City Residential Research Articles

Carbon Emission Accounting and Reduction Evaluation in Sponge City Residential Areas

This paper aims to establish a more standardized and regulated carbon emission accounting model for sponge cities by unifying the accounting content for carbon emissions and clarifying the relationships between carbon reduction benefits, carbon reduction effects, and carbon sequestration, in order to evaluate the carbon reduction outcomes and mechanisms of sponge city construction. Based on a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) carbon emission accounting model using the carbon emission factor method, a newly constructed residential area in Tianshui City, Gansu Province, was selected as a case study, and the carbon emission reduction effect of sponge city construction was then investigated. Results indicated that the 30-year full life cycle carbon emissions for sponge city construction in the newly constructed residential area amounted to 828.98 tons, compared to 744.28 tons of CO2 reduction in traditional construction, representing a 47.31% reduction in carbon emissions. Over a 30-year life cycle, this equated to a total carbon emission reduction effect of 1460.31 tons. Additionally, under various rainfall scenarios in a typical year, the carbon emission reduction effect of sponge city construction exceeded the carbon emissions, achieving carbon neutrality within 22 to 30 years of operation. This demonstrates that the carbon emission reduction effect of sponge city communities is significant. The findings of this study provide data and a theoretical basis for the low-carbon construction of sponge cities in China.

Planning and Analysis of Economic Feasibility of Hybrid Solar Power Plant in Bekasi City Residential

This study discusses planning the Economic Feasibility of a Hybrid Solar Power Plant for consumer homes from PLN customers who are included in non-subsidized customers. Planning is carried out for middle and upper-scale households in Bekasi City. A household segment that uses a large amount of energy every month, high electricity bills every month makes consumers have to save energy so they can save on monthly bills. With the rapid increase in population growth, the energy demand is higher, so the electricity price from consumers will also increase. In addition, hazardous substances produced from using fossil energy sourced from PLN are one of the primary research focuses. From the simulation results using HOMER, it was found that installing PLTS can reduce CO2 emission levels by 33% with an NPC saving cost of Rp. 67.2 million, the energy that can be generated from the 4 Pv and Inverter configuration is 3,172 kW/yr with a COE of Rp.499.95.

68 Degrees: New York City's Residential Heat and Hot Water Code as an Invisible Energy Policy.

For over a century, New York's Residential Heat and Hot Water Code has controlled the distribution of heat in New York City. Established in 1918 by New York's Department of Health, it mandated that all residential and office spaces in the city be heated to sixty-eight degrees Fahrenheit at all times. Changes to it in the ensuing years sought not only to protect New Yorkers' health but reflected pressures in New York's fuel economy, which experienced periods of shortages and a transition from anthracite coal to oil that started between the two World Wars. Consequently, the standardization of sixty-eight degrees Fahrenheit reflected shifting assumptions about health and the "right to heat" for different communities over time, and the practical need to ensure affordable fuel for the city's population. The Heat Code, accordingly, played a crucial role in shaping energy consumption in New York and helping to formulate an "invisible energy policy"-that is, a policy developed in non-energy fields, such as health and housing, that alters energy usage in important but inconspicuous ways, with important consequences for the environment and for social justice.

Risk Assessment of Fire Hazards in Semarang City Residential Areas

Based on data from the Semarang City Fire Department in 2013-2016, 1028 fire incidents took place in Semarang City. This incidence reached its highest in 2015 with 399 cases of fire which caused material losses of up to IDR 398.3 billion. Based on these figures, Semarang City possesses the highest incidence rate of fire cases in Central Java Province. However, studies on the risk and mitigation of fire hazard disasters in Semarang City still need to be carried out. This study aims to identify fire risks, to mitigate the disaster’s hazards in Semarang City, and to provide recommendations for arranging relevant buildings and the environment. The method used in this study is a qualitative descriptive method, in which interviews are conducted with key persons, with the utilization of GIS analysis to assess the risk of fire. The results of this study exhibit that in Semarang City, 14 villages have a high level of fire hazard risk, one of which is Rejosari Village which has the highest level of fire risk. This occurred mainly because historically, there have been many fire incidents in this area and even claiming several lives. The density of buildings and the difficulty of access further increase vulnerability in the case of fire. Nevertheless, the inhabitants still lack an understanding of this hazard. Accordingly, the fundamental mitigation to be carried out in Rejosari Village is to increase community comprehension and to consider the addition of fire protection and safety facilities, including hydrants, in densely populated buildings and areas, in order to reduce the risk of fire hazards.

Optimization of Green Space Plant Configuration in Residential Areas of Chongqing Central Business District Based on Green Plot Ratio—A Case Study of Xuhui City Residential Community

Optimization of Green Space Plant Configuration in Residential Areas of Chongqing Central Business District Based on Green Plot Ratio—A Case Study of Xuhui City Residential Community

Urban trees to attract wild birds in a tropical urban residential complex in Sentul, West Java, Indonesia

In an urban residential complex, in addition to providing environmental services, trees also attract wild birds. The objective of this research was to identify trees planted in tropical urban residential areas that can attract wild birds. The research was conducted in Sentul City Residential Complex, Bogor, West Java, by observing wild birds that visit certain trees as part of their habitat components. Trees provide nectar, fruits, seeds, and insects as food for birds and nest materials. Trees also have important functions as birds’ cover and nesting sites. There were 103 tree species, all basically supporting the life of 51 bird species found in the study area. Examples of nectar producer trees were Spathodea campanulata, Callistemon citrinus, Erythrina crista-galli; fruit producers were Muntingia calabura, Syzygium polyanthum, Ficus benjamina; seeds producers were Leucaena leucocephala, Paraserianthes falcataria. Many trees also attracted insects for bird food, including Acacia mangium, Samanea saman. Conifers and small twigs and leaf petioles/rachis of many legumes, for example, Delonix regia, Calliandra calothyrsus) can be used as nest materials. Careful selection of trees could attract many wild birds to increase the environmental quality of the residential areas.

Pengelolaan Sampah Berbasis Pelibatan Masyarakat Di Kelurahan Menteng Kecamatan Jekan Raya Kota Palangka Raya Provinsi Kalimantan Tengah

This study aims to provide an effort to provide an overview of how waste management is based on community involvement in Menteng Village, Jekan Raya District, Palangka Raya City, Central Kalimantan Province.
 The type of research used is qualitative research methods. Sources of data in this study consisted of primary data and secondary data. The primary data is the Solid Waste Management Section at the Palangkaraya City Residential and Settlement Service, UPT. Integrated Waste Management of Jekan Raya Region II District, Community in Menteng Village, Jekan Raya District, Palangkaraya City. While the secondary data source is Palangkaraya City Regional Regulation Number 1 of 2017 concerning Waste Management and Cleanliness.
 Based on the results of the research, it can be explained that Waste Management Based on Community Involvement in Menteng Village, Jekan Raya District, Palangka Raya City, Central Kalimantan Province, in general this has not been maximized because (1) the implementation of socialization (banner / banner) is not maximal. Number 1 of 2017 (2) Guidance and supervision were still lacking, only at the beginning of the Regional Regulation (3) The role of the public and private sector still needs to be improved to optimize waste management in Menteng Village, Jekan Raya District, Palangka Raya City.

Key Factors Influencing Formation of Modern Comfortable City Residential Environment

The problems of creating a comfortable living environment are considered on the example of the city of Samara in the areas with multi-storey residential buildings, the construction of which was completed 5-30 years ago. The article gives the assessment of opinions based on the analysis of residents’ survey results concerning the ideas of a “comfortable living environment”, “comfort of living” in a residential building, a courtyard and a district areas. It is concluded that the tasks of creating a comfortable living environment should be solved by professionals working in this field. At that the leading role should be given to architects and designers. There is no doubt that the assessment of the created environment belongs to the residents of buildings and urban areas in the mode of their permanent survey.

Financing Urban Revitalization: A Pro‐Growth Template

The co‐authors recommend American cities adopt a particular property‐tax rate cutting strategy. They contrast relatively prosperous San Francisco with impoverished Baltimore. Both cities actually raised property taxes frequently between 1950 and 1975 with roughly the same results–falling population and rising crime. During the same period, many other cities also raised tax rates to make up for lower economic output, thereby encouraging more people and businesses to leave.The change in San Francisco's economic fortunes did not arise out of either a successful crime‐fighting program (it had worse crime than Baltimore in 1975) or through the rising prosperity of Silicon Valley forty miles to its south (still too small and far away to make a difference). Rather, the inflection point for San Francisco was in 1978 when a statewide referendum (“Proposition 13”) limited property taxes to 1% of assessed value. San Francisco's revenue declined by 18% the next year, 1979, but by 1982, its revenue was 66% higher than before Prop 13, despite the lower rates.Prop 13 improved cash flows to owners of real property in San Francisco and protected their property rights. Investors bought, built, and improved the city's residential and commercial capital stock, attracting new residents and creating new job opportunitiesPoliticians are reluctant to try to adopt Prop 13‐like measures on their own, however, because the short‐term consequences for politicians are painful as several years are required for underlying economic activity to grow enough to offset rate cuts.The key is to build a financial bridge before crossing the river through four‐steps:1. Announce a property tax rate cap that is immediately binding but which would take effect over several years in the future. Rational investors would immediately begin to invest and expand the city's tax base.2. During the transition period, the city should limit its spending to a “maintenance of service” level, while allocating any added revenue to an escrow fund.3. The city should supplement this reserve with the proceeds of sales of assets on its balance sheet via sale‐and‐leaseback contracts (SLBs).4. If revenue falls in the short run, cash would be withdrawn from the escrow fund in order to continue to maintain levels of government services at accustomed levels.

Source Apportionment of Soil Heavy Metals in City Residential Areas Based on the Receptor Model and Geostatistics

The soils from residential areas of Xi'an city were selected as a case area. The absolute principal component scores-multivariate linear regression (APCS-MLR) model and the ordinary kriging interpolation were combined to identify and apportion the pollution sources of soil heavy metals (As, Ba, Co, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sr, Zn,V), the percentage of contribution of every source for every element, and the spatial distribution characteristics of contribution rates. Compared with the background values of cinnamon, which is the main soil type in Xi 'an, the accumulation levels of Pb, Cu, Sr, Co, Zn, Ba, Ni, As, Mn, V in soil of urban residential areas in Xi'an city decreased in turn. The standard-exceeding ratios of Ba, Co, Cu, Pb, Sr, Zn were higher than those of other studied elements. Three main pollution sources of soil heavy metals in residential areas were natural source, traffic sources, and fossil fuel combustion source, respectively. Natural source was the main source of As, Mn, Ni, V in studied residential areas. The average contribution rate of natural source for As, Mn, Ni, V was 69.63%, 74.28%, 68.65%, 77.09%, respectively. The fossil fuel combustion was the second largest contributor for their accumulation in these studied residential areas. Its contribution rate for As, Mn, Ni was 23.07%, 19.09%, 23.13%, respectively. The contribution of traffic emissions was lower. Their spatial distribution characteristics tended to be lower in west and higher in east. The average contribution rates of fossil fuel combustion source for Co, Pb, Sr, Zn were 59.84%, 42.22%, 44.50%, 44.44%, respectively. The performance of spatial distribution was increased gradually from the city center to the outside. The sources of Ba were given priority to natural source and fossil fuel combustion source, and the average contribution rates were 41.67% and 48.27%, respectively. The contribution rate of fossil fuel combustion source for Ba gradually decreased from the center of the city. The contribution rates of natural source, traffic source, and fossil fuel combustion source for Cu were 37.00%, 20.47% and 26.50%, respectively.

Who Built New York?: Jewish Builders in the Interwar Decades

Who Built New York?Jewish Builders in the Interwar Decades1 Deborah Dash Moore (bio) In 1925, an ambitious New York Jewish builder, Irwin Chanin, decided to visit Paris. Born in Brooklyn, Chanin had spent his youth in Poltava, Ukraine, before returning with his parents to settle in Bensonhurst.2 After graduating with an engineering degree in 1915 from Cooper Union, the city’s free architectural and engineering school, Chanin worked for several years on the New York and Philadelphia subways. When the United States declared war in 1917, he entered military service. During the war, Chanin helped construct poison gas facilities in Cleveland. Back in New York as a civilian, he built his first two single-family houses in Bensonhurst, scraping together capital for the project. This experience proved financially successful, so Chanin brought his younger brother, Henry, into his budding construction business in 1919 to handle the finances.3 Soon Chanin was not only building single and two-family houses in Brooklyn, but also buying larger properties to flip, such as 26 Court Street, the old Garfield Hotel in downtown Brooklyn. In this case, he sold the building to a group of three other Brooklyn Jewish builders—Abraham Bricken, Isidor Friedman, and Leo Schloss—who announced plans to construct a 26-story office building on the site, the largest office building at that time in Brooklyn.4 Chanin’s timing was propitious. The end of World War I released a flood of construction in New York City—residential, commercial, and industrial. During the 1920s, New York City, housing a small fraction of the American population, accounted for twenty percent of new residential [End Page 311] units in the United States. Encouraged by ten-year tax abatements, builders covered vast tracts of land in Brooklyn, the Bronx, and Queens with a mix of one, two, and multi-family houses. At the same time, substantial sections of Manhattan, such as the Upper West and East Sides, along with Washington Heights, attracted builders eager to erect both upper-class and middle-class apartment buildings in place of single-family brownstones and private luxury houses. Jewish builders, who entered the city’s real estate and construction industry in the nineteenth century, often building and remodeling tenements for the enormous influx of Eastern European Jewish immigrants, expanded their activities even as newcomers like Chanin joined their ranks.5 Jeffrey Gurock’s masterful history of Jews in Harlem, for example, uncovered how Jewish involvement in construction often led to Jewish residential concentration.6 As the pace and extent of construction increased, Jews gradually moved from being outsiders to the industry. They became insiders within their own extensive and burgeoning ethnic network that included architects, mortgage firms, and building-supply companies. Apartment buildings, 39 percent of new residential construction in 1919, soared to 77 percent during the peak year of 1926. Jewish builders participated in this transformation of New York from a city of mansions and tenements to one that offered a wide array of housing choices geared to a tenant’s socioeconomic standing.7 They also built up significant segments of midtown Manhattan, fashioning a new cityscape in response to changing trends in diverse industries where large numbers of Jews worked. Construction remained Chanin’s passion and he soon shifted his focus to Manhattan, erecting a new center for the fur industry in 1924 in what was becoming the heart of the needle trades in midtown. Then, he decided to build theaters in the emerging theater district around Times Square. Chanin “enjoyed the city and mass culture. He had nothing to lose,” observed Diana Agrest, “and everything to gain, and so he did.” This “love for the multifaceted aspects of city life” informed his most important [End Page 312] contributions to New York’s cityscape. As Agrest notes, “theater is an essential component of the life in the city, both as a reflection and creation of the spectacular.”8 Commercial entertainment also attracted many Jews as producers and owners of theatrical chains.9 Theatrical flair undoubtedly influenced Chanin’s other buildings as well, especially the desire to create “a world of fantasy in which the architectural styles were there to be used in the...

Improving Property Service for the City Residential Community

The city residential community tends to choose a property company to provide property services and the property company should provide satisfaction services to ensure it long employed in the residential community. To raise the property service quality for a city residential community, the demand indexes for the residential community wanting and the improvement measures for the property company adopting are designed based on relevant literature review and owner questionnaire survey. The analytic hierarchy process is used to determine the demand index weight. The improvement targets of demand indexes for the residential community are planned according to the demand indexes data obtained through questionnaire survey of some residential community owners and benchmarking residential communities. And the data of improvement measures is worked out by using the quality function deployment technology to keep a sense of proportion for improving the property service.

The Interpretation of the New City Residential Pattern - Taking the Youth Dwelling SOLO for Instance

This paper analyses the phenomenon about well selling on the new house type SOLO from the angle of development of dwelling in this century. Paying attention to youths demand on psychology and physiology, a proposal to renew the idea on design of residence is put forward, and. some views on the new city residential pattern are discussed.

Research on the Traffic Pattern in City Residential Area in View of "Compact City" Concept

This paper takes the concept of Compact City as a way to solve the housing and environmental issues. Based on the analysis of the current problems of road system in Chinas residential areas, this paper discusses the road system from the aspects of foundation of design, main body direction, content and space form from the angle of design of road system in the residential area. Four basic characteristics of road system have been summarized and an ideal model of traffic pattern in city residential area has been set up.

Scenario Analysis of City Residential Electricity Consumption Based on the Time-Series Forecast - Taking Quanzhou City as an Example

In this paper, the development scenarios of electricity consumption of city residents living were analyzed by using the prediction method of time-series smoothing. The simulation calculation to the future development scenarios of electricity consumption forecasts the electricity consumption values of residential building in this case area from 2010 to 2050. The conclusion, that controlling living area per person is most effective measure, has reference significance for the future residential building energy efficiency work.

Towards a 2000 Watt society – assessing building-specific saving potentials of the Swiss residential building stock

Switzerland declared the notion of the 2000 Watt society as their leitmotif towards a sustainable development in terms of energy and greenhouse gas emissions. This implies that worldwide, no more than 17,520 kWh of total primary energy and 1 ton CO2-equivalent are to be consumed per capita and year for all services. Thus, in order to meet the targets of the 2000 Watt society, it is necessary to reduce primary energy demand by 44% and greenhouse gas emissions by 77%. The building stock model, described in this paper, assisted the government of Zurich to identify the necessary steps in order to achieve the goals with regard to the city's residential, school, and office buildings. The objective of this paper is to investigate the role of energy demand reduction in residential buildings on the way towards the goals of a 2000 Watt society. In order to illustrate the mechanisms within the building stock and to identify the effects of construction activity, the model works with different scenarios. Specific measures were isolated and analysed individually. All three measures act directly on the building stock; each have comparable reduction potential in terms of primary energy demand (ca. 15%) and greenhouse gas emissions (ca. 40%). In order to further cut back greenhouse gas emissions, measures to reduce the carbon intensity of fuels and electricity need to be considered.

An Evaluation of the Sustainability of Inner City Residential Projects

When analysing the ways in which the built environment is produced as well as consumed, either by the user or investment side of the real‐estate market, much is determined by the way in which investors and developers respond to differences in policy environments. It is furthermore argued that in inner city residential development projects the relevant investment criteria ought to reflect multidimensional sustainability rather than one‐dimensional profitability considerations. An evaluative case study of de Pijp, an inner city neighbourhood in Amsterdam, finds that neighbourhood revitalization initiatives can avoid social and environmental unsustainability even amid lesser government involvement and high house price inflation. The wider implication of this finding is that house price premiums set by sellers together with increasing buyer demand plausibly indicate the feasibility of financial incentive based solutions for the problem of unsustainable inner city residential projects amidst the reality of weakened government powers for maintenance.

Speciation of heavy metals in garden soils: evidences from selective and sequential chemical leaching

Gardening (especially food growing) in urban areas is becoming popular, but urban soils are often very contaminated for historical reasons. There is lack of sufficient information as to the bioavailability of soil heavy metals to plants and human in urban environments. This study examines the relative leachability of Cr, Ni, As, Cd, Zn, and Pb for soils with varying characteristics. The speciation and mobility of these metals can be qualitatively inferred from the leaching experiments. The goal is to use the data to shed some light on their bioavailability to plant and human, as well as the basis for soil remediation. Selective and sequential chemical leaching methods were both used to evaluate the speciation of Cr, Ni, As, Cd, Zn, and Pb in soil samples collected from New York City residential and community gardens. The sequential leaching experiment followed a standard BCR four-step procedure, while selective leaching involved seven different chemical extractants. The results from selective and sequential leaching methods are consistent. In general, very little of the heavy metals were found in the easily soluble or exchangeable fractions. Larger fractions of Cd and Zn can be leached out than other metals. Lead appears predominantly in the organic or carbonate fractions, of which ∼30–60% is in the easily soluble organic fraction. Most As cannot be leached out by any of the extractants used, but it could have been complicated by the ineffective dissolution of oxides by ammonium hydroxylamine. Ni and Cr were mostly in the residual fractions but some released in the oxidizable fractions. Therefore, the leachability of metals follow the order Cd/Zn > Pb > Ni/Cr. Despite of the controversy and inaccuracy surrounding chemical leaching methods for the speciation of metals, chemical leaching data provide important, general, and easy-to-access information on the mobility of heavy metals in soils, which in turn relates to their potential bioavailability to plant uptake and human health risk. Such data can be used to guide risk assessment of different metals and develop effective remediation strategies.

Imaging Proposal of Energy Independent City basedon Perfect Energy Conversion of City Residential Wastes

Imaging Proposal of Energy Independent City based<BR>on Perfect Energy Conversion of City Residential Wastes

Johannesburg during the transition in Ivan Vladislavić's ‘The WHITES ONLY Bench’ and The Restless Supermarket1

This article analyses two literary representations of Johannesburg in the early 1990s, a period of transition in which the city, like the country as a whole, moved from apartheid into a democratic and post-apartheid era. It draws on critical ideas about the city, postulated by Williams, Pike, Lefebvre and others, to argue that these works show Johannesburg's inhabitants encountering moments of tension, violence and anticipation during the city's transformation. Vladislavić explores his characters’ responses to the unfolding social and political transformation. The article also considers the use of the trope of chaos and disorder in these works, and the subsequent apocalyptic perceptions of some of Vladislavić's urban dwellers in describing some of the city's residential, commercial and public spaces. This is contrasted with alternative perceptions by some characters, who hope for a new prosperous and opened-up city, where new multiracial and meaningful relationships are possible.