Detection Et De Repression

Therefore, this unit as a component of the gendarmerie is built on the principle of a military unit. The gendarmerie, one of the few state institutions in France, has been in existence for over 200 years and has a status as DOI: 10.32370/IA_2021_03_07 a significant component of the country's armed forces and is an extremely important part of the police system. The gendarmerie is subordinated to the Ministry of Defense (on the authority of the Main Directorate), and on the ground - to the command of military districts. At the same time, the gendarmerie is at the operational disposal of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the Ministry of Justice. Significant autonomy within the Armed Forces allows the gendarmerie to combine military functions with purely police and administrative ones. The difference between police and gendarmerie is that the police are civilian civil servants. They can wear civilian clothes and trade union and political freedoms. Gendarmes also have the status of servicemen and military ranks, always in uniform, not entitled to strike and are responsible for violations in accordance with military charters - from guardians to dismissal from service (for example, for the use of alcohol "in the performance of official duties" the gendarme is threatened arrest for up to 30 days). The need for the creation of the Austrian Special Forces was conditioned by the urgency of taking measures to ensure the safety of the flow of emigrants of Jewish nationality from the former USSR since in autumn 1973 against them was committed serious terrorist act. Special unit "Cobra" enters the warehouse of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and has got a double subordination: through direct combat engagement to the head of public safety, and in relation to personnel issues and logistics - the central command of the gendarmerie of the Austrian Ministry of Internal Affairs. Among the well-known British Special Political Service (Special Air Service, or SAS) is probably the best counterterrorism unit. Its component - Special Projects (SP) team - the main anti-terrorist squad. The Special Air Service and its Counter Revolutionary Warfare Squadron (CRW) unit, the Antirevolutionary Military Squadron, were founded in 1942. The feature of training SAS servicemen is to teach each soldier to possess all methods and means of combating terrorism. To achieve this, SAS trains all of its squadron through training cycles. Acquired skills are improved later in the SP-team's combat duties. The main thing in the work is the maximum approximation of training sessions to a real combat situation in the conduct of operations on the release of hostages, in the role of which are civilians. Anti-terrorist training of SAS and the development of practical measures for the release of hostages is facilitated by the fact that high-ranking members of the British Government, including the Prime Minister, are personally involved in it.

II. DÜNYA SAVAŞI DÖNEMİ VOGUE DERGİ KAPAKLARINDAKİ KADIN İMGESİ VE GİYİM ANLAYIŞI ÜZERİNE GÖSTERGEBİLİMSEL BİR ÇÖZÜMLEME

Moda yalnızca estetik bir anlayış biçimi olmayıp aynı zamanda güçlü yan anlamlar içeren, birçok alandan etkilenerek şekil alan ve sürekli değişen sosyo-kültürel bir olgudur. Özellikle büyük krizlerin yaşandığı savaş yıllarının moda ve giyim üzerindeki etkisi, kadın giyimindeki biçimsel ve estetik dönüşümün yanısıra zorunlu sosyolojik bir takım etkileri de beraberinde getirmiştir. Bu çalışmanın temel amacı Vogue dergisinin II. Dünya Savaşı dönemi kapaklarının göstergebilimsel açıdan incelenerek, savaşın kadın imajı, moda ve giyim üzerindeki yansımasını araştırmaktır. Aynı zamanda modanın sembolik ve yananlamlarla birlikte, dönemin etkisiyle nasıl şekillendiği belirlenmeye çalışılmıştır. Çalışmanın evreni II. Dünya Savaşı döneminde yayımlanmış olan 143 adet Vogue dergi kapağından oluşmaktadır. Örneklemi ise, özellikle Amerika’nın savaşta etkin olduğu 1942, 1943 ve 1944 yıllarından bir adet olmak üzere toplam üç adet dergi kapağı, amaçlı örnekleme yönetemiyle belirlenmiştir. Çalışmada Vogue dergi kapakları göstergebilimsel açıdan Roland Barthes’ın anlamlandırma şeması üzerinden incelenmiş, kapakta yer alan kadın fotoğraflarının yananlamları kültürel kodlar üzerinden, yazılı göstergeler ise kapak üzerindeki sloganlar incelenerek yorumlanmıştır. Dönemin moda ve giyim anlayışı üzerindeki etkisi ise metinlerarasılık kuramından modaya uyarlanarak Th. F. Broden tarafından oluşturulan giysilerarasılık kuramı üzerinden incelenmiştir. Sonuç olarak Vogue dergi kapaklarında kadın imgesinin; vatansever, yardımsever, barışçıl, fedakâr, en az erkekler kadar savaş döneminde etkin ve söz sahibi, göreve hazır, güçlü bir kadın profili yansıtıldığı görülmüştür. Savaşın kadın giyimi üzerinde büyük etkisi olduğu, sivil kıyafetlerde dahi haki, “Kızıl Haç’’ ve Amerikan bayrağı yansıtımı olarak beyaz, kırmızı, lacivert renklerinin kullanıldığı, özellikle ceket ve şapkalarda askeri üniforma etkilerinin görüldüğü, saç, makyaj ve aksesuarlarla birlikte maskülen ve feminen etkinin dengelendiği saptanmıştır.

Seeing Gender in Policing: Uniforms and Perceived Aggression

Policing has historically been conceptualized as a masculine and male-dominated profession. As part of the present research, we test two competing hypotheses about the effects of officer gender on citizens’ (N = 251) perceptions of officer aggression. Our results reveal that women are perceived as less aggressive than men when wearing civilian clothes, but similarly aggressive as men when wearing their police uniform. By experimentally testing the salience of policing versus gender cues on judgments of officers, we provide insight into the gendered dynamics of policing and complement existing research in the fields of criminology and psychology.

Reflections on My Early Career: Nearly Trampled by Trauma

Reflections on My Early Career: Nearly Trampled by Trauma

The house of Van Dyne: Defining Marvel’s superhero fashion designer

Abstract Marvel Comics superhero and founding member of The Avengers Janet Van Dyne, the Wasp, has been portrayed as an in-canon fashion designer not just of superhero costumes but also of civilian clothing. Through her continuous usage as a narrative device that functions as an authority on style and taste, the proliferous designs depicted as created by Van Dyne over her almost sixty-year history have expanded to be worn by so many heroes across the Marvel Universe that they subconsciously define our overall conceptions of superhero fashion. This article evaluates Van Dyne’s fictional fashion designs from the perspective of real-world fashion criticism in order to define Van Dyne’s design aesthetic. Through comparisons with key designers and movements within the fashion industry, this article asserts that the history of luxury fashion is the best model for placing Van Dyne designs into context and that the long-standing visual representations of Van Dyne fashions offer a unique case study to explore the narrative implications of luxury fashion within comics. This focus on fashion designs rather than iconographic superhero costumes creates new opportunities to emphasize discussions of the integrality of clothing to conceptions of superhero characterization and identity.

How Criminal Offenders Perceive Police Officers’ Appearance: Effects of Uniforms and Tattoos on Inmates’ Attitudes

ABSTRACTBoth, the number of people wearing visible body modifications, e.g., tattoos, and their acceptance in society have been significantly increased. Thus, rules and regulations of German police officers’ appearance prohibiting to show tattoos during police services are challenged. Basically, such standards aim to minimize risk factors in police service and to maximize safety at work, thus fostering police operations and finally promoting a favorable image of the police organization. Within the scope of the “Police Officer Appearance”-project (2016–2018) of the Rhineland-Palatinate Police University, we aimed to answer the question how police officers in uniform with visible tattoos are evaluated by others. Within a sub-project, we focused on an important target group in police services: criminal offenders. While previous studies found evidence that wearing a uniform was associated with more favorable ratings of police officers as compared to people in civilian clothing (“uniform-effect”), showing a tattoo had a rather detrimental effect of attitudes toward police officers (“tattoo-effect”). In the present study, we investigate whether these effects transfer to the sub-population of criminal offenders. A total of N = 98 inmates of a correctional institution in Rhineland-Palatinate participated in the study. Inmates were presented pictures of police officers in police uniform or civilian clothing with or without visible tattoos. Results revealed the “uniform-effect” among inmates, i.e., a more positive evaluation of police officers wearing police uniform. However, the “tattoo-effect” was not present in this subgroup. Implications for theory, limitations and future research directions, as well as practical implications are discussed.

German Consulate in Kyiv (1924–1938): Between Diplomacy and Politics

The article covers the activities of the German mission in Kyiv as a cultural, political, and administrative centre of the Ukrainian SSR in 1924–38 in the status of a consulate and consulate-general. The data about the following heads of the consular institution is provided: Siegfried Hey, Werner Stephanie, Rudolf Sommer, Andor Hencke, and Georg-Wilhelm Grosskopf. The legal basis for the establishment of consular relations between the Ukrainian SSR and Germany was the Treaty on Application of the Treaty of Rapallo signed on 16 April 1922 between the RSFSR and Germany to the Allied Republics of the RSFSR. The consular district of the first German mission covered Kyiv, Chernihiv, Podillia, and Volyn governorates. The mission of the consulate was to inform the government about the internal situation in the Ukrainian SSR, promote trade relations and cultural cooperation, and protect the interests of German citizens. The head of the consulate immediately came under close surveillance of the ODPU (United State Political Department) of the Ukrainian SSR on suspicion of conducting intelligence activities as well as collecting information about the economy, industry, and agriculture in the territory of his consular district. Subsequently, the ODPU increasingly introduced its own agents to the staff of foreign missions as service personnel, and NKVD agents in civilian clothing set up surveillance on the consulate’s premises. They accompanied the consul, the consulate staff, and even some visitors on their way out of the premises. Thus, the secret service collected compromising materials that gave grounds for accusing German diplomats of anti-Soviet activities and espionage. The consul’s correspondence was also under control. When A. Hitler came to power in Germany, the information confrontation between the USSR and the Third Reich began, but official diplomatic and consular relations continued. In his reports, the consul in Kyiv recorded the horrors of the Holodomor, the growing process of party ‘purges’, secret executions and suicides, coupled, from January 1937, with daily reprisals against intellectuals and workers in his consular district. The consulate-general in Kyiv ceased its operation in 1938, the official reason being the streamlining of the number of consular offices of the Third Reich and the USSR. Keywords: German Consulate, Werner Stephanie, Rudolph Sommer, Andor Hencke.

Effects of Ticket Inspection Levels: a Quasi-Experimental Approach

When introducing electronic ticketing it can be economically sensitive for bus transport companies also to introduce an honour-based ticketing which makes fare evasion an issue. In a quasi-experimental setting effects of increasing ticket inspection levels, changing the clothing of the inspectors from official to civil clothing, and varying sizes of inspection teams on different reported reasons for passengers without a ticket are analysed by means of Poisson regression. As expected higher ticket inspection levels have a decreasing effect on the share of passengers who are reported to have ‘no (validated) / valid ticket’ as well as passengers who have their ‘ticket forgotten’. A change from official to civilian clothing of the inspectors reveals higher shares of passengers with ‘no (validated) / valid ticket’ but seems to have a decreasing effect on the share of the group ‘ticket forgotten’, and the size of the inspection team reveals small but significant higher shares of both groups. Furthermore, this quasi-experiment shows that when combined the measures mentioned above lead to a substantially lower share of the group ‘ticket forgotten’ but reveals a higher share of the other group. Knowledge of the differences of the effects on the reported reasons is relevant for revenue effects as well as for comparisons of fare evasion between different public transport systems.

Ciklus Svetog Dimitrija u Pećkoj patrijaršiji - I

Ciklus Svetog Dimitrija u Pećkoj patrijaršiji - I