City Of Tlemcen Research Articles

Resistance and stylistic reverence: A typological study of colonial facades in Tlemcen (Algeria)

Abstract In Algeria, which was colonised for over a century, the arrival of the French colonisers led to the introduction of new architectural styles imported from Europe. This adoption of an exogenous style in a different cultural context was only made possible by French military domination. Importing and imposing a style was not always easy, as Algerian resistance was as much stylistic and socio-cultural as it was military. To illustrate this point, we have taken the case of the historic city of Tlemcen (Northwest Algeria), where the French occupiers met with stylistic resistance complicating the achievement of their colonial project. Our research raises the following question: What forms of stylistic resistance are manifested in colonial architecture in the city of Tlemcen? Our aim is to identify the specific characteristics of colonial architecture in Tlemcen, in order to bring out the signs of stylistic resistance that testify to a desire to maintain a local cultural identity despite the colonial influence. The typological analysis of colonial facades serves as a tool and a means of providing in-depth understanding of architectural facades and typological classification in view of the diversity of styles and ornamentation of colonial facades in Tlemcen. This resistance manifests itself in European revivalism in Tlemcen, which involved an exceptional effort aimed simultaneously at composition and a search for stylistic anchorage and originality. It also manifested itself at the level of the native population, who stepped in to protect their cultural heritage and identity against the colonial authorities. Moreover, a certain form of stylistic reverence can be detected, expressed in avoiding pronounced aesthetic or stylistic expressions, favouring instead a more universal and timeless appearance.

New Moorish architectural identity in Tlemcen, Algeria

Abstract In Algeria, the city of Tlemcen is home to 60% of the country’s Arab-Islamic architectural heritage, also known as Moorish. During the French colonization, the rich Moorish historical and architectural heritage was largely diminished. The architecture of Tlemcen’s historic old town was gradually replaced by classical architecture in the early days of colonization, and then by modern architecture from 1940 onwards. After the independence in 1962, the city has carried out huge programs of facilities and new housing, based on modern architectural principles. In 2011, Tlemcen was designated a “Capital of Islamic Culture” and, in preparation for this international cultural event, new cultural facilities and hotels have been built, inspired by Moorish heritage. Given the heterogeneity of references and in particular the identity crisis ensuing in architecture in Tlemcen, this event was the key moment for validating a stylistic choice, which directly recounts the history of the city. The question is: what authenticity is expressed by the current use of the Moorish referent? Is it technical and material authenticity, or merely symbolic and cultural genuineness? This study delves into the question of identity in architecture. It analyses the new Moorish-style buildings in Tlemcen and highlights their contribution to the quest for a local identity and the ambition to produce local architecture. The article supports the hypothesis that architecture is an effective means of expressing identity and that it has always had, and continues to have, a close relationship with memory. The methodology is based on a combination of several investigative tools: surveys, photographs and archive consultation. These tools helped develop a building analysis grid, which serves as a repertory for describing the buildings, according to two levels of reading of the architectural work. We have chosen three Moorish and four contemporary buildings to which the different criteria of the analysis grid are applied. The results of the analysis of the new buildings show that, in a way, they enabled to establish continuity and dialogue with the Moorish heritage.

Building and living in Tlemcen (Algeria). From the traditional house to the colonial villa

Domestic architecture in the city of Tlemcen knew changes in architectural design and construction techniques over time, from prehistoric times, through the succession of Islamic dynasties, the colonial era and the current period. Individual housing during the colonial period was marked by the transition from the traditional patio house to suburban housing and individual villas with courtyards and gardens. A comparative study was carried out of a traditional Ottoman house in Bab El Hadid and a colonial villa in the avenue Allée des Pins. It reveals two architectural styles from two different eras, designed for two populations with different lifestyles, and highlights the traditional and modern construction techniques and materials used.

The Conservative Dimension in the Regeneration Projects of Military Urban Brownfields: The Case of the Historic City of Tlemcen

"The Regeneration of urban brownfields is currently one of the strategies for densification and urban sustainability. However, as an architectural intervention, it is not an easy task and usually leads to two opposing dilemmas; demolition and/or conservation. This difficulty was observed in the regeneration projects of the colonial military brownfields in the city of Tlemcen, where the actors involved adopted different approaches, some of which damaged the existing architectural heritage and its values. The aim of this article is therefore to analyse the transformation processes of the military brownfields studied and to assess their conservation dimension. The latter is considered to be an indicator that makes it possible, on the one hand, to detect the modality of appropriation of the colonial architectural heritage within the projects analysed and, on the other hand, to assess their sustainability from a heritage perspective. This research was therefore based on the following scientific methods: in-situ observation, historical analysis, comparative analysis and semi-structured interviews. The results obtained for the two main study cases showed that the regeneration of the Bedeau barracks has a higher conservative dimension than that of the African hunter’s barracks and can consequently be considered more sustainable in heritage terms. "

ECONOMY AND SOCIETY IN THE OTTOMAN ERA TLEMCEN (10-13 AH / 16-19 AD) -STUDY MODELS IN ARCHIVAL DOCUMENTS

Like other cities, the city of Tlemcen enjoyed a distinguished geographical location that was evident in the prosperity of economic life, as well as the diversity of social life, where the Tlemcen society knew several different and distinct population groups and classes that had their impact and presence on the general situation in Algeria throughout the ages and the Ottoman period in particular. The student of the history of Tlemcen during the Ottoman era faces a number of difficulties in covering the history of this region during the Ottoman era, including the lack of scientific source material that dates it, especially if the subject is related to the economic and social aspects. In the face of this scarcity of scientific material, the researcher resorts to knocking on the door of archival documents, which are among the most important sources that allow the historian and researcher to investigate facts about this city, including what relates to crafts and industries, commercial exchanges, agricultural and agricultural activity, as well as customs, traditions, celebrations, and sales and purchase contracts. Marriage, inheritance...etc. The documents represent one of the most important sources against which the nature of economic and social activity in Tlemcen during the Ottoman period is measured in order to extract historical facts. Even more than that, these models of Ottoman documents allow us to delve deeper into the extent of the repercussions of these two activities on the general situation. In Tlemcen, despite the difficult political and military conditions that Tlemcen experienced during this era. On the other hand, archival documents are important in codifying history with a scientific methodology to ensure the diversity of visions and dissertations through the historical material contained in these documents, and the raw material from which the historian derives the facts on which the historical discourse is based, because it is the material evidence of them, in addition to providing new data. For historical writing and giving a regional and international dimension to Algerian historical studies in general and Tlemcen in particular

A strategy for the design of a cultural tourist route. Case study of the city of Tlemcen in Algeria

Cultural tourist routes enhance the identity of local communities and stimulate the traditional economic activities of any region. The present article aims to analyze the cultural tourist routes that were proposed in 2011 during the event “Tlemcen, capital of Islamic culture” in Algeria. Unfortunately, these routes were not realized. For this, a survey was carried out with civil servant representatives, who were active in 2011 in the Tourist and Cultural Administration of the city, using semi‑structured interviews and questionnaires for the design of these routes. The primary purpose is to highlight the main causes of the observed failure and to propose instead a protocol that guarantees the conception of any cultural tourist route. The findings allowed us to create a collaborative interactive map via Google My Maps which, in turn, facilitated the achievement of a collective consensus for the proposal for a cultural tourist route in the city of Tlemcen.

Improving the Quality of Higher Education Service by Using the Quality Function Deployment: A Case Study

The aim of this study was to apply quality function deployment to identify the critical quality management system requirements that have a higher impact on service quality at the economic sciences department in Tlemcen city. Data were obtained from a sample of 110 students at the economic sciences department. Results revealed that service quality in economic sciences department was more than moderate level, and it can be improved by focusing on the critical quality management system requirements. The application of quality function deployment identified 8 critical requirements of managerial system, technical system and social system that have a higher impact on quality service at economic sciences department.

Modelling and Optimization for Improving the Performance of Agri-foods Supply Chain for Milk Products

Human consumption of agricultural food in general, and milk in particular, is the subject of clear and intense interest in recent times, which has led dairy producers to follow a strict processing requirement to ensure consumers a fresh and safer milk, imposed by the Design and Operational Authority of the agricultural chains, which imposes closer monitoring and severe rigor, especially when it has become a public health issue. This work is concerned with the planning of a real agri-food supply chain for milk product for the city of Tlemcen in Algeria. Specifically, the challenge is to redefine the existing supply chain and optimize distribution planning. The management of perishable products is a relevant issue in the ASC management domain, since the sellers cannot wait for the best favorable market conditions unless the quality and safety of their products deteriorate. These products must therefore be rapidly shipped from the sellers to the customers. In addition, consumer’s demand for healthcare products continues to grow and government regulations are tightening. In addition to these factors, the variation for these time-limited products and their prices makes it difficult to plan purchases in supply networks.

Characterization of the biodiversity of ornamental flora in the urban perimeter of the city of Tlemcen (Northwest of Algeria)

Characterization of the biodiversity of ornamental flora in the urban perimeter of the city of Tlemcen (Northwest of Algeria)

A bi-objective optimization approach based on Lp-metric method in broiler production network: a case study

In this work, we analyse the chicken production in a poultry network composed of a set of farms that serves a slaughterhouse in the city of Tlemcen. Each farm has a chicken house dedicated to breeding, and each chicken house has three breeding modes: manual breeding, semi-automatic breeding, and automatic breeding. And each mode consumes an appropriate energy level depending on the degree of automation used, which directly affects the quality of the chicken. The objective of this study is to determine the best energy adaptation within the farm to obtain good quality chickens. The problem of this activity is the choice of the right energy level of breeding, which consumes a minimum energy value, and gives a good quality of chickens. Knowing that the quality improves with the increase of energy, this study serves to develop mathematical modelling of two objectives: minimization of energy consumption and maximization of the chicken quality produced. The two objectives are optimized independently, and then they are joined by adapting the LP-metric method to help the breeders choose the optimal energy level to obtain good quality chickens.

Measuring the Effect of Healthcare Service Quality Dimensions on Patient’s Satisfaction in The Algerian Private Sector

There is a gap in marketing literature related to impact of service quality dimensions on perceived service quality and patient satisfaction, in the private healthcare industry. The healthcare system is responsible for improving the general population’s health in a country. To differentiate from competitors, the quality of service is mainly considered a critical success factor for hospitals (Azmit et al., 2017). Therefore, competition is essential for improving quality and patient satisfaction in healthcare institutions (Kitapci et al., 2014). This article aims to determine the relationship between health service quality dimensions and patient satisfaction in the healthcare sector. Specifically, the paper seeks to find out the most critical dimensions of service quality, which is used to evaluate the characteristics of private healthcare service quality as perceived by patients. A field study was carried out on a sample of 208 patients in Tlemcen city in Algeria. The questionnaire developed for this study was based on a SERVQUAL model specifically, based on Parasuraman, Zeithaml, and Berry, (1985) variables that identified the influence of five dimensions (i.e., reliability, tangibility, assurance, responsibility, and empathy) in healthcare service environments on patient satisfaction. The results have found after the application of structural equation modelling that: reliability, tangibility, assurance, responsibility was more significant in contributing to patient satisfaction, while empathy was not significant. This indicates that patients tend to have a positive perception about the health service if they consider the perceived quality of the health service to be credible, reliable, tangible, and responsive, even though they may feel that the health provider does not empathize with them. Hence, healthcare industry practitioners can consider this model as an instrument to assess healthcare and help improve their service quality. Therefore, service provider managers can use this instrument to assess private hospital service quality in Algeria and other African countries.

The Tlemcen (NW-Algeria): Urban Colonial Heritage as a Tourist Attraction

This paper discusses the importance of urban colonial heritage aspects identification in the promotion of tourism in the case of the old city of Tlemcen. The latter was one of the Algerian traditional Arab-Muslim cities occupied during the 19th century by the French colonial armies. According to their

Quantitative risk assessment of Campylobacter in döner kebab consumed in the west of Algeria

Campylobacteriosis is an emerging foodborne illness which is frequently linked to the consumption of inadequately prepared poultry. The purpose of this study was to assess the risk associated with thermotolerant Campylobacter spp. in chicken döner kebab and to estimate the number of campylobacteriosis cases due to its consumption in Tlemcen city (Algeria). In order to estimate the human exposure to Campylobacter from a döner kebab meal and the number of human cases associated to this exposure, a stochastic risk model was developed, covering the whole food pathway. The model details the spread and transfer of Campylobacter in döner kebab from slaughter to consumption and the relationship between ingested dose and the probability of developing campylobacteriosis. Information and data for the development of the risk model were obtained in this study and when not available they were obtained from other research. Whenever possible, the data were represented by probability distributions rather than single point estimates, as they were to be integrated in a probabilistic estimation of the risk using Monte Carlo simulation. We found that 86.2% of chicken meat samples were contaminated, 17% higher than 4.0 Log cfu/g. 37.5% of döner kebab samples were contaminated. It is estimated that 5 infections will occur for every 100 döner kebab consumptions and that one person in sixty-six can get a campylobacteriosis by eating a döner kebab meal. The QMRA approach allows for an overall scenario analysis. It was found that intervention during slaughter and at the cooking process of döner kebab is probably most efficient to reduce Campylobacter health risks. Furthermore, important data gaps could be identified.

Valorization of concrete waste in swelling clay’s treatment

In Algeria, disorders due to swelling clays are increasingly frequent and have serious economic consequences. Another major issue concern the environmental side, where serious pollution problems are caused by the construction industry, which generates million tons of waste every year. The simplest way to reduce them would be to optimize the recycling and to valorize construction waste. In this regard, the present work aims to analyse the concrete waste’s effect on swelling clay response, in order to better understand its mechanism and to decide on the feasibility of using this type of waste. Mixtures of swelling clay, provided from the region of “Bouhanak” city of Tlemcen, and concrete waste at 5%, 10% and 20% have been used as the subject of Proctor tests, oedometric tests of free swelling under constant stress. The results showed a good reduction in swelling parameters. In perspective, it would be interesting to increase the percentage of additions to eliminate swelling.

SUSTAINABILITY COMPARATIVE ASSESSMENT OF THE ADAPTIVE REUSE OF HERITAGE BUILDINGS AS MUSEUMS: CASE OF TLEMCEN

The question of adaptive reuse offers a harmony between physical character and functional of historical buildings. It becomes an effective strategy in order to enhance its sustainability and revitalize the overall appearance of the city. The interaction between the decision of reuse and sustainability aims only to find a balance between the project and sustainable development criteria. It mainly relies on the constant evaluation of historical building’s sustainability. In the case of Tlemcen city, the event “Tlemcen capital of the Islamic culture” has been a chance for the reuse of monuments in museums in order to endure over time. This document aims to examine how sustainability changes from a monument to another to identify issues affecting the sustainability of reused monuments. Based on an empirical approach, the document makes a comparative assessment of the six monuments reused as museums in Tlemcen city, which has a qualitative study based mainly on 80 semi-directive interviews with the three samples of the population; heritage specialists, managers and ordinary citizens. The research also began with a document analysis to review the changes brought by historical stratification also an in-situ observation that provides an opportunity to analyze monuments in the field. Finally, the quantitative evaluation was carried out using an evaluation grid containing an evaluation scale and the set of indicators obtained from the interview conducted. The results obtained from this study reveal that sustainability varies from case to another depending on the primary characteristics of the monument that directly affects the sustainability’s score of each criterion that influences the adaptive reuse process. Indeed, the new "museum" function installed does not ensureby itself a unified sustainability of the studied monuments.

Promoting the image of a historic city for sustainable cultural tourism: the case of Tlemcen Capital of Islamic Culture 2011

Purpose Focussing on the event “Tlemcen Capital of Islamic Culture 2011”, the purpose of this paper is to examine the changing perception of the city’s image, assess its durability and determine its relationship with the development of sustainable cultural tourism. Design/methodology/approach This research is tested by an empirical study that combines a qualitative and a quantitative approach. The qualitative study is based on semi-directive interviews, whereas quantitative study is based on statistics from the Wilaya Tourism Department. Findings The results of this study indicate first of all that the perception of the city’s image by the inhabitants is not static and that it follows the same process of evolution of the perception of the image by tourists but in relation to other factors such as awareness and age. The second result shows that the sustainability of the image must be verified both inside and outside to achieve sustainable cultural tourism. Originality/value This study is in line with previous research with another point of view on the city’s image and another case study which is the historical city of Tlemcen. It serves to examine the evolution of the perception of the city’s image produced by the event and to assess its sustainability.

GIS application for the evaluation of accessibility indicators of the road network between two hospitals: Case study - Tlemcen City (Algeria)

GIS application for the evaluation of accessibility indicators of the road network between two hospitals: Case study - Tlemcen City (Algeria)

Two metaheuristics approaches for solving the traveling salesman problem: an Algerian waste collection case

Waste collection remains a very important research area in waste management to deal with environmental degradation and health risks caused by daily waste quantities of the population. However, due to financial resources limitations, there is an increasing trend towards developing waste collection systems able to meet the different requirements related to the performance of the global collection cost, the tour scheduling and the capacity of each truck, the collection times, the fuel consumption and the overall traveled distance. In this work, we investigate the waste collection problem in Tlemcen City in Algeria. The problem is represented as a traveling salesman problem. Owing to the complexity of this real-life problem, two classes of metaheuristics known as powerful approaches are used to provide useful solutions for the addressed case. A Tabu Search algorithm and a simulated annealing (SA) algorithm are integrated in a decision-making graphical interface developed to help decision makers to plan their tours. The proposed algorithms are validated using data retrieved from all areas in Tlemcen. The results show that the SA performs the best to minimize the traveled distance in the vast majority of cases.

Assessment of energy performance using bottom-up method

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to analyze energy performance of the multi-storey buildings built in the city of Tlemcen between 1872 and 2016.Design/methodology/approachA diagnosis based on a bottom-up methodology, using statistical techniques and engineering, has been developed and applied. To do this, demand condition analysis was conducted using a data collection survey on a sample of 100 case studies. Physical characteristics of the buildings have been determined through the archetype by period. This serves to define the strengths and weaknesses of buildings as energy consumers.FindingsThe obtained results showed that dwellings built between 1872 and 1920 offer better energy performance with a consumption index close to 130kWh/m2/year and this compared to the five periods considered. For dwellings built between 1974 and 1989, energy consumption is higher with an index approaching 300kWh/m2/year, thus qualifying the buildings of this period as energy intensive.Originality/valueA database is established to collect physical information on the existing housing stock and thus allow their classification vis-à-vis of the energy label. This study is part of a research project aimed at evaluating and determining optimal measures for energy rehabilitation of multi-family buildings in Tlemcen. Thermal rehabilitation solutions are proposed using thermal simulations, in the following studies, to improve thermal performance of existing buildings. This study constitutes the first step of a roadmap applicable to other cities constituting climatic zones in Algeria. This helps to enrich the Algerian thermal regulation in thermal rehabilitation of existing residential buildings and conception of new ones, in urban areas with a similar climate.

Thermal simulation of the ground source heat pump used for energy needs of a bioclimatic house in Tlemcen City (western ALGERIA)

ABSTRACT This paper presents a validation by simulation of feasibility analysis for the installation of the ground source heat pump systems that have been proposed the modeling study for use in Algeria. We design and calculate the energy needs of an example building with the COMSOL Multiphysics software and Geo TSOL Basic. The study addresses heating needs for the climate conditions of western Algeria, in one of North Africa’s biggest cities. The houses energy needs are assumed to be covered by a ground source heat pump (GSHP) system coupled with solar panels. The GSHP consists of a vertical ground heat exchanger and water-to-water heat pumps and is analyzed using an in-house developed and validated code. Energy consumption was calculated and validated by a simulation of the building’s properties. Results show that installation of the ground source heat pump system substantially reduces the building’s energy consumption. Finally, an economic analysis of the proposed system for construction practices in Algeria was carried out. The main novelty of this article, being that the study was conducted to seek a solution to reduce the energy bill of a house located in a city of a country Natural Gas Producer. Algeria is one of the 10 largest producers of natural gas in the world. More than 80% of the energy bill of a house located in Algeria, is due to the consumption of gas (Heating, Hot Water and Cooking), the electricity is mainly used in summer for air conditioning. The use of renewable energy will cost more than the use of natural gas. It is for this main cause that renewable energies are struggling to develop in Algeria, the cost of gas is very low. The economic analysis shows that in countries like Algeria, where the cost of conventional energy is heavily subsidized, solar thermal is not competitive with natural gas. It is only by coupling the GSHP with solar collectors that solar can take off and attract households. As a result, the only renewable way to compete with natural gas is the combination of GSHP with solar collectors. The only solution adopted to reduce the energy bill in a house located in Algeria, is the solution presented in this article. This is the first technical–economic study of how a GSHP could contribute to the energy needs of buildings in the city of Tlemcen ALGERIA.