Population Density In Cities Research Articles

Platforms mediating domestic care work as service gigs in European cities: Reorganisation of social reproduction through marketisation

In European cities, lean labour platforms increasingly mediate domestic service gigs related to social reproduction, such as food delivery and cleaning tasks on-demand. This fast-growing type of platform depends on spatial proximity and the population density of cities, economic relations enabled by digital technologies and embodied gendered and racialised norms. At the same time, platforms are linked to the crisis of social reproduction and to a constant supply of people in precarious positions looking for income. The paper tackles the question how platform-mediated service gigs related to grocery shopping, cooking and cleaning change caring relationships. This comprises considerations of the dimensions of marketisation and the transformation of reproductive work symbolically, materially, and socially and is presented with a feminist perspective pointing to social reproduction as an essential but devalued part of everyday life. These endeavours are explored with findings from various case studies dealing with food delivery and cleaning platforms in Austria and Germany and are discussed with reference to relational care ethics. Put forward here is a reflection on the ways in which digital mediation of domestic care work relies on gendered and racialised norms – and how this dependence intensifies structural inequalities inherent to social reproduction.

Optimizing the detection of emerging infections using mobility-based spatial sampling

Timely and precise detection of emerging infections is imperative for effective outbreak management and disease control. Human mobility significantly influences the spatial transmission dynamics of infectious diseases. Spatial sampling, integrating the spatial structure of the target, holds promise as an approach for testing allocation in detecting infections, and leveraging information on individuals’ movement and contact behavior can enhance targeting precision. This study introduces a spatial sampling framework informed by spatiotemporal analysis of human mobility data, aiming to optimize the allocation of testing resources for detecting emerging infections. Mobility patterns, derived from clustering point-of-interest and travel data, are integrated into four spatial sampling approaches at the community level. We evaluate the proposed mobility-based spatial sampling by analyzing both actual and simulated outbreaks, considering scenarios of transmissibility, intervention timing, and population density in cities. Results indicate that leveraging inter-community movement data and initial case locations, the proposed Case Flow Intensity (CFI) and Case Transmission Intensity (CTI)-informed spatial sampling enhances community-level testing efficiency by reducing the number of individuals screened while maintaining a high accuracy rate in infection identification. Furthermore, the prompt application of CFI and CTI within cities is crucial for effective detection, especially in highly contagious infections within densely populated areas. With the widespread use of human mobility data for infectious disease responses, the proposed theoretical framework extends spatiotemporal data analysis of mobility patterns into spatial sampling, providing a cost-effective solution to optimize testing resource deployment for containing emerging infectious diseases.

An emerging aeroallergen in Europe: Tree-of-Heaven (Ailanthus altissima [Mill.] Swingle) inventory and pollen concentrations – Taking a metropolitan region in Germany as an example

Urban areas are often hotspots for the dissemination of non-native (invasive) plant species, some of which release (potentially) allergenic pollen. Given the high population density in cities, a considerable number of people can be regularly and potentially intensively exposed to the pollen from these plants. This study delves into the Tree-of-Heaven (Ailanthus altissima, [Mill.] Swingle), native to East Asia, which is known for its high invasiveness in temperate regions worldwide, particularly favoring urban colonization. This study explores the botanical and aerobiological dimensions of this species using the central European metropolitan region of Berlin, Germany, as a case study, and provides a comprehensive global overview of allergological insights.The number of Ailanthus trees decreased markedly from the center to the periphery of Berlin City, following a temperature gradient. The same spatial trend was mirrored by airborne Ailanthus pollen concentrations measured with volumetric spore traps (Hirst-type) at five sites using seven traps. Ailanthus pollen was most abundant around midday and in the afternoon, with concentrations tenfold higher at street level than at roof level. The Ailanthus flowering period in June and July coincided well with the pollen season. To the best of our knowledge this is the first study to investigate Ailanthus altissima pollen production. On average, 5539 pollen grains were found per anther. A literature review on the allergy relevance of Ailanthus altissima pollen indicates the high allergenic potential of pollen from this species.Considering the anticipated expansion of suitable habitats for Ailanthus owing to global warming and the allergological significance of its pollen, it is recommended to include Ailanthus pollen in routine pollen monitoring, particularly in areas colonized by this species. This comprehensive study provides new insights into a pollen taxon whose significance as an emerging aeroallergen should be factored into plant selection and greenspace management in all temperate regions.

Criticism of the Effect of Green Cover Change on Air Quality with i-Tree Canopy (Bursa-Osmangazi Region Sample)

Anything that reflects the ethnicity of a society that has aesthetic and visual textures transferred from past generations to the present day, that is universally accepted, that contains abstract and concrete concepts, and that is intended to be preserved and transferred to future generations is called "cultural heritage". Today's urbanism continues to develop around the settlements of ancient civilisations, which are accepted as cultural heritage. Today, migration from villages to cities has increased and population density in cities has shown a rapid upward trend. The destruction of green areas due to rapid urbanisation has increased visibly and has made smart cities with green areas obligatory. In smart urbanisation, practical methods are sought to quickly identify green areas and determine the benefits provided by these areas. The most widely used software for measuring tree canopy cover is i-Tree Canopy, which allows urban planners to quantify the ecosystem services and benefits of tree communities and forests at multiple scales, including pollution reduction, carbon sequestration and storage, and runoff reduction. Within the scope of the study, the changes on green areas such as urbanisation, industrialisation, increase in transportation networks brought about by population growth in the historical city centre of Bursa and the negative and positive effects of these changes were examined. In the study, the time-dependent changes of green areas in urban heritage and urban planning were determined with GIS (Geographical Information Systems) techniques, and suggestions were developed for existing and new green areas to be planned in the city.

High-resolution projections of ambient heat for major European cities using different heat metrics

Abstract. Heat stress in cities is projected to strongly increase due to climate change. The associated health risks will be exacerbated by the high population density in cities and the urban heat island effect. However, impacts are still uncertain, which is among other factors due to the existence of multiple metrics for quantifying ambient heat and the typically rather coarse spatial resolution of climate models. Here we investigate projections of ambient heat for 36 major European cities based on a recently produced ensemble of regional climate model simulations for Europe (EURO-CORDEX) at 0.11° spatial resolution (∼ 12.5 km). The 0.11° EURO-CORDEX ensemble provides the best spatial resolution currently available from an ensemble of climate model projections for the whole of Europe and makes it possible to analyse the risk of temperature extremes and heat waves at the city level. We focus on three temperature-based heat metrics – yearly maximum temperature, number of days with temperatures exceeding 30 °C, and Heat Wave Magnitude Index daily (HWMId) – to analyse projections of ambient heat at 3 °C warming in Europe compared to 1981–2010 based on climate data from the EURO-CORDEX ensemble. The results show that southern European cities will be particularly affected by high levels of ambient heat, but depending on the considered metric, cities in central, eastern, and northern Europe may also experience substantial increases in ambient heat. In several cities, projections of ambient heat vary considerably across the three heat metrics, indicating that estimates based on a single metric might underestimate the potential for adverse health effects due to heat stress. Nighttime ambient heat, quantified based on daily minimum temperatures, shows similar spatial patterns to daytime conditions, albeit with substantially higher HWMId values. The identified spatial patterns of ambient heat are generally consistent with results from global Earth system models, though with substantial differences for individual cities. Our results emphasise the value of high-resolution climate model simulations for analysing climate extremes at the city level. At the same time, they highlight that improving the predominantly rather simple representations of urban areas in climate models would make their simulations even more valuable for planning adaptation measures in cities. Further, our results stress that using complementary metrics for projections of ambient heat gives important insights into the risk of future heat stress that might otherwise be missed.

To What Extent Would Raising Low Birth in Developed Countries Affect the Economy

The focus of this article is on falling birthrates in developed nations, and it examines the underlying causes, consequences, and initiatives taken to address it. It covers a variety of topics, including political science, international relations, and other subjects in addition to economics and demographics. The effects of low fertility are discussed, along with how they affect household income, capital growth, and automation. Gender variations are also evaluated. The essay also discusses the U.S.-centered national policy and its effects on things like taxes and aging.Since the detriments outweigh the benefits, the policy needs to be implemented. The three policies (immigration, automation, and baby care) directly or implicitly increase fertility and thus social productivity, while generating a set of issues that need to be refined. In general, the aging situation and the population density of cities may be compromised by the implementation of the policies and produce multiplier effects. In general, rising fertility adds varied amounts of stress to each family. And somehow, by implementing childcare programs, strain on women will be substantially less and their productivity will rise to some level. In the long run, the government will also generate more fiscal revenue due to the increase in personal income tax, which boosts social welfare and raises government input. The effects are favorable for social productivity and employment rates. The senior population has improved security, and the pension shortfall is partially closed.

IoT-based intelligent waste management system

Recently, the population density in cities has increased at a higher pace, so waste generation is on the rise in most societies due to population growth. Given this concern, it would be highly important to manage waste generation. Intelligent city planning is necessary to improve the quality of city life and make cities more livable. This paper presents an intelligent waste management system (IWMS) in smart cities based on Internet of Things components like sensors, detectors, and actuators. IWMS contains three main phases. The first phase of the system is to adapt the low energy adaptive clustering hierarchy approach as an optimization process to better balance the energy consumption of smart waste bins (SBs), thus leading to extending the life of the smart waste network. The second phase is handling the missing values which are retrieved from SBs using an improved version of the k-nearest neighbor algorithm based on artificial hummingbird optimization (AHA), while the third phase presents an optimal energy-efficient route process for the routing of waste trucks that improves fuel efficiency and reduces the time to get an appropriate SB. According to the experimental results, the proposed system has achieved energy savings of 34% for the smart waste bin network. Moreover, compared to other systems, it has a lower mean error rate when generating missing values, and the results related to convergence and running time validate its superiority compared with other metaheuristic algorithms.

Lights out: The economic impacts of Covid‐19 on cities globally

AbstractThis paper uses high‐frequency nighttime lights data and a variety of empirical methods to analyze the impacts of the Covid‐19 crisis on economic activity during the period January 2020–March 2021 for a global sample of 2841 cities. Particular attention is paid to the role of a city's population density in shaping these impacts. While economic activity in cities is found to be negatively affected by both the spread of the virus and the imposition of nonpharmaceutical interventions, population density is found to amplify the negative impacts of the spread of the virus and attenuate those of nonpharmaceutical interventions. These results are driven by cities in low‐ and middle‐income countries, where overall economic activity is found to have been more strongly hit by the pandemic and the strength of those impacts was stronger for less densely populated cities. The role of population density in shaping the economic impacts of the Covid‐19 crisis across cities is confirmed by an event‐study analysis. Taken together, the findings suggest that the Covid‐19 crisis gave rise to divergent urban economic trajectories, both between high‐ and lower‐income countries and between cities with different population densities in lower‐income countries.

A Bayesian spatial–temporal model for predicting passengers occupancy at Beijing Metro

The growing population density in cities requires urban transportation to meet the travel needs of citizens fast and accurately. Therefore, the correct prediction of daily passenger flow in urban subway transportation is of great practical importance for rationalizing the traffic arrangement and safely responding to unexpected passenger flow. This work builds a Bayesian spatial–temporal model for predicting station occupancy. The proposed one provides point estimations of daily passenger flow, a reliable assessment of their uncertainty, and the possibility of understanding traffic features. It also provides a prediction accuracy that meets the standards of the Beijing Metro enterprise. The model discussed in this paper is in force at Beijing Metro Group Ltd to programme daily train schedules.

The Impacts of the Multiscale Built Environment on Commuting Mode Choice: Spatial Heterogeneity, Moderating Effects, and Implications for Demand Estimation

Promoting the usage of sustainable commuting modes requires in-depth understanding about residents’ commuting mode choice behavior. This study presents an empirical study to investigate the relationship between the built environment and commuting mode choice using CLDS 2016 cross-city questionnaire data. Several multilevel multinomial logit models including the null model, base model, and moderating effect model are developed to analyze the effects of built environments at both city and neighborhood levels on commuting mode choice. Estimation results of the null model reveal the significant spatial heterogeneities in commuting mode choice across different cities and different neighborhoods within a specific city. We then explore the potential built environment variables yielding the spatial heterogeneity via the base model. Results show that the built environment at the city level (including the urbanization rate, number of public transportation vehicles, metro operating mileage, GDP, city population density, and road area per capita) and neighborhood level (including neighborhood population density, air quality, neighborhood location, and land use diversity) could partially explain the spatial heterogeneities in commuting mode choice. In addition, the moderating effects of these built environments on the link between commuting time and commuting mode choice are examined. Results imply that the urbanization rate and neighborhood population density moderate the effect of commuting time on choosing nonmotorized modes, while neighborhood location moderates the effect of commuting time on choosing public transit. Also, the mode shares of nonmotorized mode and public transit under different levels of commuting time are estimated in different built environment contexts. The findings of this study are expected to provide serviceable support for urban planning and transportation policy making.

Survey of Toxoplasma gondii in Urban and Rural Squirrels (Sciuridae) in Manitoba, Canada.

The coccidian parasite Toxoplasma gondii is found worldwide infecting warm-blooded vertebrates. Felids are the definitive hosts; other species act as intermediate hosts. Squirrels (Sciuridae) generally have high population densities in cities and forage and cache food on the ground, where they may come into contact with T. gondii oocysts or be preyed upon by cats and other carnivores. This environment might make squirrels important intermediate hosts of T. gondii in cities, and infection rates could indicate environmental levels of oocysts in soil. We investigated whether urban squirrels would be more exposed to T. gondii infection than rural squirrels with samples collected from American red squirrels (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus), eastern grey squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis), northern flying squirrels (Glaucomys sabrinus), and least chipmunks (Tamias minimus) in and around Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. We tested 230 tissue samples from 46 squirrels for T. gondii DNA by quantitative PCR and 13 serum samples from grey squirrels for T. gondii antibodies by competitive ELISA. We found no evidence of infection in any squirrel, indicating that squirrels are probably not important intermediate hosts of T. gondii in cities and that consumption of oocysts in the soil in general may not be an important contributor to transmission in colder environments.

An Affordable Acoustic Measurement Campaign for Early Prototyping Applied to Electric Ducted Fan Units

New innovative green concepts in electrified vertical take-off and landing vehicles are currently emerging as a revolution in urban mobility going into the third dimension (vertically). The high population density of cities makes the market share highly attractive while posing an extraordinary challenge in terms of community acceptance due to the increasing and possibly noisier commuter traffic. In addition to passenger transport, package deliveries to customers by drones may enter the market. The new challenges associated with this increasing transportation need in urban, rural, and populated areas pose challenges for established companies and startups to deliver low-noise emission products. The article’s objective is to revisit the benefits and drawbacks of an affordable acoustic measurement campaign focused on early prototyping. In the very early phase of product development, available resources are often considerably limited. With this in mind, this article discusses the sound power results using the enveloping surface method in a typically available low-reflection room with a reflecting floor according to DIN EN ISO 3744:2011-02. The method is applied to a subsonic electric ducted fan (EDF) unit of a 1:2 scaled electrified vertical take-off and landing vehicle. The results show that considerable information at low costs can be gained for the early prototyping stage, despite this easy-to-use, easy-to-realize, and non-fine-tuned measurement setup. Furthermore, the limitations and improvements to a possible experimental setup are presented to discuss a potentially more ideal measurement environment. Measurements at discrete operating points and transient measurements across the total operating range were conducted to provide complete information on the EDF’s acoustic behavior. The rotor-self noise and the rotor–stator interaction were identified as primary tonal sound sources, along with the highest broadband noise sources located on the rotor. Based on engineering experience, a first acoustic improvement treatment was also quantified with a sound power level reduction of 4 dB(A). In conclusion, the presented method is a beneficial first measurement campaign to quantify the acoustic properties of an electric ducted fan unit under minimal resources in a reasonable time of several weeks when starting from scratch.

Nonlinear Effects of Eco-Industrial Parks on Sulfur Dioxide and Carbon Dioxide Emissions—Estimation Based on Nonlinear DID

Eco-industrial parks (EIPs) promote the coordination of economic development and environmental protection. This paper uses the nonlinear DID method, with the data of 288 cities spanning from 2003–2019, to study the nonlinear effects of EIPs on SO2 and CO2 emissions, aiming to portray the nonlinear and heterogeneous characteristics of EIP’s effects. Meanwhile, this paper examines the effects of EIPs more accurately and completely. The main results are as follows: 1. EIPs can significantly reduce CO2 and SO2 emissions, but there is significant heterogeneity between the effects. 2. The effect of EIPs on SO2 and CO2 emissions is nonlinear. In addition, it shows significant nonlinear characteristics as the change of foreign investment and population density in cities. Therefore, it is important to consider these nonlinear characteristics when establishing and evaluating EIPs. This paper accurately identifies the nonlinear effects of EIPs and provides some suggestions for the future development of EIPs.

Smoking Ban Law in Chile: Impact in Newborns' Birth Weight by Women's Age Groups and by City Population Density.

Objectives: We examined the short-term impact of the Smoking Ban Law (SBL) enacted in Chile in 2013 on low birth weight (LBW) rates in cities and its differential effects by different maternal age groups and city density. Methods: We included 885,880 live births from 21 Chilean cities of ≥100,000 inhabitants. We examined the smoking and LBW prevalence distribution before and after the SBL. Through Poisson mixed effect models, we determined whether a meaningful change in LBW rate occurred after SBL implementation in the whole sample and stratified by city population density and maternal age group. Results: LBW prevalence remained stable before and after the SBL implementation (6.1% and 6.3%, respectively), while women's smoking prevalence had a relative reduction of 25.9% (p < 0.00001). No significant changes in LBW rate occurred after the implementation of SBL in the total sample or stratified by city density tertiles or maternal age groups. Conclusion: SBL implementation did not show short-term impact on LBW rate in Chile. Further studies need to examine long-term impact of SBL on low birthweight.

Estimation of Thermal Radiation in Bed Mattresses

The population density of cities has been increasing with time and the development of industry. Building fires in large cities with high population density cause extensive human and property damage. To prevent such damage, the characteristics of flames such as the thermal radiation and intensity of the fire source must be considered when designing building structures. However, the consideration of these factors is practically inadequate. Accordingly, in this study, when a mattress was ignited in an open environment at a different installation height (0–515 mm), the measurements from a heat flux meter and the calculated thermal radiation were compared, and a comparative analysis was conducted using the existing prediction formulas by researchers described in ISO 24678-7. We examined the fire risk of mattresses according to the mattress installation height. As a result, the fire risk of the mattress was confirmed according to the mattress installation height; upon comparing the experimental and calculated values for radiant heat, it was found to be necessary to estimate the radiant heat using a calculation method that applies the configuration factor differently depending on the change in the flame shape. In addition, as a result of substituting the experimental value into the calculation method of ISO 24678-7 (a method for estimating the radiant heat of liquid combustibles), the experimental value and the calculated value were found to be significantly different. Therefore, similar to ISO 24678-7 for the radiation heat estimation method for “liquid combustibles”, an international standard for establishing the radiation heat estimation method for “solid combustible materials” as a standard was also required for a reasonable analysis of the fire safety phenomenon of solid materials, such as bed mattresses.

Monkeypox: we cannot afford to ignore yet another warning

Abstract An unintended consequence of smallpox eradication and ending the smallpox vaccination campaign has been to render the global human population immunologically naïve to orthopoxvirus infection for the first time in history. This has occurred at a time when the majority of people worldwide live in high population densities in cities and when connectivity across the world has never been higher, both of which facilitate the emergence and spread of infectious diseases. It is not surprising, therefore, that novel zoonotic orthopoxvirus infections have been increasing in recent years, or that an international outbreak of human monkeypox disease has occurred. A One Health approach, including consideration of land-use change and the bushmeat and exotic pet trades, is required to prevent opportunities for the emergence of monkeypox, or diseases cause by other orthopoxviruses, and for a rapid and effective response to any outbreaks in order to limit their spread. One Health Impact Statement The current global outbreak of monkeypox is yet another warning for the adoption of a preventative, One Health, approach to minimise the risk of future emergence of known and unknown zoonotic pathogens. This includes the need to consider the roles, and to mitigate the impacts, of land-use change and the bushmeat and exotic pet trades in order to prevent opportunities for the emergence of monkeypox virus, or other orthopoxviruses, and for a rapid and effective response to any outbreaks in order to limit their spread. As of 9 September 2022, there have been 56,098 confirmed cases of monkeypox in people in 96 countries since an initial case was confirmed in the UK on 7 May (CDC, 2022). However, this does not include infections in Central and West Africa where the infection is endemic and where human cases of the disease have been escalating dramatically in recent years following smallpox eradication ( Tasamba, 2022 ). Monkeypox virus (MPV), the causative agent of monkeypox, is an orthopoxvirus (OPV) closely related to smallpox virus. Following a global vaccination campaign, the World Health Assembly confirmed the eradication of smallpox in 1980, after which vaccination against this disease was ended. During the following 40 years, therefore, and for the first time in history, the global human population has become immunologically naïve to OPVs ( Dye and Kraemer, 2022 ). This has created a gaping ecological niche that is open to exploitation by a new OPV. It is perhaps not surprising, therefore, that zoonotic infections with at least two previously unknown OPVs have emerged in recent years: Akhmeta pox and Alaska pox ( Vora et al ., 2015 ; Springer et al ., 2017 ). Monkeypox virus is also a zoonotic OPV and, although recognized for many years as a public health threat in waiting subsequent to the decline of smallpox vaccination ( Heymann et al ., 1998 ), monkeypox has remained a neglected disease ( Di Giulio and Eckburg, 2004 ; Parker et al ., 2007 ), which is only now receiving attention following its spread to high-income countries.

Adoption of artificial intelligence in smart cities: A comprehensive review

Recently, the population density in cities has increased at a higher pace. According to the United Nations Population Fund, cities accommodated 3.3 billion people (54%) of the global population in 2014. By 2050, around 5 billion people (68%) will be residing in cities. In order to make lifestyles in cities more comfortable and cost-effective, the city must be smart and intelligent. It is mainly accomplished through an intelligent decision-making process using computational intelligence-based technologies. This paper explored how artificial intelligence (AI) is being used in the smart city concept. From 2014 to 2021, we examined 133 articles (97% of Scopus and 73% of WoS) in healthcare, education, environment and waste management, agriculture, mobility and smart transportation, risk management, and security. Moreover, we observed that the healthcare (23% impact), mobility (19% impact), privacy and security (11% impact), and energy sectors (10% impact) have a more significant influence on AI adoption in smart cities. Since the epidemic hit cities in 2019, the healthcare industry has intensified its AI-based advances by 60%. According to the analysis, AI algorithms such as ANN, RNN/LSTM, CNN/R-CNN, DNN, and SVM/LS-SVM have a higher impact on the various smart city domains.

Unraveling the paths of water as aquatic cultural services for the ecotourism in Brazilian Protected Areas

Protected Areas (PAs) are fundamental to preserve biodiversity and ecosystem services. Moreover, PAs also provide different cultural, economic and social services for human populations. The interaction of visitors with natural habitats of PAs through contemplation or ecotourism activities (sports, education, and other activities), provides important cultural and social services for human population, reducing the stress and increasing physical and mental health of people. Here, we tested whether the number of tourists in Brazilian Protected Areas is influenced by aquatic resources and their cultural services. Moreover, we evaluated the influence of other variables to explain the number of ecotourism in PAs: size area, age, geographic distance to urban areas, population density of cities around the PA and PA’s popularity. Brazil has a total of 334 Protected Areas administered by the Brazilian Federal Government, from which we obtained the number of tourists to a total of 125 PAs. In 2019, the total number of tourists that visited Brazilian Federal PAs was 14,475,124, moreover, the most visited PA was the National Park of Tijuca situated in the Rio de Janeiro. Our results indicated that PAs more visited presented frequently recreational activities like swimming, canoeing, fishing, boat ride. Besides, PAs more visited are closer to cities, have higher population densities, and have greater popularity (number of hits in the internet). Thus, our results reinforce the importance of aquatic ecosystems as a cultural service jointly with social and demographic factors for Brazilian Protected Areas tourism. Also, it reinforces the importance of developing good strategies with the interaction among different players in the conservation process. • The total of 125 Brazilian Federal PAs received 14,475,124 tourists in one year. • PA with the highest number of visitors was the National Park of Tijuca – Rio de Janeiro. • Recreational aquatic services were important to explain ecotourism. • Swimming, canoeing, fishing and boat ride were the most popular recreational aquatic activities in PA. • PAs more visited are closer to cities, have higher population densities, and have greater popularity.

Comparative quantification of local climate regulation by green and blue urban areas in cities across Europe

Urban growth alters environmental conditions with major consequences for climate regulation and the exposure of population to heat. Nature-based solutions may be used to alleviate the increasing urban climate pressures, but the climate regulation services that these solutions can supply for and across different urban conditions remains understudied. We comparatively investigate the urban ecosystem service realization (considering the ecosystem service supply and demand spatial interactions) of local climate regulation by vegetated (green) and water-covered (blue) areas across 660 European cities. Results show relatively robust power-law relationships with city population density (average R2 of 0.34) of main indicators of ecosystem service realization. Country-wise fitting for city-average indicators strengthens these relationships, in particular for western European cities (average R2 of 0.66). Cross-city results also show strong power-law relationship of effectiveness in ecosystem service realization with socio-economic measures like Human Development Index and GPD per capita, in particular for the area fraction of city parts with high ecosystem service realization (R2 of 0.77). The quantified relationships are useful for comparative understanding of differences in ecosystem services realization between cities and city parts, and quantitative projection of possible change trends under different types of city growth so that relevant measures can be taken to counteract undesirable trends.

Covid 19, Quarantine Confronting Economic Growth, Social Challenges and Health Spending

This paper is a theoretical study of the impact of quarantine, economic growth and health spending on the spread of the Corona virus. We found, the greater the population density in cities, the greater the spread of the virus. This confirms the importance of quarantine in combating the spread of the virus. And why does the number of injuries increase in major countries more than others. In this way, quarantine have a negative effects in economic growth and social Challenges. In other way, quarantine slows economic growth and have a bad effects on increasing problems in families and in suicide rates. We conclude also that gaps in pandemic preparedness already existed before COVID-19, demands the restructuring of public spending in the health sector.