City Of Lille Research Articles

New Books across the Disciplines

New Books across the Disciplines

Coupled mass and heat transfer modelling in building envelopes to consistently assess human exposure and energy performance in indoor environments

We develop a numerical model coupling heat and chemical transfers in the building envelope to predict human exposure to pollutants and heating load as affected by changes in temperature and building design. We characterize the effect of temperature variation by season and location on chemical emission dynamics from building materials and the resulting human exposure. Peak concentrations of organics are sensitive to temperatures, and increasing indoor temperature by 10°C doubles the maximum indoor air concentration reached by both VOCs and SVOCs contained in a vinyl flooring. SVOCs mean concentration over the flooring lifetime increases by a factor of 2, and, as a result, the fraction of chemical taken in by the occupants increases by 50%. Occupants’ exposure to SVOCs emission in the city of Lille is likely to increase by 20% in 2050 because of temperature increase induced by climate change.

Theorizing Transregional Cinemas

Theorizing Transregional Cinemas David Pettersen (bio) Niels Niessen. Miraculous Realism: The French-Walloon Cinéma du Nord. Albany: SUNY Press, 2020. 338 pages. $95 hardcover. $33.95 paperback. Niels Niessen's new book Miraculous Realism is a fascinating study of films from the French-speaking part of Belgium (the Wallonia region) and the industrial French north (the city of Lille and the Nord–Pas de Calais region). The book fills an important gap because there is not a significant number of scholarly monographs on Wallonian cinema in English, and regional films within scholarship on French cinema tend to be treated as elements of a national cinema or international auteurist, art house cinema. However, the interest of Niessen's study goes beyond just making a corpus of lesser-known films visible. The book also represents a significant methodological intervention into how to study regional cinemas, especially regions that extend across national borders. Niessen finds inadequate now well-established approaches to studying transnational cinemas, the cinemas of small nations (Mette Hjort), and approaches to large regional cinemas such as those of Europe, so he develops his own "small regions" approach to what he terms the Cinéma du Nord, or Cinema of the North. Miraculous Realism argues that the Cinéma du Nord is a transregional cinema in southern Belgium and northern France that exists as more than just a scholarly category thanks to shared [End Page 377] cultural, linguistic, historical, and industrial reasons. The shared French language is of course the most obvious link, but Niessen makes the compelling case for cultural and historical connections in that these two parts of Belgium and France are working-class rust belt regions that relied on heavy industry such as coal mining. However, they failed to diversity their economies and consequently have struggled in a postindustrial Europe from the 1970s on. Miraculous Realism makes the case for a regional aesthetic tradition in filmmakers such as Robert Bresson and Maurice Pialat and in a common emphasis on secular understandings of humanism and grace that results from the historical importance of Catholicism in the two areas. Niessen also examines how national and regional governments and local media producers have fostered regional media industries within each of the two countries and developed synergies across the national border. I found the book's overall argument for the usefulness of a Cinéma du Nord as a category to be convincing. The risk of such a regionally focused study is that the choice to emphasize lesser-known Belgian and French films could make it difficult to connect with general readers who do not work on those films or their regions. Neissen negotiates this risk directly by structuring the book around two very well-known films, Jean-Pierre and Luc Dardenne's Rosetta, made in Wallonia, and Bruno Dumont's L'Humanité, filmed in the French north. Both films were released in 1999, and both won awards at the Cannes Film Festival. All three filmmakers have gone on to become recognizable auteurs who have been well discussed by scholars. Miraculous Realism makes the strong case that scholars have much to gain by thinking of these films and filmmakers in terms of a regionally inflected Cinéma du Nord. The book's four chapters are methodologically diverse. Chapter 1 sets out to answer the question of what links Rosetta and L'Humanité through close analysis of both films that tease out how each is a covert passion story underneath a veneer of documentary realism. Neissen argues that both ultimately reflect on what kinds of consolation religion can offer in a secular, postindustrial age. Chapter 2 is split into two parts. The first part presents an economic history of northern France and southern Belgium in which Niessen argues that what links these two areas as a transregion is a shared Catholicism and a similar lack of response to deindustrialization. The second part of the chapter is about histories of cinematic representation of Wallonia, with strong roots in the documentary tradition and in northern France through films that combine local rootedness with audience appeal outside the area. [End Page 378] Chapter 3 focuses on a detailed analysis of the industrial structures of the...

Home hospitalization for palliative cancer care: factors associated with unplanned hospital admissions and death in hospital

BackgroundHome hospitalization at the end of life can sometimes be perturbed by unplanned hospital admissions (UHAs, defined as any admission that is not part of a preplanned care procedure), which increase the likelihood of death in hospital. The objectives were to describe the occurrence and causes of UHAs in cancer patients receiving end-of-life care at home, and to identify factors associated with UHAs and death in hospital.MethodsA retrospective, single-center study (performed at a regional cancer center in the city of Lille, northern France) of advanced cancer patients discharged to home hospitalization between January 2014 and December 2017. We estimated the incidence of UHA over time using Kaplan-Meier method and Kalbfleish and Prentice method. We investigated factors associated with the risk UHA in cause-specific Cox models. We evaluated factors associated with death in hospital in logistic regressions.ResultsOne hundred and forty-two patients were included in the study. Eighty-two patients (57.7 %) experienced one or more UHAs, a high proportion of which occurred within 1 month after discharge to home. Most UHAs were related to physical symptoms and were initiated by the patient’s family physician. A post-discharge palliative care consultation was associated with a significantly lower incidence of UHAs. Sixty-five patients (47.8 % of the deaths) died in hospital. In a multivariate analysis, living alone and the presence of one or more children at home were associated with death in hospital.ConclusionsMore than 40 % of cancer patients receiving end of life home hospitalization were not readmitted to hospital, reflecting the effectiveness of this type of palliative care setting. However, over half of the UHAs were due to an acute intercurrent event. Our results suggest that more efforts should be focused on anticipating these events at home – primarily via better upstream coordination between hospital physicians and family physicians.

Distribution des emplois et identification des sous-centres d’affaires dans l’agglomération lilloise

Nous étudions la distribution des emplois sur la métropole lilloise afin d’identifier les principaux sous-centres d’affaires et caractériser la forme urbaine de cette agglomération. Il ne s’agit pas seulement de repérer les communes avec des niveaux d’emplois élevés, mais celles qui exercent aussi une influence significative sur la distribution des emplois. L’identification des sous-centres d’affaires est importante car ces zones d’emplois influencent les décisions de localisation des acteurs économiques, et sont donc à prendre en compte dans l’élaboration des politiques urbaines. La difficulté technique consiste à séparer l’effet du centre-ville (le principal centre d’affaires) de l’effet des multiples sous-centres. Les méthodes statistiques que nous utilisons permettent de prendre en compte ce problème. Nos résultats confirment la structure polycentrique de l’agglomération lilloise et nous trouvons que la commune de Roubaix (parfois accompagnée par Tourcoing) se distingue par une centralité importante. En moyenne, l’éloignement d’un sous-centre d’affaires d’un kilomètre diminue la densité d’emploi de près de 20 %.

Determinants of influenza vaccination uptake in pregnancy: a large single-Centre cohort study

BackgroundAlthough vaccination of pregnant women against influenza is recommended, the vaccination rate remains low. We conducted a study to identify determinants of influenza vaccination uptake in pregnancy in order to identify strategies to improve seasonal influenza vaccination rates.MethodsProspective observational hospital-based study in the French hospital performing the highest number of deliveries, located in the city of Lille, among all women who had given birth during the 2014–2015 influenza season. Data were collected through a self-completed questionnaire and from medical files. The vaccination uptake was self-reported. Determinants of vaccination uptake were identified using logistic regression analysis.ResultsOf the 2045 women included in the study, 35.5% reported that they had been vaccinated against influenza during their pregnancy. The principal factors significantly associated with greater vaccination uptake were previous influenza vaccination (50.9% vs 20.2%, OR 4.1, 95% CI 3.1–5.5), nulliparity (41.0% vs 31.3%, OR 2.5, 95% CI 1.7–3.7), history of preterm delivery < 34 weeks (43.4% vs 30.3%, OR 2.3, 95% CI 1.1–4.9), the mother’s perception that the frequency of vaccine complications for babies is very low (54.6% vs 20.6%, OR 1.1, 95% CI 0.5–2.2), the mother’s good knowledge of influenza and its vaccine (61.7% vs 24.4%, OR 3.1, 95% CI 2.2–4.4), hospital-based prenatal care in their first trimester of pregnancy (55.0% vs 30.2%, OR 2.1, 95% CI 1.2–3.7), vaccination recommendations during pregnancy by a healthcare worker (47.0% vs 2.7%, OR 18.8, 95% CI 10.0–35.8), receipt of a vaccine reimbursement form (52.4% vs 18.6%, OR 2.0, 95% CI 1.5–2.7), and information from at least one healthcare worker about the vaccine (43.8% vs 19.1%, OR 1.8, 95% CI 1.3–2.6).ConclusionsOur findings suggest that in order to increase flu vaccination compliance among pregnant women, future public health programmes must ensure cost-free access to vaccination, and incorporate education about the risks of influenza and the efficacy/safety of vaccination and clear recommendations from healthcare professionals into routine antenatal care.

Reflexe des christlich-osmanischen Antagonismus in einer nordfranzösischen Chronik des 17. Jahrhunderts

Abstract Pierre-Ignace Chavatte did not write his chronicle of the city of Lille (Chronique memorial, 1657–1693) exclusively in his own words and based on his personal experience. Instead, he incorporated rather frequently second-hand information (taken especially from historical pamphlets) on events that took place in other regions of Europe. This also applies to aspects of the Christian-Ottoman antagonism in the 17th century. As a consequence the Chronique contains a number of lexical elements of Turkish origin, which are of particular interest from the point of view of historical language contact. As a rule the historical sources used by Chavatte cannot be identified with precision. However, precise identification is possible in the case of the Relation exacte des vaines Prieres &amp; Jûnes, ordonnés par le Grand Seigneur, dans tout l’Empire ottoman, which extends over two folio pages in the original manuscript. This passage is based on a printed French original dating from 1686, which was translated from Italian. The Italian version in turn insinuates that the whole text is ultimately based on a Turkish original. Significant historical inconsistencies, however, clearly prove that the Relation was, in actual fact, part of the Christian anti-Muslim propaganda.

The Joyous Entry of Albert and Isabella in Lille: History, Conquest and the Making of Belgium

This article investigates the planned festivities for the Joyous Entry of Archduke Albert and the Infanta Isabella Eugenia, joint sovereigns of the Low Countries since 1598, when they entered their city of Lille in 1600. In particular, this article focuses on the tableaux vivants and triumphal arches created by city authorities to commemorate the long history of collaboration between the counts of Flanders and the urban corporation. Accounts of these arches and tableaux vivants have survived only in two chronicles and an intriguing set of contemporary images. These posed scenes evoked newer forms of historical writing popular in the early modern period – urban, chorographical, and cosmographical – that did the work of renewing bonds of sovereign to people in the midst of the Dutch Revolt. They also produced a version of history that effectively silenced the problematic recent past, and placed the city of Lille firmly within the larger empire of its Habsburg sovereigns.

The ASHA model: An alternative to the Markovian approach to housing vacancy chains: An application to the study of population in Lille (Nord, France)

This article proposes an alternative method to Markovian approaches through the housing systems analysis (ASHA) model. Its objective is to simulate the impact of the housing stock on population redistribution at a given scale and duration, by modelling the processes whereby residential mobilities are linked, initiated either by a change in the housing stock, or by a movement of housing releases that does not lead to a dwelling being occupied within the study area. The model takes into account the mobilities specific to each household category, in terms – for example – of social position, age, size or the dwelling occupied. It provides information on trends in the population structures of the different housing types brought about by vacancies-reoccupancies. The article begins by describing the model’s theoretical foundations (filtering process and housing vacancy chains) and conception. It then goes on to present, through the example of the city of Lille (Nord, France), a method of data classification that allows comparative analysis suited to the application of the ASHA model. Next, it illustrates the model’s analytical scope and the way it can be used to understand the organisation of a housing system. Finally, drawing on a number of examples (family accommodation, gentrification, housing programmes), it sets out the model’s operational utility and the way local managers can use it to understand and anticipate the impact of housing policy on the urban population.

Orages, Littérature et culture 1760-1830. Nº; 10: L'Œil de la police (review)

Reviewed by: Orages, Littérature et culture 1760-1830. Nº; 10: L'Œil de la police Daniel Ridge Flávio Borda d'Água , ed. Orages, Littérature et culture 1760-1830. Nº; 10: L'Œil de la police. Paris: Atlande, 2011. Pp. 275. ISBN: 978-2-35030-160-0 If the symbol of the eye has in the twentieth century been largely associated with the omnipresent State—think George Orwell's 1984—it was in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century closely associated with the Police. The image of the eye which graces the cover of Orages: l'Œil de la police does well to remind us that although they are closely associated, the Police and the State are two separate entities, particularly where politics are concerned. The institutional reforms that occurred in France around the turn of the eighteenth and nineteenth century not only established the modern police system we recognize today, but also set in motion a way of conceptualizing the police within the popular imagination. The eight essays which compose the dossier paint an in-depth and complicated picture of an institution largely associated with surveillance and law enforcement. One quickly concludes, however, that this institution is foremost an urban organizational force whose relationship to the prevailing political system, as well as to the public, is often times uneasy. As Vincent Milliot notes in his contribution Catastrophe de la police et police de la catastrophe, "[L]a police doit savoir se mettre au service des citoyens pour renforcer sa légitimité; elle n'est pas qu'une force coercitive au service du souverain" (53). This careful balancing act between the state and the people is built into the very DNA of the police and is explored in various aspects throughout the collected work. The collected essays are organized chronologically from approximately 1760 to 1830 and take a global approach to the basic questions that open up Flávio Borda d'Agua's introduction: Who/what are the police? Where do they come from and what do they do? And lastly, what do we know about the police as an institution? The responses are markedly historical, literary and judicial, and draw upon police reports, newspaper articles, memoirs, literary sources, and verbal trials of censorship. Appropriately, the first two essays treat the police of the Ancien Régime. Catherine Deny focuses on the [End Page 155] ways that police preparation for urban fires in the city of Lille helped reinforce and structure the greater institution. She notes that police archives "di[sent] beaucoup de choses, moins sur son objet que sur elle-même, sur ses pratiques, son organisation, ses transformations" (18). Such preparations required the mobilization of an entire series of professions outside of the police, particularly those related to construction and transportation. In this way, the police are essentially an organizational force. Vincent Milliot, in his essay, uses the catastrophe of 1770, in which 132 people were crushed to death during a public celebration for the marriage of Marie Antoinette and the future Louis XVI at Place de la Concorde, to outline the process of reform that resulted. This event deeply humiliated the police and not only launched vociferous debates and accusations in the press, but led to a Parliamentary inquiry. The gross result was the enunciation of the principle that police authority needed to be exercised uniformly and centrally. The next three articles address the philosophical questions and very real concerns of police surveillance. Christophe Cave, in his article "L"œil' observé: critique du contrôle et de la surveillance chez Louis Sébastien Mercier et dans les Mémoires secrets", explores the double-edged sword of police power in relation to public security. On the one hand, Cave notes that Mercier celebrates the global project of police surveillance which helps ensure public safety and order, arguing that the ends justify the means when it comes to public safety. On the other hand, the authors of Les Mémoires secrets underscore the very real possibility of despotism in which the authorities are "prêts à écraser leurs concitoyens dans des temps d'alarmes et de troubles" (64). Cave notes that although control is political and that...

Urban layout, landscape features and pedestrian usage

The analysis of the factors which condition walking in the urban environment is an important issue in urban planning. The present work is based on the hypothesis that the landscape, in its entirety, plays a role in encouraging pedestrian movements. The frequency of pedestrian traffic in the streets is analyzed as a function of accessibility and landscape preferences with the help of a conceptual framework. By defining accessibility as the measurement of the integration of the space syntax, preferences are researched using multiple stepwise regression of visual variables. This method has been applied to an area in the city of Lille (France) where the pedestrian frequency has been recorded and the landscape elements inventoried. Initially, the local integration explains 25% of the variance of pedestrian frequency. The landscape variables present rather low correlations with this frequency, but the models of multiple regression reach 56% of explained variance. The view of squares, buildings with a commercial function and trees prove to be favourable for pedestrian movement, while residential buildings and small monuments act in a negative way. These results partly confirm previous studies, but they also add elements to the discussion on the relation between pedestrians and landscape in the urban environment.

Influence of social class on time trends in BMI distribution in 5-year-old French children from 1989 to 1999.

To assess the prevalence of obesity and changes in body mass index (BMI) distribution between 1989 and 1999 in 5-y-old children, and to study the influence of parental socioeconomic status on these parameters. Two cohorts of children in the final year of nursery school (in the city of Lille, France) were enrolled in 1989 (705 children: mean age=5.6+/-0.4 y) and 1999 (1258 children: mean age=5.6+/-0.5 y). Weight and height were measured, and data about parental occupation were collected during a school medical examination. International Obesity Task Force cutoff points were used to define overweight and obesity. Parental occupation was classified into four categories. The prevalence of obesity increased from 1.8 to 4.9%, and the prevalence of overweight rose from 9.6 to 16.9%. Mean-difference plots allowed qualitative comparisons of the BMI distribution between the surveys: for children from the highest social classes, there was no change in BMI; for children from intermediate classes, there was a up-shift only in the upper part of the distribution with the heaviest children becoming heavier still; finally, for children from the lowest class, there was an increase in BMI across the entire population. This study of the changes in BMI distribution gives greater insight into the 'obesity epidemic'. Our results show the influence of an interaction between genetic and environmental factors. The increase in BMI in the upper part of the distribution suggests that this is a population with a high degree of susceptibility, whereas the increase in BMI across the whole population in the lowest social class suggests a strong influence of the environment on this group and thus the necessity of appropriate, preventive measures.

Cultural democratisation in France: The business of business?

At a time when observers of French cultural policy are almost unanimously calling for major reforms of the Ministry of Culture's role and structure as well as a redefinition of its missions, it is worth reflecting on the part that corporate patrons might play if public-private cultural partnerships were truly to be considered. Could businesses, for example, participate in the Ministry's ultimate mission of cultural democratisation? Using examples of companies located in the northern city of Lille, this article looks at the ways some of them have decided, in association with cultural organisations, to offer arts classes to their staff. Although limited in scope, these projects have been relatively successful. However, to what extent could and should such schemes be extended to other companies? A discussion of the material and ethical issues raised by these companies' contribution to cultural democratisation is offered in order to answer this question.

Poverty, deprivation and the politics of educational inclusion in Thanet and Lille

The paper reports on one outcome of a European Union-funded research project into some transnational aspects of youth marginalization. It discusses different discourses of inclusion and notes that poverty, deprivation and other social factors increase barriers to inclusive practices. The structure, provision and functioning of the education systems in the city of Lille, France, and the District of Thanet, England, are then compared and contrasted, and some barriers that prevent a proportion of the pupil populations from fully accessing school provision are identified. Both countries espouse inclusion but provide very different cultural contexts for its enactment. In Thanet, the market context inhibits equity of access to education and deepens social and educational disadvantages, while in Lille, despite French egalitarian ideals, the benign market between the private, largely denominational, secondary school sector and the public state provision, together with the informal systems of entry into the more prestigious lycées, are biased against the disadvantaged. Poverty and deprivation in both areas add to the difficulties of educational access and contribute to the formation of a group of disaffected young people who are marginalized as a consequence of an inability to participate fully and effectively in the education services provided. Some structural solutions to these problems are suggested and the paper concludes by advocating transnational policy considerations that could help to mitigate these difficulties.

Comparative Youth Marginalisation, Disaffection and Experiences of Education: Subcultures and Young Peoples' Voices in Thanet and Lille

ABSTRACT This paper reports a comparative study of youth disaffection with education, from the pupils' perspectives, in the District of Thanet in east Kent and the city of Lille in northern France. It notes that the circumstances of disaffection for such pupils are similar in both regions, and uses a youth sub-cultural framework as a paradigm for understanding some of these similarities. French and English young people are frequently enthusiastic about school when they first enter the education systems, but thereafter a cohort becomes identifiable for whom disaffection peaks around the age of fifteen. The voices of these young people, which otherwise are seldom heard, are reported by this paper, and occasionally give harrowing insights into the difficulties that they face. The paper concludes by suggesting that trans-national social and economic forces reinforce the structural circumstances within the two education systems which help to create and sustain a cohort of disaffected youth.

Multiplicities and complicities: signifying the future at Euralille

Euralille is a new quarter of the city of Lille in northern France, conceived and constructed over the past decade as a grand project based on the new role of Lille as a hub in the northern European high speed rail network. The design of the project has been directed by Rem Koolhaas with a vision for a new kind of urban life and aesthetic, geared to new sensibilities of globalization, time-space compression and virtual space. Euralille was conceived as a generic city of transition and movement rather than one of place and local identity. With the first stage completed in 1995, what is the relation between the professed ideas and the urban reality? The Euralille project is a visually exciting and programmatically innovative experiment and there is much we might learn from it. However, many of its innovations are not (at this stage) successful and some of its successes are familiar rather than new. The project could benefit from a better understanding of urban spatial structure, globalization and privatization.

"Birds of a Feather Flock Together"

Pierre Bourdieu considered that social capital was one of the main forms of capital, along with cultural and economic capital. Yet, in his entire work, Bourdieu dedicates no more than two pages to social capital, which he called “provisional observations” (“notes provisoires”). However, these two pages are essential because they suggest a research program that has never been implemented empirically. This article seeks to contribute to such a program in two ways. Firstly, it offers a theoretical and methodological discussion of the “notes provisoires” that calls for using both relational and interactionist approaches in the analysis of social capital. Secondly, it offers an empirical application of the model outlined in the “notes provisoires” and assesses the empirical relevance of two hypotheses that Bourdieu formulated about the operation of social capital : social homogamy and the multiplier effect. The data used is drawn from field research on the economic subfield represented by the restaurant industry in the city of Lille, in northern France, This professional environment is characterized by the contradiction between two irreconcilable nomos : the pursuit of economic interests and the pursuit of gastronomic awards that are hardly profitable.