City Of Yaounde Research Articles

Holistic mapping of flood vulnerability in slums areas of Yaounde city, Cameroon through household and institutional surveys

Urbanization in major cities has resulted in increasing urban slum expansion. This, together with increased climate-change-driven hazards, and deplorable slum characteristics has led to considerably higher flood impacts in slum settlements. As such, there is a need for specialized flood vulnerability assessment tools that integrate features specific to the urban slums. Studies have consecrated efforts to integrated and multidimensional flood vulnerability studies. However, assessments that include social, economic, structural, and institutional realities of the slum settlements are rare in developing countries. This study comprehensively assessed the flood vulnerability in urban slums. It offers a simplified perspective of vulnerability in urban slums, capturing data from slum inhabitants, local councils, experts, and local NGOs since they often have profound insights into essential service availability, access, and quality within the study area. Utilizing data encompassing 40 indicators (exposure, susceptibility, and resilience), we assess the physical/structural, social, and economic/psychological vulnerability indices for slum households and the institutional vulnerability of 41 entities. Despite significant challenges of poor infrastructure and lack of basic disaster management tools, slum residents have developed recognizable strategies to overcome flooding. Institutions carrying out intervention activities in the slums were largely incompetent and plagued with challenges ranging from lack of technical know-how to access to funds and coordination. Finally, a significant gap exists between state efforts and the impacts of these efforts on the residents of these slums. These findings complement household-level data and provide an expanded understanding of vulnerability patterns, thus informing policymakers about interventions.

Prognostic factors of chronic subdural hematomas in two reference university teaching hospitals in the city of Yaounde

ObjectivesDespite the good prognosis of surgical treatment of chronic subdural hematomas, there are some early deaths, recurrences and post-operative complications. The objective of this study is to analyze the prognostic factors of chronic subdural hematomas in two reference university teaching hospitals in the city of Yaounde. MethodThree hundred and ten cases of chronic subdural hematomas were diagnosed on 3788 patients hospitalized in the neurosurgery departments of two reference university teaching hospitals in the city of Yaounde from January 1st, 2015 to December 31st, 2021 (7 years). The authors collected data from patients in whom surgical treatment was performed and assessed their prognosis with regard to the rate of early and late recurrence, mortality rate and postoperative complications and associated factors. ResultsData from 284 patients were analyzed. The mortality rate was 6.7 % and the recurrence rate was 3.2 % in early postoperative period and 4.5 % after a follow-up of 3–24 months. Prognostic factors for death were age greater than or equal to 80 years (p value = 0.034) and presence of cortico-subcortical atrophy (p value = 0.003). The main recurrence factors were age greater than or equal to 70 years and compartmentalization of the hematoma. ConclusionChronic subdural hematomas are generally of good prognosis when the Glasgow coma score on admission is good and adequate management is carried out as soon as possible. Advanced age, lesions such as cortico-subcortical atrophy and compartmentalization of the hematoma are all factors that predispose to recurrence or early mortality. Those groups of patients should therefore benefit from a closer follow-up in post-operative period.

Combining statistical analyses and GIS-based approach for modeling the sanitary boundary of drinking water wells in Yaoundé, Cameroon

In slums and urban areas with unplanned housing such as in the city of Yaounde, Cameroon, poor water quality and inadequate sanitation pose significant health risks. The absence of locally-defined sanitary boundaries, tailored to hydrogeological conditions, hinders effective zoning and land use planning, exacerbating environmental degradation and health hazards. In this study, the sanitary boundary between drinking water wells and sources of pollution in the city of Yaoundé was defined using statistical analysis techniques and Geographic Information Systems (GIS). The Groundwater Quality Index (GWQI) and certain significant parameters affecting water quality notably the transmissivity of the aquifer and well depth were used to establish the sanitary boundary equation which was then interpolated in a GIS environment to obtain the sanitary boundary map of the study area. The linear equation deduced from the significant factors was defined to map the health boundaries between wells and pollution sources for a nominal value of the GWQI (GWQI = 25). Of the 112 wells analysed, 37 % had an excellent GWQI, 16 % were good while the remaining 47 % were poor. Statistical analysis showed a strong correlation between the GWQI and significant factors of groundwater pollution, such as the distance between well and pit latrines (r = −0.753), the aquifer transmissivity of the formation (r = 0.671) and the depth of the wells (r = - 0.855) but no correlation with elevation (r = 0.017) and well age (r = 0.090). Linear regression analysis confirmed the association of the GWQI with the main factors of pollution (p ≤ 0.05). A coefficient of determination of R2 = 0.85 was obtained when validating the linear regression plot based on independent data between measured and predicted GWQI. The sanitary boundary map shows that the wells in our study area should be located between 39 m and 370 m, with an average value of 215 m. New regulations on the distance between well and pit latrines are essential to prevent groundwater pollution.

Mammography supply for breast cancer screening at the eve of Universal Health Coverage in Yaounde city (Cameroon, Central Africa)

RÉSUMÉ Introduction : Le cancer du sein reste le cancer le plus répandu chez les femmes dans le monde. Le Cameroun a adopté une politique annuelle de dépistage par mammographie pour les femmes âgées de 40 ans et plus. Objectif : Évaluer la capacité de l'offre actuelle de mammographie à répondre aux besoins de dépistage du cancer du sein dans la ville de Yaoundé. Méthodes : Etude transversale ciblant les services de radiologie comportant une unité de mammographie dans la ville de Yaoundé (Cameroun, Afrique Centrale) de janvier 2021 à juin 2021. Nous avons collecté la géolocalisation, le nombre de mammographies réalisées par mois et le coût d'une mammographie de dépistage dans chaque service radiologie. La capacité était définie comme le nombre d'unités de mammographie disponibles pour 10 000 femmes âgées de 40 ans et plus. Résultats : A Yaoundé, 37,78% (17/45) des services de radiologie disposaient d'un appareil de mammographie, et 76,47% (13/17) de ces appareils étaient en état de fonctionnement au moment de l'étude. Le nombre médian de mammographies réalisées par mois dans chaque service était de 15 [8-60], et le coût médian d'une mammographie de dépistage était de 53.55 US dollars [48.68 - 64.9]. Les unités de mammographie étaient principalement situées dans le centre administratif, mais elles étaient accessibles à moins d'une heure de route depuis n'importe quel endroit de la ville. La capacité était estimée à 0,32 pour 10 000 femmes âgées de 40 ans, ce qui suffisait à peine à couvrir 19,54 % des besoins en mammographie de dépistage chez les femmes éligibles. Conclusion : L'offre de services de mammographie dans la ville de Yaoundé était insuffisante pour couvrir les besoins en matière de dépistage du cancer du sein en 2021. Les unités de mammographie fonctionnelles étaient accessibles mais sous-utilisées. Des recherches supplémentaires sont nécessaires pour identifier les obstacles au dépistage par mammographie et la rareté des unités de mammographie à Yaoundé. ABSTRACT Background: Breast cancer remains the most common cancer among women worldwide. Cameroon has adopted an annual mammography screening policy for women aged 40 years and over. Objective: To evaluate the capacity of the current mammography supply to meet the needs for breast cancer screening in Yaounde City. Methods: Cross-sectional study targeting radiology departments containing a mammography unit in Yaounde (Cameroon, Central Africa) from January 2021 to June 2021. We collected the geolocation, number of mammograms performed per month, and cost of a screening mammogram for each radiology service. We calculated mammography capacity as the number of mammography units per 10,000 women aged 40 and above. Results: In Yaounde, 37.78% (17/45) of radiology departments had a mammography unit, and 76.47% (13/17) of these units were in operating condition at the time of the study. The median number of mammograms performed per month in each service was 15 [8 - 60], and the median cost of a screening mammogram was 53.55 US dollars [48.68 - 64.9]. Mammography units were mainly located in the administrative center, but they were accessible within an hour's drive from any location in the city. The capacity was estimated to be 0.32 per 10,000 women aged 40, which was only enough to cover 19.54% of the needs for screening mammography in eligible women. Conclusion: Mammography service supply in Yaounde was critically insufficient to cover breast cancer screening needs in 2021. Functional mammography units were accessible but underutilized. Further research is needed to identify the barriers to mammography screening and the scarcity of mammography units in Yaounde.

EFFETS DE LASSOCIATION DE LEXERCICE PHYSIQUE ET DU MASSAGE SUEDOIS SUR LA SCIATALGIE CHEZ LES FEMMES DE YAOUNDE (CAMEROUN)

Background: Sciatica is a common chronic musculoskeletal disorder among women in developing countries. However, management strategies for this condition in these regions are often inadequate. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a therapeutic programme combining Swedish massage and physical exercise on the symptoms of sciatica in women in the city of Yaounde in Cameroun. Methodology : This was a cross-sectional study of 30 women suffering from sciatica. The women were divided equally into three groups. The first (G1) was made up of women who only took physical exercise, the second (G2) of those who only received Swedish massage sessions and the third (G3) of those who received both physical exercise and Swedish massage. Results : The results show an overall decrease in anthropometric parameters. This decline was most marked in G3 (ΔG3 = -3.21%) and G1 (ΔG1 = -10.10%), for body mass and bone mass respectively. G2 showed the greatest reductions in water mass (ΔG2 = -16.97%), fat mass (ΔG2 = -21.19%) and muscle mass (ΔG2 = -8.76%). The results then show an overall improvement in pain parameters. This observation was more marked in G2, irrespective of the parameter considered. On the other hand, G1 showed the best result for pain at the present time (ΔG1 = -73.57%), while G2 showed the greatest improvements for usual pain (ΔG3 = -52.24%) and most intense pain (ΔG3 = -64.06%). Finally, the results indicate an overall reduction in the consequences of pain. This reduction was more marked in G2, but G3 showed the best results in terms of social relationships. Conclusion : In conclusion, physical exercise and Swedish massage promoted remission of most of the symptoms of sciatica in the subjects studied, especially when these two methods were combined.

Evaluation of Spontaneous Fertility after Medical Treatment of Tubal Ectopic Pregnancy in Two Hospitals in the City of Yaounde

Evaluation of Spontaneous Fertility after Medical Treatment of Tubal Ectopic Pregnancy in Two Hospitals in the City of Yaounde

Association between Placental Malaria and Severe Pre-Eclampsia in Two University Hospitals of Yaounde City

Association between Placental Malaria and Severe Pre-Eclampsia in Two University Hospitals of Yaounde City

Implementation of the Digital Transformation of Museum Collection Management Processes in the City of Yaounde – Cameroon

Objective: the aim of this article is to present the contributions of digital transformation to the process of managing museum collections. Methodology: this study is descriptive and analytical. It focuses on the "implementation of digital transformation in the management of museum collections in the city of Yaoundé, Cameroon". The research itself, along with direct and participant observations, took place from 1 February to 30 March 2022. The qualitative research made it possible to take stock of the conservation of collections in the museums of Blackitude, the Fondation Salomon Tandeng Muna (FSTM) in the district of Yaoundé 1, and the Bénédictins - in the district of Yaoundé 2, the political capital of Cameroon, which is also the experimental zone. The collection and analysis of non-quantifiable data led to the following results. Results: Digitised collections, websites, virtual spaces... these are just a few examples of the multitude and variety of systems that have gradually become part of the museum world. However, museums in general, and those in sub-Saharan Africa in particular, still face challenges that cannot be managed manually. These include the organisational and technical changes brought about by the use of digital technology, and the financial problems that arise when museums have to manage themselves. Digital technology is bringing new business models to the fore. Lastly, there is the problem of employability for young people, because according to the experts, 80% of digital jobs are still unknown to the public. Conclusion: The use of digital technology in the management of museum collections is leading to organisational changes in both the conservation and display of collections, new working methods, a new economic model, new professions (IT security, digital hanging, digital labelling, etc.) and those that will remain unchanged (cleaning, disinsectisation).

Evaluation of the Quality of Sanitary Napkins Sold on the Market of the City of Yaounde

Objective: To assess the quality of sanitary napkins marketed in the city of Yaounde. Methodology: This was an experimental study associated with a survey of women who used sanitary pads from March to September 2021 in the city of Yaoundé. The physico-technical parameters and the microbiological quality of the selected towel brands were respectively determined and checked at the multidisciplinary laboratory of Galenic Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Legislation of the FMSB-UY1. The data was collected and saved in an electronic database and its analysis was carried out by the Microsoft Excel software version 2019. Results: Among the116 women who consented to participate in the study, 51.73% were between the ages of 21 and 30, the majority were pupils and singles. We had identified a total of 32 brands of sanitary napkins sold in the city of Yaoundé including “Hygiénix” (53%), “Always” (35%), “Amie” (35%) and “Nana” (29%). The organoleptic characters have been rendered, 100% of the labels were non-compliant and 100% of the towels had a pH between [6 – 6.95] after 4 hours of exposure. The test for the presence of Escherichia coli in the samples was negative for all samples. Conclusion: several brands of sanitary napkins are sold in the city of Yaoundé. Their labels were non-compliant, the pH was slightly acidic and microbiological control revealed an absence of E. coli.

COVID-19 preventive social-behavioural practices and exposure to SARS-CoV-2 among residents in the city of Yaounde: Lessons from the early phase of the pandemic in Cameroon.

Non-pharmaceutical interventions remain key in mitigating the spread of SARS-CoV-2. We sought to assess COVID-19 preventive, social-behavioural practices, and SARS-CoV-2 exposure through IgG rapid tests. This was a cross-sectional survey among 971 respondents residing in 180 households within the "Cite Verte" health district of Yaounde-Cameroon, from October-November 2020. Using a structured questionnaire, data on SARS-CoV-2 preventive and social behavioural practices were collected, while exposure to SARS-CoV-2 was determined by IgG profiling. p<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Overall, 971 participants were enrolled, among whom 56.5% were females. The age group 15-29 (33.5%) and those with a secondary level of education (44.7%) were most represented. Regarding preventive/social behavioural practices, the least respected measure was "stopped work", 49.1%, while the most respected was "Respect of hygiene rules", 93.8%. Women obeyed preventive measures more than men, with 87.6% vs 81.0% adhering to the lockdown, (p = 0.005) and 95.5% vs 91.7% to hygiene rules (p = 0.017). The age range 45-64 years was the least adherent to the lockdown rule, with 75.2% (38/153), p<0.0001. Only 24.7% (73/295) and 6.1% (59/295) of the symptomatic individuals reported having sought medical consultation and Covid-19 testing respectively. In addition, up to 69.8% (555/795) felt healthcare facilities were high-risk sites for getting infected, p = 0.002. Exposure to SARS-CoV-2 by IgG positivity was 31.1% (302/971), with men recording a higher proportion of viral exposure, 51.0% (154/302), p = 0.021. After adjusting for gender, age, education, and occupation; salaried worker (p = 0.029; OR: 0.29), and trading (p = 0.001; OR: 0.23) least complied with lockdown rule. In this community of Cameroonian residents highly exposed to COVID-19, many perceived healthcare facilities as high-risk zones for SARS-CoV-2 infection and consequently did not seek medical interventions. Thus, in the context of such a pandemic, advocacy on risk communication and community engagement for health-seeking attitudes should preferentially target men and those afraid of pandemics.

Bio-purification of Ascaris lumbricoides ova in a transformed Echinochloa pyramidalis wastewater treatment filter plant in the city of Yaounde (Cameroon)

The reuse of wastewater is widespread across the globe, especially in regions with water scarcity. Recycled water can be utilized in irrigation but if not treated effectively can pose risk for public health owing to the pathogens present in the recycled water used for irrigation Ascaris lumbricoides is a major soil-transmitted helminth that is highly infective to humans. The ova of A. lumbricoides are able to survive wastewater treatment, thus making it an indicator organism for effective water treatment and sanitation. Hence, Ascaris ova must be removed from wastewater matrices for the safe use of recycled water. The results of the observations of Ascaris lumbricoides eggs indicate a general density of 88 ± 72 ova.l-1. The highest density was 338 ova.l-1 obtained in fat and oil removal basin during the LRS. Although a density of 24 larvae/L was detected at the outlet. Overall, larvae decreased at the secondary treatment level with a general purification yield of 85%.

Predictive Factors for the Occurrence of Pharyngostoma after Laryngectomy and Total Pharyngo-Laryngectomy in Yaounde and Douala

Introduction and Aims: Pharyngostoma or pharyngo-cutaneous fistula is a frequent complication of totals laryngectomies and pharyngo-laryngectomies. Its incidence varies from one series to another from 13% to 58%. Multiple risk factors are known. The data from our environment concerning this condition are few. Thus, in order to contribute to the study of this complication in our environment, we proposed to carry out this study, whose objective was to determine the predictive factors for the occurrence of pharyngo-cutaneous fistula or pharyngostoma after total laryngectomy and total pharyngo-laryngectomy in Yaounde and Douala. Patients and Methods: This was a retrospective, cross-sectional, descriptive study conducted in the 5 Ear-Nose-Throat (ENT) department of hospital in the city of Yaounde and Douala. The study took place between January 2009 and December 2020. All patients who underwent total laryngectomy or total pharyngo-laryngectomy with a follow-up of at least one month were included in the study. Incomplete records were excluded, as well as those of patients who died before one month of postoperative follow-up. Results: We selected 48 cases of total laryngectomies (TL) and total pharyngo-laryngectomies (TPL), and identified 37 cases of pharyngostoma. 45 men (93.8%) and 3 women (6.3%). The mean age was 56.4 years with extremes ranging from 37 to 86 years. Smoking and alcoholism were noted in 75% and 79.2% of our patients respectively. A tracheotomy before TL and TPL was found in 41.7%. 100% of the tumours found were T3 or T4. The surgery was in 34 cases (70.8%) TL and in 14 cases (29.2%) TPL. Pharyngostomas were observed in 37 cases among 48 patients operated on, i.e. a frequency of 77.1%. The average delay of appearance was 7 to 14 days. We had spontaneous healing with pressure dressing and nasogastric tube feeding in 35 patients (77.8%) and two patients benefited from pectoralis major flap treatment; the healing time was 21 to 30 days. We did not find any correlation between gender, age, tumour site of origin and locoregional extension and the occurrence of pharyngostoma. Preoperative tracheotomy and radiotherapy were not significant risk factors for the occurrence of pharyngostoma. However, preoperative anaemia (p = 0.02), LTP (p = 0.02), early complications (p 0.001) and lack of continuous saliva aspiration postoperatively (p = 0.03) were statistically significant predictors of pharyngostoma in univariate analysis. Conclusion: Pharyngostoma is the most common postoperative complication after TL and TPL. In our setting, the main associated risk factors identified were: preoperative anaemia, LTP, early complications and failure to continuously aspirate saliva postoperatively.

Plant Diversity and Carbon Stock Assessment in an Informal Settlement of the City of Yaounde, Cameroon: The Case of Elig-Effa West

Due to rapid demographic growth, economic and technological changes, urban environments are highly exposed to the impacts of climate change and environmental catastrophes. Despite the pressure to which urban forests are exposed, they still play important roles through the service they provide: air quality, shade, and reduction of dioxide of carbon. The present study was carried out in the city of Yaoundé, Cameroon, especially in one of its suburb areas, Elig-Effa West, a neighborhood with spontaneous settlements. The study aimed at assessing the plant species diversity, and carbon sequestration potentials of diverse trees recorded using indirect methods. Six sampling plots of 100 × 100 m were established in the study area. Our results recorded a total of 16 species grouped into 12 families. Apocynaceae, Mimosaceae and Moraceae were the most represented families. The most represented species throughout the sampling plots were Mangifera indica, Persea americana, Annona muricata and Psidium gaujava, which are all fruiting trees. Carbon stock for the study area was estimated at 16.08 ± 5.60 tC with an average of 0.23 ± 0.08 tC/ha. The results also showed the species to be considered in a potential restoration program should be first fruiting trees, followed by non-fruiting trees useful to population, especially those that have their trunk peeled, a sign that they are used by the population. Nevertheless, informal settlements contribute to carbon sequestration, that well targeted urban reforestation will substantially improve.

Frequency and Antibiotic Susceptibility Patterns of Streptococcus agalactiae Strains Isolated from Women in Yaounde, Cameroon

Group B Streptococcus (GBS), a commensal in the body, causes a wide range of infectious diseases. This bacterium is dangerous for pregnant women and their babies, in whom it is responsible for early neonatal bacterial sepsis (EOS). The colonisation levels of GBS and its resistance profile to antibiotics provide important information that is useful for orienting prevention strategies. There are few data available on the subject on the determination of resistance phenotypes in Cameroon. We therefore aimed to determine the prevalence of colonisation and antibiotic resistance, including patterns of inducible resistance to clindamycin, of GBS in the city of Yaounde. To achieve this goal, a prospective cross-sectional study with an analytical component was carried out from 28 June to 29 August 2020 at the BIOSANTE laboratory and the Yaounde Gynaeco-Obstetrics and Paediatrics hospital. Vaginal swabs and urine were collected from 163 women. This samples were analysed using 5% defibrinated sheep blood agar and chocolate plus polyvitex agar. The isolates were identified using the morphology of the colony, Gram staining, haemolysis, catalase tests and latex grouping tests. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was carried out by disk diffusion method following the recommendations of the ACFSM 2019. The double disk diffusion method was used to identify isolates with clindamycin-inducible resistance. Our data were analysed with SPSS version 2.1. The results obtained showed that the overall prevalence of colonisation by GBS was 37% (57/163), or 40.3% in non-pregnant women and 59.7% in pregnant women. Pregnancy (p-value = 0.019) and earlier (from the second semester of pregnancy) gestational age (p-value = 0.025) constituted the risk factors of maternal colonisation by GBS. In addition, the strains of GBS were resistant to all 16 antibiotics tested. A D test showed that 64.7% of GBS strains were constitutively resistant to clindamycin. We also note the presence of M phenotypes. As a whole, our results demonstrated that the rate of GBS colonisation in this study was similar to or higher than those in previous reports in Cameroon. All these results indicate that attention should be paid to this bacterium in the monitoring of antimicrobial resistance and in the care of pregnant women and newborns.

Counts of Damage Assessed following Head and Neck Cellulitis of Oral Origin

Introduction: Cellulite is an inflammatory process of bacterial origin of cellulo-adipose tissue. Its evolution and management can be marked by complications that can induce sequelae to patients. The purpose of the study was to determine the counts of harm assessed following surgical management of head and neck cellulitis of oral origin in three hospitals in Yaounde. Methodology: A descriptive and retrospective study was conducted in three hospitals in the city of Yaounde during 2021 for 7 months. Included in our research were patients surgically treated for head and neck cellulitis from January 2010 to December 2018. The data collection was done with a pre-designed sheet and the analysis of the results obtained using the EPI info 7.2.2.6 software. Results: Out of 352 patients collected, male accounted for 63% of cases with a sex ratio of 1.69. The average age was 32.52 ± 11.4 years with extremes ranging from 1 to 73 years. About 46.88% worked in the informal sector. The main functional sequelae were edentulism (68.75%), and the average permanent functional deficit (PFD) was 1.61% ±1.15 with extremes between 0 and 7%. Permanent aesthetic damage (PEP) was mostly very mild, rated at 1/7 in 86.65% of cases. The suffering endured (SE) was mainly very mild, at 1/7 in 91.19% of cases. Conclusion: The counts of harm assessed following odontogenic head and neck cellulitis were aesthetic harm, suffering endured and permanent functional deficit.

Field Control of Maize Borers Using Aqueous Seed Extracts of Thevetia Peruviana (Pers.) K. Schum

Aims: In order to find an alternative to chemical control, the insecticidal potential of aqueous extracts of Thevetia peruviana seeds formulated at 16.66 g/l were tested in the field on the maize stalk borer species.&#x0D; Study Design: The factorial design in subdivided plots or "split-plot" with four replicates and two factors studies was used on an area of 250 m2.&#x0D; Place and Duration of Study: The experiment was carried out in a field located in the city of Yaounde, Cameroon where cassava was grown beforehand, between July and October 2021.&#x0D; Methodology: The extracts at 250 g per 15 l of water were tested against a synthetic insecticide Cypercal at 37.5 ml per 5 l of water and an absolute control (untreated) in a four replicate split-plot device. Two maize varieties (V1: CMS 8704; V2: local) and three treatments (T1: control; T2: T. peruviana seed extract; T3: Cypercal 12 EC) were used. The aqueous extract of T. peruviana was applied by spraying on stems, leaves and leaf cones from 5th to 9th weeks after sowing (SAS). Data were recorded on growth parameters, stem borer density, and maize grain yield.&#x0D; Results: The results show that the application of the treatments resulted in a good development of the growth parameters in the two maize varieties used. Two species of borer Busseola fusca and Sesamia calamistis belonging to the order Lepidoptera were identified. The density of maize stalk borers was significantly reduced (T2: 3 borers) in the subplots treated with aqueous extracts compared to the control (T1: 10 borers). Treatment T2 (2.05 t/ha) gave higher grain yield than the control (1.41 t/ha).&#x0D; Conclusion: The aqueous extracts of T. peruviana seeds having thus shown a strong insect repellent potential in the field can therefore be integrated into the framework of biological control that protects the environment and human health.

Incidence of the Practice of Recreationel Physical Activity and Sports and Risk of Sudden Death in the Population of the City of Yaounde, Cameroon

This study aimed to determine the percentage of a recreational physical activities and sports (PAS) practitioners or non-competitive athlete in Yaoundé city, and the risk of sudden death incurred. Seven hundred and ninety-three (793) men and women practicing recreational sports took part in this survey. The analysis of the variables of the socio-demographic, professional and clinical characteristics of those practicing physical activity ≥ 3 hours per week and those practicing physical activity &lt; 3 hours was made. Data collection was carried out using a pre-established questionnaire, after obtaining an ethical clearance from the Ministry of Public Health. The average age of participants was 27.3 ± 10.6 years, they are mostly made up of men (56.2%). Five hundred and forty-seven (68.9%) said they practice physical activity at least 3 hours a week. Fifteen (15) participants or 1.6% declared to be carriers of a cardiovascular pathology and thirty-nine (39) or 4.9% are hypertensive. A large number (439; 55.6%) refrained from disclosing their clinical status or were unaware of it. The rate of recreational physical activities and sports practitioners is high in the population of Yaoundé. In this population, some practitioners are carriers of pathologies exposing them to sudden death. Knowledge of these data can contribute to taking appropriate measures to reduce cases of sudden cardiac death related to sports practice, a phenomenon increasingly observed in Cameroon.

Human and Environmental Reservoirs of Intestinal Parasites in the City of Yaoundé, Cameroon: An Update in the Context of COVID-19 Pandemic

Aims: Intestinal parasitic infections are persistent in Africa, and we questioned here whether prevention measures imposed by the occurrence of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 could alleviate this threat in lowlands of the city of Yaoundé, Cameroon. &#x0D; Study Design: We monitored the trend of intestinal parasites in human and environmental samples from the seven subdivisions of the city of Yaounde, before (November-December 2019) and during (July-August 2020, November-December 2020) the COVID-19 pandemic.&#x0D; Methodology: Parasitological analysis were performed to check for the presence of helminths and protozoans in stools from inhabitants as well as in water, soil and fresh vegetables, using standard Kato Katz and Formol Ether methods.The minimum effective sample size considered for the estimation of parasite richness, parasite infection and contamination indexeswas 30 for human and 30 for environmental samples (i.e. soils, water and vegetables) per location.&#x0D; Results: Of the 19 parasite species identified in human and the environments, twelve were helminths and seven protozoans. The overall parasite species richness reached 16 in 2019 (12 helminths and 4 protozoans) and 19 in 2020 (12 helminths and 7 protozoans), with about 62.5-68.4% of species shared by human and environments. The parasite frequencies in human (21.03%) and water/soils (32.3%) in 2019 did not differ statistically with those of 2020 (14.6-20.3% and 10.8-35.4%, respectively). The contamination rate of vegetables (i.e. carrots, lettuce, basil, celery, etc.) has increased from 2019 (6.1-9.1%) to 2020 (9.1-24.2%), and was frequently due to roundworms, hookworms, Entamoeba and Cryptosporidium cysts. The findings suggest persistent risk associated with intestinal parasite irrespective to measures imposed by COVID-19 in study locations.&#x0D; Conclusion: The current control approaches may therefore integrateecological epidemiology of the intestinal parasite infections as complementary strategy in African cities.

The Mediating Role of the Meaning of Work in the Relationship between Organizational Constraints and Psychological Well-Being at Work

This study examines the mediating role of the meaning of work in the relationship between organizational constraints and well-being at work. A selection of two inductors of the work situation was done in the framework of this study because of their explanatory power related to well - being at worknamely: workload and hierarchical support. Our hypothesis postulates that the meaning of work combines with the characteristics of the work situation to determine well-being at work (BET). In other words, we believe that the meaning of work mediates the effects of organizational inductors on well-being at work. In this perspective, 581 teachers from primary and secondary schools all sectors included (public, private, denominational, etc.) of the city of Yaounde (Cameroon) and aged between 21 and 60 years (M = 35.3, &amp;sigma; = 7.9) were interviewed using a self-report questionnaire. Multiple regression analyses following the procedure of Baron and Kenny (1986) confirm the mediating role of the meaning of work in the relationship between workload, hierarchical support and well-being at work.&amp;nbsp;&#x0D; &amp;nbsp;

Oral Health and Oromotor Skills of Children with Cerebral Palsic Infirmity in the City of Yaounde

Introduction: Cerebral palsy is a disorder due to non-progressive brain damage on an immature brain, occurring before, during or after birth. Oral repercussions are often present but overlooked. Hence, the description oral health and oral motor skills of children affected by this condition. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted for eight months, in two specialized centers in the city of Yaoundé. Information was collected from medical records, consents obtained and oral examination of patients performed. The significance threshold was considered for p &lt; 0.05. Results: Of the 60 patients included, 56.7% suffered from spastic hemiplegia, 50% had a level III gross motor classification system (GMFCS) and 28.3% had a level II. Their oral condition and oral-motor dexterity revealed salivary and labial incontinence, poor oral hygiene in 28.3% of cases, severe gingival inflammation in 34 patients (56.7%),the loss of part of the food ingested in 50 patients (84%) and swallowing and phonation disorders, respectively in 88.3% of cases and swallowing. A significant association between the severity of BMI and the occurrence of caries (P=0.001) and gingivitis (P=0.01). Conclusion: Oral health and oral motility of IMC patients is a function of the severity of brain damage. This oral state, requiring a specialized odontostomatology follow-up adapted to the handicap presented by the patient.