City Of Vancouver Research Articles

Lay Perspectives on Drug (De)Criminalization and the (De)Stigmatization of People Who Use Illicit Drugs

Background: Substance use stigma has been framed as contributing to the drug toxicity crisis. We theorize the political function of drug criminalization as contributing to a system of stigma that exerts social control over people who use illicit drugs (PWUID). Consequently, drug decriminalization may be a potential destigmatizing solution. Since decriminalization is often positioned as an antistigma intervention targeting the public, it is important to understand how laypeople conceptualize decriminalization. Methods: We acquired, via a Freedom of Information request, 221 deputations sent to the City of Vancouver regarding Motion B.4, which would advance decriminalization. We used reflexive thematic analysis to explore: (1) how laypeople conceptualized drug (de)criminalization and its relation to the (de)stigmatization of PWUID; and (2) the potential implications of the various conceptualizations of (de)criminalization for the autonomy of PWUID. Results: Supporters of Motion B.4 commonly assumed decriminalization would destigmatize PWUID. Supporters also often argue that the drug toxicity crisis is a public health problem, not a criminal one. However, the public health model of decriminalization advocated by some supporters still limited the autonomy of PWUID. Meanwhile, those opposed commonly positioned social control of PWUID as necessary, including opponents who argued that decriminalization was a form of systemic neglect that abandons PWUID. This view was echoed by some proponents, notably those who argued for a public health model of decriminalization. Finally, some proponents asserted that PWUID should be included in the policymaking process, though few deputations came from self-identified PWUID. All PWUID argued that decriminalization must exclude the police. Conclusion: Our analysis of lay perspectives on decriminalization highlights the importance of models that adequately address all levels of stigma for PWUID. Models that fail to preserve the autonomy of PWUID are likely to reproduce their stigmatization.

Achieving an equitable circular food economy in Vancouver

ABSTRACT Food loss and waste occur at an alarming rate while many households in the City of Vancouver are food insecure. Set within the context of City of Vancouver’s Zero Waste 2040 long-term strategic plan, the City seeks to promote a circular economy, including through food waste reduction and prevention, better food redistribution, and partaking in awareness campaigns. Food rescue and redistribution is often framed as a win–win solution to avoid throwing unwanted, unmarketable, or surplus foods from the landfill and instead redistributing the food to those who are food insecure. This solution has been framed as a useful tool to promote a circular economy. However, both food waste and food studies scholars have rightly noted that connecting unwanted foods with those who are food insecure to address systemic hunger is not a panacea, nor is it a systemic solution to prevent food waste. Drawing on key informant interviews with agri-food experts across the system (n = 20), this study identified the challenges, opportunities, and the overall vision of the circular food economy and how it is mobilised in the City of Vancouver. It seeks to understand how equity factors into the vision of a circular food economy and its implementation by agri-food and relevant actors. The findings in this study highlight the importance of dynamic governance systems that targets critical points for change including regulation, funding, and capacity building to ensure a circular food economy that considers equity and justice.

Deep mapping in geography education: learning about a distant place and people in a summer school as a ‘committed outlier’

ABSTRACT This article discusses Deep Mapping in Geography teaching and learning by drawing on a case study of a summer school organised during the COVID-19 pandemic. Deep Mapping was used to foster deep learning among the students and teach them about a distant place and people. The exercise tasked the students to work on the creation of layered maps representing the fieldwork site, the city of Vancouver, Canada. Critical student reflections about the Deep Mapping process are used to address some of the benefits and challenges. The Deep Mapping exercise stimulated the students to critically engage with the diverse summer school materials, move beyond a superficial view of the city, maps and mapping, and reflect on their positionality. The method is promising in light of making deep engagement with other places more accessible to those who might not have or be inclined to access such international educational experience and also offers another opportunity for blended learning. In conclusion, we argue that Deep Mapping offers a timely and highly engaging approach to learn about a place and people from another part of the world – be it on location or at a distance.

The governance of public space by legally unique bodies: A case study of Vancouver’s Granville Island

This article focuses on the governance of Granville Island, a former industrial stretch of land that operates as an arts destination abutting the City of Vancouver’s waterfront. While Granville Island might look like any other neighbourhood in Vancouver, it is in fact owned and managed by the Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation, a federal agency, on behalf of the Government of Canada. This article examines what it means, democratically speaking, for the federal government to operate public space in a city. Public entities are each legally unique, raising questions as to how they and their relationships with other entities can be understood, evaluated and adjudicated. This article animates how public entities are understood under Canadian law by demonstrating the difficulty in crafting inclusive, participatory governance models that respond to the many interests involved in public space, especially spaces that are explicitly identified as ‘innovative’. Drawing on qualitative data and document review, the article highlights the manner in which Granville Island has been structured and operated by the federal government, its singular focus on commerce and tourism and its weak commitments to accountability, transparency and representation. Granville Island is rendered ‘invisible’ in its governance: it blends into the urban form as though part of the City of Vancouver, while at the same time lacking in accountability, transparency and representation. We conclude that while Granville Island governs public space, making it seem like a neighbourhood in a municipality, it cannot be conceptualised as a ‘democratic body’.

Reconciled futures: An art camp for Indigenous youth

The Museum of Vancouver (MOV) identifies reconciliation as one of the four pillars that guide its work. Reconciliation has become a matter of national significance in Canada since the release of the Truth and Reconciliation Report in 2008, which highlights the harmful legacies of residential schools on the daily lives of Indigenous Canadians. It also demonstrated that social inequalities continue to persist across the nation because of this, and other assimilationist policies previously adopted under Canada’s Indian Act. Recommendations of the report were aimed at improving Indigenous and non-Indigenous relations and removing barriers, both intentional and unconscious, that prevent Indigenous Canadians from accessing the same opportunities and services as other Canadians. It can take many years to implement institutional change, but public programming offers an opportunity to demonstrate intentions for change with more immediacy. This paper provides an overview of an art program created for Indigenous youth in the Greater Vancouver area by Indigenous professionals working in a museum setting. The initiative was funded through a creative partnership between the MOV and the City of Vancouver’s Green Infrastructure team and resulted in the creation of public art that was installed in a Green Infrastructure demonstration project within the city.

Attributes and benefits of urban green space visits – Insights from the City of Vancouver

This research explores the relationships between attributes of a green space visit (green space type, duration, activities, company) and 1) health-related benefits (including mental restoration, aesthetic appreciation), and 2) visitor demographics and health status. Exploratory analyses of our online survey show that the type of green space chosen has little relevance for benefits but that what it is used for does. Passive uses of urban green spaces are common across population groups and related to a diversity of benefits. Results showing that longer visits bring more benefits and occur more frequently within populations with higher education and income contentment point to inequities regarding the accessibility of health-related benefits. Lastly, we observe limited nature connectedness amongst respondents, which adds an important consideration to future survey approaches.

The Vancouver socioecological fix: indigenous real-estate development as the city’s imagination of sustainability, affordability, and reconciliation

ABSTRACT In Vancouver, the Musqueam, Squamish, and Tsleil-Waututh First Nations are constructing several large real-estate developments that will deeply impact the Nations and the city itself. Developments such as Sen̓áḵw, Heather Lands, and Jericho Lands envision the construction of thousands of new apartments that will yield billions of Canadian dollars in profits from the Vancouver housing market. This paper is concerned with the enabling conditions for such developments found within the city of Vancouver’s planning policies and underlying geographical imaginations. Through the application of the “socioecological fix”, the paper describes how Vancouver’s planning policies aim at fixing problems of sustainability, housing affordability, and reconciliation based on specific geographical imaginations. This results in the conceptualization of reconciliation as the profit-oriented construction of green and affordable real-estate. In light of scholarship that highlights the intertwined nature of colonialism and capitalism, the paper raises the predicament that the reconciliatory approach conceptualized in city strategies and actively pursued by the Musqueam, Squamish, and Tsleil-Waututh is envisioning reconciliation as the reproduction of Vancouver real-estate capitalism. How should scholarship contend with reconciliatory approaches that are both reproductive of settler-colonial capitalism, while also offering reconciliation in a concrete form?

Mapping current and future flood exposure using a 5 m flood model and climate change projections

Abstract. Local stakeholders need information about areas exposed to potential flooding to manage increasing disaster risk. Moderate- and large-scale flood hazard mapping is often produced at a low spatial resolution, typically using only one source of flooding (e.g., riverine), and it often fails to include climate change. This article assesses flood hazard exposure in the city of Vancouver, Canada, using flood mapping produced by flood risk science experts JBA Risk Management, which represented baseline exposure at 5 m spatial resolution and incorporated climate-change-adjusted values based on different greenhouse gas emission scenarios. The article identifies areas of both current and future flood exposure in the built environment, differentiating between sources of flooding (fluvial, pluvial, storm surge) and climate change scenarios. The case study demonstrates the utility of a flood model with a moderate resolution for informing planning, policy development, and public education. Without recent engineered or regulatory mapping available in all areas across Canada, this model provides a mechanism for identifying possible present and future flood risk at a higher resolution than is available at a Canada-wide coverage.

Application of PCM in a Zero-Energy Building and Using a CCHP System Based on Geothermal Energy in Canada and the UAE

In this research, the optimization of energy consumption of zero-energy buildings using PCMs in the two study cities of Vancouver and Dubai and its energy supply with a multi-generation geothermal system is discussed. PCMs used in the walls and roofs of designed buildings are of two types, namely PCM (solid) and PCM (liquid). By optimizing the energy consumption of the residential complex in two study cities, it is finally possible to choose the best mode in optimal conditions to reduce energy consumption in the residential complex, reduce the costs of the residential complex, and reduce the environmental pollution. The results showed that the amount of electricity consumption, heating, and cooling of the residential complex during the year in the city of Vancouver is 8493.55, 7899.1, and 1083.97 kWh, respectively, and in the city of Dubai, the values are 9572.1, 8.99, and 18,845.44 kW, respectively. Also, by optimizing the energy consumption of residential complexes in Vancouver and Dubai, it is possible to reduce CO2 emissions by 2129.7 and 2773.2 kg/year, respectively. The electricity consumption of the residential complex in Dubai is 11.26% and the carbon dioxide emission is 23.20% more. In the end, a multi-generation system is proposed to meet the energy consumption of a six-unit zero-energy residential complex with 120 m2 and two bedrooms in Vancouver, Canada. By setting up the study system in the city of Vancouver, 237,364.6 kWh of electricity, 425,959.4 kWh of heating, and 304,732.8 kWh of electricity can be produced in one year. According to the investigation, the geothermal system can easily provide the energy consumption required by residential buildings.

A Qualitative Investigation on Chronic Disease Management and Prevention Among Older Adults During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

To qualitatively describe experiences of chronic disease management and prevention in older adults (age ≥65 years) during COVID-19. Qualitative descriptive approach. Data collected online via telephone and video-conferencing technologies to participants located in various cities in British Columbia, Canada. Data analyzed by researchers in the cities of Vancouver and Kelowna in British Columbia. Twenty-four community-living older adults (n = 24) age ≥65 years. Each participant was invited to complete a 30-to-45-minute virtual, semi-structured, one-on-one interview with a trained interviewer. Interview questions focused on experiences managing health prior to COVID-19 and transitioning experiences of practicing health management and prevention strategies during COVID-19. Audio recordings of interviews were transcribed verbatim and analyzed thematically. The sample's mean age was 73.4 years (58% female) with 75% reporting two or more chronic conditions (12.5% none, 12.5% one). Three themes described participants' strategies for chronic disease management and prevention: (1) having a purpose to optimize health (i.e., managing health challenges and maintaining independence); (2) internal self-control strategies (i.e., self-accountability and adaptability); and (3) external support strategies (i.e., informational support, motivational support, and emotional support). Helping older adults identify purposes for their own health management, developing internal control strategies, and optimizing social support opportunities may be important person-centred strategies for chronic disease management and prevention during unprecedented times like COVID-19.

Mise en œuvre équitable d’infrastructure verte

As climate change continues to pose a threat to human health, cities have turned to nature-based solutions, such as green infrastructure (GI), to lessen the impacts of climate change felt by communities. However, many practitioners are not incorporating equity considerations in GI siting decisions; thus, leaving marginalized and racialized communities to disproportionately bear the impacts of urban environmental issues. In the City of Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, the GI Branch is investigating ways in which they can apply an equity lens to their work. To aid in their endeavour, this study examines existing challenges to equitably implementing GI, as well as areas for improvement, through a literature review, document and planning tool analysis, and key informant interviews. Drawing from the findings, this paper develops a set of equity criteria, which centre three dimensions of social equity: distributional, recognitional, and procedural equity, to help practitioners operationalize equity in GI project evaluations.

Towards a spatio‐temporal multicriteria evaluation method: A suitability analysis of residential units in a 3D urban environment

AbstractSpatial multi‐criteria evaluation (MCE) techniques aid urban planning management by analyzing decision problem alternatives for solutions to help inform decision‐making. However, there is a lack of such methods that incorporate the temporal dimension, an important factor when analyzing the dynamic urban landscape and decisions surrounding its changes. A novel spatio‐temporal MCE approach is proposed that operates in three‐dimensional (3D) space and time to identify changing suitability values of decision alternatives. This space–time method is implemented to evaluate the suitability of residential units over a 15‐year period in part of downtown City of Vancouver, Canada. The results indicate that the majority of units exhibit a decrease in suitability with time due to depreciation and reduction of assets like view and privacy from the construction of new buildings. The proposed method can be used by urban planners and developers to assist in long‐term assessments of proposed development scenarios and their impact on existing urban infrastructure.

A novel renewable energy system designed with Mg–Cl thermochemical cycle, desalination and heat storage options

In this paper, a novel multigenerational integrated system that is able to produce five useful commodities, such as freshwater, space heating, hot water, power and hydrogen for a community, is proposed and investigated. The system uniquely covers heat storage by molten salt heat storage along with hydrogen production by magnesium-chlorine (Mg–Cl) based thermochemical cycle. Additionally, the present system has a multi-effect desalination plant to provide freshwater community needs. A solar power tower is offered due to its capability of harvesting high energy levels. The heat recovered by the solar power receiver is passed through an organic Rankine cycle (ORC) to meet the need for the high-temperature level that is required for the thermochemical cycle. The molten salt storage tanks are used to offset the mismatch between demand and supply for the necessary energy to run the system in case of the absence of solar irradiation. The suggested system is intended to leverage solar and geothermal energy sources to generate practical necessities like power, heat, and hot water for residential applications of a projected community. The system is then analyzed in detail thermodynamically in the context of exergy and energy approaches. In addition, the subsystems are analyzed parametrically to study the performance of the overall system to observe how the ambient and working conditions change the system efficiencies. The city of Vancouver in Canada is selected as the potential location where the system performance assessment is carried out accordingly. As a result of the present thermodynamic analysis, the energetic and exergetic efficiencies for the system are obtained as 45.45% and 52.32%. The total exergy destruction rate is another exergy metric to compare both versions, where the rate of 163967.39 kW exergy destruction is obtained for the overall system.

Mapping Municipal Colonialism: Counternarratives of Neighbourhood-as-Home in Strathcona, 1968–69

Recent scholarship on neighbourhood organizations and their attempts to stop urban renewal focuses on the agency of citizens and the difficulty in defining the boundaries of what makes a neighbourhood. This article contributes to the scholarship on neighbourhood activism by examining the formation of the Strathcona Property Owners and Tenants Association, in Vancouver in 1968, through the lens of decolonial performance studies to illustrate the differing definitions of home and domesticity during the postwar period. The City of Vancouver’s justification for demolishing the neighbourhood of Strathcona followed a colonial progress narrative, which conflated home and housing as an economic commodity, whereas for the residents of Strathcona home was more than an investment as it also encapsulated their feelings of belonging to their dwelling, each other, and the surrounding commercial areas. This article challenges the view that urban renewal is a different phase of urban development, but instead highlights the continuity between early settler-colonial and postwar ideas about housing to argue that colonialism is a structure embedded in civic attitudes and language in discussions of housing, homemaking, and domesticity that are then reinforced through zoning, by-laws, and neighbourhood regulations. By drawing parallels between early settler-colonial use of maps, surveys, land-use guidelines, and urban renewal plans, this article explains how the same tools and ideas implemented to justify the dispossession of Indigenous people from their lands were reanimated as tools of expropriation in the post-war period to justify the demolition of a multicultural working-class neighbourhood. The residents in Strathcona successfully countered the City of Vancouver’s view of their neighbourhood by creating their own maps, surveys, and suggestions for how land could be used to justify rehabilitation and preservation of their sense of home, thereby illustrating that there is nothing neutral or objective about urban development practices.

Listening is Action: A Soundwalk with Hildegard Westerkamp

In the sound documentary Listening is Action, the composer Hildegard Westerkamp engages in a conversation with Luis Velasco-Pufleau at her home in the city of Vancouver, which is situated on the traditional, ancestral, and unceded territories of the xʷməθkʷəy̓əm (Musqueam), Sḵwx̱wú7mesh (Squamish), and səlilwətaɬ (Tsleil-Waututh) Nations. She talks us through her first field recordings and her soundwalking practice, her work at the Vancouver Co-operative Radio, and her participation in the World Soundscape Project, all of which started or took place in the 1970s. Furthermore, she takes us on soundwalks at places she used to go and record more than thirty years ago, such as those now called Kitsilano Beach and Vancouver’s Downtown Eastside, and that constitute the sources for her soundscape works A Walk Through the City (1981) and Kits Beach Soundwalk (1989). This sound documentary is an invitation to listen more attentively to the multiple voices that inhabit our environments in order to imagine new, plural, and unforeseen realities. The sound work Listening is Action is enhanced by a written commentary in which Luis Velasco-Pufleau explores the radical relationality of listening and the connection between Westerkamp’s thinking with the work of Pauline Oliveros and Hannah Arendt. Finally, he engages with critical listening positionality in order to reflect on some of the limits and contradictions present in the sound documentary.

Implementing Green Roofs in the Private Realm for City-Wide Stormwater Management in Vancouver: Lessons Learned from Toronto and Portland

Green roofs are an innovative stormwater management technology that has numerous environmental benefits. Citywide implementation is critical to maximizing the benefits of green roofs, especially in terms of jurisdictional encouragement and advancing management programs. The City of Vancouver is interested in developing a rainwater management strategy that supports the widespread implementation of green roofs on private property. Performance control for a green roof on private property requires standards on local natural factors that affect performance; development considerations; supporting legal tools; maintenance and operation responsibilities; equity through the different types of private properties; and finally, cost. Research into the rainwater management strategies for the cities of Toronto and Portland for green roof implementation was conducted to provide insight into the best approaches for such an implementation in Vancouver. Portland and Toronto both have independent green roof standards in addition to separate rainwater management strategies. Portland focuses on a post-occupancy inspection program to monitor a green roof’s ongoing performance, while Toronto established the Green Roof Bylaw to encourage the implementation of green roofs. Incentive programs that educate and encourage private owners to take the initiative to construct and effectively operate green roofs are essential to the success of a private green roof program.

At the Intersection of Equity and Innovation: Trans Inclusion in the City of Vancouver

In 2016, the Vancouver City Council passed the Supporting Trans* Equality and an Inclusive Vancouver policy, a motion that prompted the development of a strategy aimed at ensuring the safety and accessibility of municipal programs, services, and physical spaces for Two-Spirit, trans, and gender-diverse (TGD2S) users, including residents, City staff, and visitors. Binary gender is a taken-for-granted assumption of most urban forms and functions: It is encoded in all municipal data collection forms, building codes, signage, and communication strategies. At its root, then, addressing trans inclusion requires the municipal government to attend to and redesign the gendered models of service, programs, and space upon which the city is built. This article tells the story of the Supporting Trans* Equality and an Inclusive Vancouver policy and is driven by two goals. First, I document this policy as a contribution to the urban policy and planning literature, where attention to gender diversity is due. Second, using the trans inclusion strategy, I show how a municipal equity policy aimed at addressing the safety and inclusion of TGD2S people can have significant impacts beyond its immediate scope. To develop this idea, I consider how equity-driven innovation can substantially reshape institutional practices.

Evaluating the Effectiveness of Commercially Developed Appraisal Instruments (CDAIs) Using Composite Indices to Assess, Compare, and Rank the Liveability, Quality of Living and Sustainability Performance of Cities and Communities

This manuscript presents an analysis of commercially developed appraisal instruments (CDAIs) using composite indices to assess, compare and rank the sustainability performance of cities and communities. A group of CDAIs using composite indices are commonly used to assess, compare, and rank the sustainability performance of cities and communities. As a sustainability assessment methodology, composite indices gather qualitative and quantitative information which is then used to calculate the overall performance of the principle (e.g., sustainability); the stand-alone number, commonly known as an index, is often used to compare and rank performance. Because of practicality and mistakenly perceived simplicity, the assessment methodology is often misunderstood and underestimated. Issues, skepticism, and criticism surrounding composite indices are rooted in the lack of structured and transparent methodological frameworks for the identification and selection of elements within each hierarchical level. Although scientifically-based methodologies and processes have been developed to assign relevance (i.e., weighting) and aggregate performance to calculate the stand-alone index, the effectiveness of the assessment methodology (i.e., composite indices) is still influenced by various degrees and types of subjectivity and uncertainty. To evaluate their effectiveness, the manuscript discusses three characteristics of CDAIs using composite indices: (1) the hierarchical structural organization (HSO) considers the aim of each hierarchical level in the assessment process, (2) the identification, selection and design of the elements (e.g., principle, sub-principles, criteria, indicators) included in each hierarchical level as a determinant factor in capturing the various facets of the sustainable development notion, and (3) the quantification methodology (i.e., weighting and aggregation system [W&AS]) implemented by the developer or proponent of the assessment tool. The analysis of CDAIs using composite indices effectiveness is partially assisted by three frameworks designed by consensus (FDC): (1) ISO 37130:2018 Sustainable development of communities—Indicators for city services and quality of life which is complemented with ISO 37122:2019 Sustainable cities and communities—Indicators for smart cities and ISO 37123:2019 Sustainable cities and communities—Indicators for resilient cities, (2) United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UN SDGs) with emphasis on Goal 11, and (3) customized frameworks for sustainable cities (CFSS) with a focus on sustainability plans designed and implemented by the cities of Vancouver and Montreal which are used as case studies. While the findings support the applicability and usefulness of CDAIs using composite indices as assessment methodology, the appropriateness of comparing and ranking the sustainability performance of cities and communities is an unsettled debate with several areas for improvement and future research.

Cooling tower Legionella pneumophila surveillance results: Vancouver, Canada, 2021.

Cooling towers have been linked to Legionnaires' disease cases and outbreaks. Legionella pneumophila results (from a culture-based method) are presented for 557 cooling towers across the City of Vancouver, Canada for 2021. Results of 10 CFU/mL or greater (defined as exceedances) were reported for 30 cooling towers (5.4%), including six >1,000 CFU/mL, and L. pneumophila serogroup 1 (sg1) was identified in 17 of these cooling towers (out of 28 with serogroup-level analysis). The data indicate highly localised Legionella issues, with exceedances concentrated within 16 facilities, including two hospitals. In the 3 months preceding each cooling tower exceedance, the nearest municipal water sampling station had a free chlorine residual of at least 0.46 mg/L and a temperature of <20 °C. There was not a statistically significant correlation between the L. pneumophila concentration of a cooling tower in exceedance and the municipal water free chlorine residual, temperature, pH, turbidity or conductivity. There was a statistically significant negative correlation between the concentrations of L. pneumophila sg1 and other L. pneumophila serogroups in cooling towers. This unique dataset underscores the pivotal role of building owners and managers in preventing the growth of Legionella bacteria and the value of regulations to verify operations and maintenance practices.

Updating the intensity-duration-frequency curves in major Canadian cities under changing climate using CMIP5 and CMIP6 model projections

Characteristics of extreme rainfall events are often presented using the Intensity-Duration-Frequency (IDF) curves. As Canada gets warmer, the credibility of using historical IDF curves for flood risk analysis and design of various urban infrastructure becomes questionable. This study aims at updating and intercomparing the IDF curves in 30 Canadian cities using the simulations of Climate Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) under Shared Socioeconomic Pathways 2–4.5 and 5–8.5 and their predecessor CMIP5 under Representative Concentration Pathways 4.5 and 8.5. Quantile-Quantile Downscaling is utilized to estimate extreme rainfall values at fine spatiotemporal scales. Overall, more frequent storms with an average increase of around 30%-40% in their intensity are projected in most cities based on both CMIP5 and CMIP6 models during 2071–2100. For instance, the fast-growing cities of Vancouver, Toronto, and Montreal could expect around 4–11 times more frequent 5-min storms with a 100-year return period during 2071–2100. Moreover, although IDF curves based on CMIP5 and CMIP6 individual models diverge, the expected IDF curves based on their multi-model ensemble mean are somewhat similar if models with a high climate sensitivity based on CMIP6 are excluded from the analysis. This study underlines the need to update IDF curves in Canadian cities.