Object Of Civil Rights Research Articles

Facility under Construction and Investment in Property Maintenance and Improvement as part of the Joint Property of Spouses: Issues of Object Identification and Choice of Protection Method

The purpose of the paper is to classify the buildings built in marriage and investments made in one of the spouses’ property from the viewpoint of the current system of civil rights objects, to determine the appropriate ways to protect the interests of the spouses arising in connection with these objects. The analysis of the norms of civil and family legislation made it possible to identify the problem of legal insecurity of a spouse’s interest in common joint property when reimbursing expenses incurred in connection with his investments into the other spouse’s property maintenance or improvement. The same is true for the acquisition of ownership rights to a building erected during the marriage on a plot of land owned by the other spouse in the absence of primary registration of the right to it. It is established that a direct application of civil law object classification in determining the composition of marital property subject to division, leading to interdependent loss of efficiency of norms of civil and family law (repaying the action of each other), and deprivation of the indicated interests of a spouse legal protection. It is proved that the protection of the interest in compensation for expenses incurred to improve or maintain the personal property of one of the spouses can only be provided by adding a special norm to the Family Code of the Russian Federation that fixes the legality of this interest and determines the method of its protection. The spouse’s interest in acquiring ownership of a building erected during marriage on a plot of land owned by the other spouse, if the primary ownership of the building is not registered, can only be protected by adapting the principles of real property classification to the regime of common joint property of the spouses by expanding the scope of the exception to the principle of incorporation or by introducing an exception to the principle of superficies solo cedit.

TRADE IN DATA: DIFFERENT APPROACHES, ONE REALITY

The development of the digital economy and new technologies raises the question whether it is possible to consider personal data as a new economic asset. Provides an overview of the positions on this issue in foreign and domestic scholarships. Opinions range from recognition of trade in public values unacceptable to statements concerning a shadow data market. Based on a hypothetical assumption of data tradability, the authors examine approaches to the definition of personal data as an object of civil rights. The research paper demonstrates that possible obstacles to the introduction of economic data circulation can emerge from legislative formulations as well as from general legal approach to the regime of personal data defense. The research paper examines experience of different countries in providing legal conditions for the legitimate commercial processing the collected data. The article illustrates reasons why trade in personal data is not a threat to human information rights and explains how the problem of privacy defense can be resolved. The nascent experience of foreign countries suggests that profiting from data commerce requires to remove regulatory barriers, and at the same time to publicly accompany market processes, since the State remains the main guarantor of the rights of its citizens. Taking into account the current development of the Russian digital economy and the approach to understanding personal data as a social value, the authors present their own recommendations for the Russian legislator on realization of the data commercialization project. The article is prepared within the research work on the public order of the RANEPA.

The Role of the Legal Infrastructure of Responsibility with the Participation of Consumers in the Novelization and «Digitalization» of Civil Rights Objects

The article deals with the provisions on changing the norms of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation on liability for new civil rights objects, for information technology, derivative financial instruments or their equivalents. The issues of liability regarding digital financial assets, digital rights, as future, new objects of civil rights on the basis of the contract are touched upon. The author analyzes the new provisions of Federal Law № 34 of March 18, 2019, as well as legislation in general and practice in terms of determining the legal status of parties to contractual relations.

Legally Binding Relationships with Regard to Digital Objects of Civil Rights

The paper, based on the analysis of the legal nature of new digital objects of civil rights (digital rights, digital currency), makes conclusions concerning possible models of contractual relations arising from object’s data.The author relies on the fact that in relation to the category “a digital right” an independent object can be recognized only in connection with the peculiarities of the form of the object (the form in which the property rights are fixed) rather than its content. Token is seen as a technical concept. i.e. a digital way of fixing property rights. The paper substantiates that the retributive disposal of the digital right (both as a utilitarian digital right and a digital financial asset), according to which the digital right acquirer in order to transfer the right in question undertakes to pay a certain amount of money, under the general rule, should be qualified as a contract for the sale of a digital right. At the same time, in each case this also refers to the transfers the subject matter of which covers the transfer of a separate property right as an object of civil rights (cashless money, a book-entry security, a law of obligation (claims)) classified by law as a digital right.From the author’s point of view, digital currency in the system of objects of civil rights can be qualified only as “other property” in compliance with the the sui generis principle. It is concluded that transactions with digital currency should be classified as non-defined contracts. Contractual legal relations aimed at exchanging various objects for digital currency, in cases not contrary to the law, by analogy of the law, can be regulated under the rules applied to the contract of sale, the exclusive right alienation agreement or license agreement. Based on the special provisions of the law, a legally binding relationship regulating the digital currency, provided the tax authorities are not informed about such possession and transactions with such an object, has features of a natural obligation.

THE INFLUENCE OF THE NEW REGULATION OF DIGITAL RIGHTS ON JUDICIAL PRACTICE

A huge interest in learning digital technologies is noted these days. However, at the same time it is necessary to note insufficient degree of available information on this topic, which is due to this phenomenon's novelty. The relevance of the research topic is determined by the need to analyze comprehensively the litigation practice on applying the legislation on digital rights. The need for this research is due to the lack of a comprehensive legal regulation of new digital technologies, lack of uniform judicial practice on applying the legislation on digital rights. This paper considers and analyzes modern law enforcement approaches to cryptocurrency as an object of civil rights, to transactions with cryptocurrency, dissemination in the Internet of information about cryptocurrency as a virtual means of payment and saving in the territory of the Russian Federation, taxation of digital assets existing in litigation practice. The legal positions of the Bank of Russia, Rosfinmonitoring, FTA of Russia on problematic issues of digital rights are investigated.

One Real Estate Complex: Concept and Prospects of Law

One of the most important and discussed topics of Russian civilization is the issue of objects of civil law. The topic under study is not adequately reflected in domestic civil law and judicial arbitration practice. According to legal scholars, the ongoing changes in domestic civil legislation have not eliminated problems that relate to objects of civil law. The constant complication of civil law turnover and the development of domestic science of civil law are forced to carry out targeted work in this direction. The domestic legislator initiates the necessary new norms of civil law. As a result, this entails, among other things, the emergence of new objects of civil law. The expediency of expanding the list of objects of civil law requires a rethinking of existing legal concepts and work on serious theoretical and practical justification of new ones. In legal science and practice, the need to include the legal concept of "single immovable complex" in the current civil legislation of the Russian Federation is proved Legal scholars have formed various opinions that characterize it. Domestic civilizations have identified and analyzed the theoretical and practical shortcomings of a single immovable complex. A comparative legal study of a single real estate complex, an enterprise as a property complex, a complex thing was carried out and it is confirmed that they are not identical. Obviously, a single immovable complex is a necessary and relevant legal concept of domestic scientific thought. In order to create a single real estate complex, some conditions are needed. The rights holder of movable and immovable property by his will decides to create it. The permitting authorities, through State registration, decide to establish. Disadvantages of a single immovable complex, both theoretical and practical, are indicated. Similarities and differences in the design of the enterprise as a property complex, a complex thing, and a single real estate complex made it possible to identify the features of the legal status of the latter and distinguish it as an independent object of civil rights. Despite the fact that in the Civil Code of the Russian Federation there are such legal concepts as "enterprise as a property complex" and "complex thing," the inclusion of a single real estate complex in the current civil legislation is necessary. The legal significance of this concept is unconditional. It justifies its own point of view on the problem and the place of a single immovable complex in the system of objects of civil law. Recognizing the need for the concept of "single immovable complex" in the current civil legislation of the Russian Federation, the domestic legislator should focus on its significant theoretical and practical shortcomings that impede the effective enforcement of the provisions of Art. 1331 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation. Domestic legislators need to give them an appropriate legal assessment, as well as suggest effective ways to solve them.

Сервітут як об’єкт цивільних прав

Виявлено історичні тенденції та стан сучасного правового регулювання речових прав на чуже майно. З’ясовано характерні ознаки й особливості сервітуту як об’єкта цивільних прав. Розглянуто способи набуття та припинення сервітуту, його обсяг і правовий режим, особливість публічних сервітутів. Сервітут як різновид речових прав, об’єктом яких виступають права на чужу річ, є особливою категорією майнових прав і специфіч-ним об’єктом цивільних прав з огляду на особливості, пов’язані з його оборотоздатністю. Сервітутне право не лише надає власнику змогу ефективно використо-вувати свою річ, а і передбачає задоволення інтересів, у тому числі і немайнових, інших осіб (наприклад, здійснювати право проходу чи проїзду через чужу зе-мельну ділянку навіть розміщати тимчасові споруди). Право власника земельної ділянки на обмежене корис-тування чужою земельною ділянкою зумовлено необ-хідністю та задовольняє потреби (чи усувати недоліки) цієї ділянки за рахунок інших, як правило, суміжних ділянок. В особи, яка у встановленому порядку набула сервітут, виникають правомочності, які і становлять зміст сервітутного права.За відсутності згоди щодо встановлення сервітуту зацікавлена особа має в суді довести неможливість нор-мального господарського використання ним земельної ділянки за відсутності сервітуту. Набуваючи серві-тут особа має уникати зловживання своїми правами. За відсутності підстав набуття речових прав, спроба на-бути їх у будь-який спосіб зумовлює нікчемність пра-вових наслідків.У сервітутних відносинах завжди виступають дві сторони: власник земельної ділянки та особа (чи кіль-ка осіб), яка набуває обмежене речове право на чужу земельну ділянку у вигляді сервітуту. Оскільки будь-який сервітут завжди є обмеженням чужого права, він встановлюється у спосіб, найменш обтяжливий для власника речі. З іншого боку, справедливо зазначи-ти, що обмеження майнових прав породжує для влас-ника необхідність утримання від певних дій, що мо-жуть порушити права іншої особи. Якщо особа набула обмежене право, то в неї не можуть не виникнути пра-вовідносини із власником речі. Різновид обмеженого права, тобто встановлені законом заборони, які звужу-ють зміст суб’єктивного речового права з метою охо-рони і здійснення речових прав інших осіб, і визначає характер таких відносин.

LIMITED TURNOVER OF ECONOMIC INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS IN THE FIELD OF NATIONAL SUCURITY AND DEFENSE

During the execution of the state defense order (hereinafter — SDO) may be created objects of intellectual property rights (hereinafter — OIPR), namely: inventions, utility models, industrial designs and topographies of semiconductor products, as well as objects of copyright in the form of computer programs, databases, engineering, technological and software documentation, etc.The Law of Ukraine «On the State Defense Order», adopted in 1999, in no way regulates the legal relationship regarding the creation of OIPR, their use and disposal of economic intellectual property rights to such objects during the SDO. Economic rights to IPR are types of objects of civil rights. Based on the provisions of Art. 178 of the Civil Code of Ukraine objects of civil law are divided into 3 groups depending on degree of their turnover:1) objects that can be freely transferred to another person;2) objects with limited turnover (may belong only to certain participants in the turnover or whose stay in the civil turnover is allowed by special permission);3) objects withdrawn from civil circulation (which are not allowed in civil circulation).Economic rights to certain OIPR are restricted in civil circulation (for example, to a trade name) or withdrawn from civil circulation (for example, to a geographical indication).In addition, the exercise of intellectual property rights may be restricted in certain areas in order to protect the public interest. Such public interest consists, among other things, of the protection of the state interests during the introduction into civil circulation of property rights to OIPR, created during the execution of SDO.Taking into account the provisions of Article 17 of the Law of Ukraine «On Science Parks», we propose to establish an imperative provision in this Law and the draft Law of Ukraine «On Defense Procurement» (Reg. № 2398-d of November 27, 2019). Such changes should stipulate that economic rights to OIPR created during defense procurement are limited in civil turnover. The exercise of rights to such OIPR is possibleonly with the consent of the state customer in the field of defense.Restriction of civil turnover of economic intellectual property rights to these objects should be aimed not only at eliminating the possibility of transferring (assigning) economic rights to such objects, but should also implement other options for their introduction into civil circulation, including the right to use OIPR or to transfer economic rights to the specified OIPR into pledge. In order to improve the legal regulationof these legal relations, it is necessary to amend the legislation of Ukraine in the field of pledge. Peculiarities of securities of intellectual property rights should be enshrined in a separate section of the Law of Ukraine «On Pledge». Such changes should include, inter alia, the obligation to negotiate agreements on pledge of economic rights to OIPR, created during the implementation of the SDO with the public customer. Relevant provisions should be enshrined in the draft Law of Ukraine «On Defense Procurement». The improvement of the legislation studied in the article will contribute to a systematic solving of the issue of establishing the conditions for the execution of economicrights to OIPR, created as a result of SDO, namely the need for such approval of the state customer, that will ensure public interests in the field of national security and defense of Ukraine by the provision of control over the civil turnover of such objects.

PLACE OF CRYPTOCURRENCY IN THE SYSTEM OF CIVIL RIGHTS

In the context of digitalization, the issues of determining the legal regulation of matters related to theuse of cryptocurrencies are naturally becoming increasingly relevant. The qualification of cryptocurrencyas an object of civil rights is one of the most important aspects of the legal regime of cryptocurrency. Theneed for high-quality development and registration of the legal regime of cryptocurrency, incorporationof this phenomenon into the legal system of the Russian Federation requires a detailed study of theissues of determining the place of cryptocurrency in the system of civil rights, attributing legal signs ofproperty or property rights to it, or, conversely, postulating and consolidating its fundamental identityand individuality. Analysis of the latest legal initiatives leads us to conclude that the legal regulation isinconsistent and ambiguous. Meanwhile, the courts repeatedly faced the proceedings and resolutions ofissues of cryptocurrency circulation, in particular in contractual disputes and bankruptcy disputes, whichpredetermined a certain judicial community approach to the concept of cryptocurrency and it’s qualificationsas an independent object of civil rights

Electronic Money: the Problem of Determining the Place in the System of Objects of Civil Rights

Introduction: with the development of the digital economy, the sphere of non-cash payments reaches its peak value. This legal institution is particularly important in connection with the goal set in Russia’s strategic documents to improve the quality of non-cash payments and bring them to a new, technologically advanced level. The good legal regulation of certain legal issues in this regard is one of the most urgent tasks of the modern state. In this regard, the author aims to study an important element of the system of non-cash payments –electronic money – and determine its place in the civil rights system. Methods: the methodological framework for this research is a set of methods of scientific knowledge, among which the main ones are the comparative legal method, as well as the methods of systematicity and analysis. Results: the author’s well-founded position is based on the analysis of the legislation and opinions of the scientists expressed in the competent scientific community on the issue of recognizing electronic money as an object of civil rights and, accordingly, assigning it to a certain category of objects named in Article 128 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation. Conclusions: the study proved that the lack of full understanding of the legal nature of electronic money was connected with the unresolved issue of its belonging to the objects of civil rights, in whose connection it substantiated the belonging of electronic money to the rights of obligation to claim to be included in Article 128 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation as an object of civil rights.

On the Question of Whether Digital Rights Should Be Introduced into the Civil Code

Introduction: on October 1, 2019, Article 141.1 “Digital rights” was introduced into the Civil Code by Federal law No. 34-FZ of 18.03.2019. Since January 1, 2020, the so-called utilitarian digital rights have been introduced into civil circulation. In connection with such significant changes in the objects of civil rights, there appears a need for a thorough analysis of innovations in terms of their feasibility and necessity. The tasks set by the author correspond to the goal of analyzing the legal regime of digital rights: to conduct a comparative analysis of securities, primarily non-documentary ones, and digital rights. Methods: the methodological framework for the research is a set of methods of scientific knowledge, among which the main ones are the methods of historicism, systematicity, analysis, and comparison. Results: the paper examines the category “digital rights” introduced in the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, as well as the special legislation regulating the utilitarian digital rights. The comparison of nondocumentary securities and utilitarian digital rights is made. The author studied the property rights that might be the content of digital rights, as well as the specifics of fixing digital rights in comparison with non-documentary securities, and the specifics of transferring digital rights from one person to another. A new non-documentary nonemissive security that mediates the circulation of digital rights – the digital certificate – is studied. Conclusions: the paper substantiates the inexpediency of introducing such an object of civil rights as digital rights into the Civil Code of the Russian Federation. The conclusion is made about the excessive complexity of the structure of digital rights and digital certificates, as well as the difficulties of using them for the investment purposes.

Non-residents as subjects of land relations in Ukraine

Ukrainian lands have always attracted interest from foreign investors as a means of production and investment. The tendency to increase such interest does not change for quite a long time. According to Articles 18-20 of the Land Code of Ukraine, each land plot, regardless of the form of ownership or use, has a specific purpose, depending on which the status of the land plot is determined as the object of civil rights. Extremely topical issue is the right of ownership of land to non-residents, both physical and legal persons. The purpose of the article is to analyze regulatory and legal regulation of the peculiarities of acquiring ownership of land plots by non-residents, identifying gaps in legislation.

The Ecosystem of Cryptocurrency as an Object of Civil Rights in BRICS Countries

The article presents a comparative legal analysis of the modern legal regulation of the multidimensionality of digital electronic currency in BRICS countries. It assesses the possibility of civil circulation of a digital property right as an economic and legal segment without clear legal regulation. It analyzes the judicial practice related to confidentiality, acquisition, and trading of virtual currency. The article justifies the ability to integrate a single digital currency – CRYPTOBRICS, a single equivalent for all payments in the form of cryptocurrency within the framework of BRICS for settlements and increase in the trade exchange volume on these international platforms. This will provide for the legalization and consolidation of the legal framework of cryptocurrency within the context of objects of civil rights, allowing BRICS members to become regulatory leaders in the field of digital assets. We formulated a proposal to create an international agreement defining the parameters of the digital currency issue based on blockchain technology for interstate transactions, which allows the BRICS counties to establish the next stage of their mutual integration for the free trade zone and the customs union. Unifying the civil circulation of cryptocurrency and using the platform of modern non-monetary digital circulation as our foundation, we concluded that BTC can be classified as a type of digital property right. The article justified the theoretical definition of digital property right in the form of cryptocurrency as a resource stored in a device or electronic system which allows the end user to complete transactions using virtual currency and denominated in another payment unit, as opposed to currencies issued by sovereign states. We suggested that insurance companies be insured against all possible risks associated with cryptocurrency circulation and cybersecurity as a civil measure to protect the order of intangible digital codes – cryptocurrencies.

Информация как родовое понятие некоторых объектов гражданских прав (на примере цифровых прав)

Информация как родовое понятие некоторых объектов гражданских прав (на примере цифровых прав)

Животные в системе объектов гражданских прав

In the article, the authors pay attention to the place and significance of animals in the system of civil rights objects. The article provides a General analysis of legal acts that fix the specifics of the legal regime of animals. The article analyzes the specifics of the legal regime of animals. Special attention is paid to the analysis of the place of animals in the system of civil rights objects. The authors raise the issue of the absence of a unified concept of an animal in the current legislation, and also draw attention to the lack of a unified approach to the classification of animals, which may be of practical importance when applying legal standards in the field under consideration. The authors analyze the features of legal regulation of the involvement of wild animals and animals removed from their natural habitat. The authors conclude that there is currently a fairly logical and consistent legal framework in place for wild animals, but due attention is notpaid to the specifics of the legal regime for animals removed from their natural habitat. The article attempts to determine the types of animals whose legal regime features are provided for in the current legislation. The article indicates that new regulatory legal acts are currently being adopted on the treatment of animals, in particular, the concept of potentially dangerous dogs has been introduced into legal circulation.

Понятие и признаки служебных объектов патентного права в системе МВД России

The article is devoted to the study of the concept and features of work-related objects of patent law in the system of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. The author analyzes different definition approaches of the legal nature of work-related objects of patent law, their distinctive characteristics that allow to consider work-related inventions, work-related utility models and work-related industrial designs as a unique category of objects of civil rights. The particular qualities of the activities of the units of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia predetermine the specifics of the features and legal regime of work-related objects of patent law, which are of particular importance for inaccuracies’ corrections and further improvement of legislation. This is especially relevant during the period of innovation activity’s development and different disputes in practice. The purpose of the issue is to determine the concept and features of work-related objects of patent law in the system of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. As a result of the study, the author gives his own definition of work-related objects of patent law in the system of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, which main features and the specific characteristics are also analyzed. The analysis of legal norms has shown that the legislator has not been correct in recognition of main characteristics of work-related objects, because of their subjective interpretation, that’s why this question requires clarification.

Określenie miejsca sztucznej inteligencji w prawie cywilnym

W artykule przeanalizowano cywilno-prawne aspekty systemu prawnego dotyczącego sztucznej inteligencji. Autor uważa, że postrzeganie robota i sztucznej inteligencji jako podmiotów stosunków cywilnoprawnych jest niewłaściwe i może prowadzić do sytuacji niepewności prawnej. Stosowanie pojęcia “osoba elektroniczna” w aktach normatywnych UE wydaje się nierozsądne i przedwczesne, gdyż rozszerzenie tego pojęcia na całe prawo nie zapewnia całościowego zastępstwa prawnego w sprawach dotyczących ich statusu prawnego, odpowiedzialności cywilnej, ochrony praw użytkowników czy ochrony danych. Uważa się, że wskazane jest postrzeganie robotyki i sztucznej inteligencji jako przedmiotów praw obywatelskich. Proponuje się zastosowanie w odniesieniu do sztucznej inteligencji systemu prawnego dotyczącego źródeł wysokiego ryzyka, który stosuje się w dziedzinach takich jak medycyna czy administracja publiczna w celu skuteczniejszej ochrony praw użytkowników technologii sztucznej inteligencji. W przypadku odpowiedzialności cywilnej należy przestrzegać zasady proporcjonalności: im wyższe ryzyko szkody, tym wyższy wymiar odpowiedzialności.

Corporate Rights as an Object of Civil Turnover

Sustained scientific views on the legal nature of corporate rights and their turnover have been formed in the research of famous Ukrainian scientists, in connection with which several approaches to understanding corporate rights as an object of civil turnover have been identified. It is determined that the share in the authorized capital can be considered either through the legal category of «disembodied property» or «property rights», depending on the application of a scientific approach to these concepts. It is argued that the legislation on the alienation of shares in the limited liability company, although indirectly, but determines the link between the transfer of shares in the share capital and the rights arising from it, until the conclusion of the contract on alienation of property. After all, making changes to the charter on the composition of participants and the size of their shares on the basis of the decision of the general meeting of the company is not an obligation but a right of members of the company. It is substantiated that the share in the authorized capital should be determined not through the legal category of «property law», but through the concept of «corporate rights», which are filled with property content and pass as a single negotiable object from a participant to others. In this regard, the definition of «corporate rights» should be enshrined at the level of the Civil Code of Ukraine. The concept of «corporate rights» must include the following characteristics: organizational and property nature; the possibility of transfer of corporate rights from a company participant to other persons; value character; the legal form of fixing corporate rights to determine the share in the authorized (composed) capital. This will avoid gaps that need to be filled, based on the needs of a market economy, attracting foreign investment, improving the company's financial performance and more. In addition, it necessitates the introduction of the concept of corporate rights as an independent object of civil rights that can circulate freely in the market and be competitive and attractive to acquire, given the business reputation and existence of the company. Keywords: corporate rights, share in the authorized capital, right of participation, property rights, object of civil rights, object of civil turnover.

FEATURES OF VALUATION OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS

This article describes the value of an animal estimation. The animal is an object of civil law relations. The objects of civil law relations are usually things (objects of the material world in their natural state or objects created by human activity). The justification for assigning live animals to the category «object of civil rights» is related to the fact that they are objects of evaluation in material form – movable property, consumer goods. Therefore, the assessment turns the animal into a special object of civil rights, which is subject to the legal regime of the thing. Animal objects in Ukraine may be in state, communal and private ownership, under the protection of the state, regardless of their ownership rights. (Law of Ukraine «About the Animal World»). The valuation of the animal is carried out by authorized persons – forensic experts, forensic institutions and certified experts. The assessment is carried out in accordance with the procedure established by the Code of Criminal Procedure, the Code of Civil Procedure and the Code of Economic Procedure of Ukraine; Code of Administrative Offences; Code of Administrative Procedure of Ukraine; Customs Code of Ukraine; Laws of Ukraine «On Court Legal Expertise», «On Execution Production» and other legal acts on forensic activities, in particular, «Instructions on the Appointment and Conduct of Forensics and Expert Studies». The problem is that such a study requires a complete list of the original data on the subject, a set of indicators, morphological, physiological (external, internal) and economic features and properties forming and characterizing the animal, as one. Each indicator and feature affects their cost. In this overview study, we will focus on the factors that play an integral role in the product examination of domestic animals. Consider in detail the main concepts that need to be analysed and study the impact of these indicators when conducting a study using methodological approaches in accordance with National Standard 1. In day-to-day life, when holding a pet, one does not pay attention to the little things that are crucial to the evaluation, and sometimes the lack of information of the object of the study makes it impossible to resolve the issue with the forensic expert. So, we have been able to identify a number of indicators to be addressed.

ЦИФРОВЫЕ ТЕХНОЛОГИИ КАК ОБЪЕКТ ГРАЖДАНСКОГО ПРАВА

The article discusses changes in the legal framework for the introduction and use of information technologies in Russia. The article analyzes the issue of improving the new object of civil rights, taking into account amendments to the Civil code of the Russian Federation and other legal acts.