Hatay City Research Articles

Quality Of Life For Syrian Civil War Refugees In Turkey: A Comparison Between Refugees Living In-Side Camp To Out-Side Camp

In this study, it is aimed to evaluate the quality of life of refugees according to their residential areas who want to reach a better life by leaving their living areas due to various human and natural disasters. In addition, another reason that forms the basis for this purpose is the thought that the quality of life of refugees will affect the development of the country in which they will live in the future, together with their knowledge and skills. Internationally valid “quality of life scale” developed by World Health Organization was used in the research. The research was carried out in Pendik district of Istanbul and Yayladağı container city of Hatay. 313 people in the container city and 148 people in Istanbul were able to participate in the research due to some limitations. Data were analyzed by SPSS 22 package program and AMOS 23 package program. In terms of overall quality of life, there was no significant difference between inside and outside the camps. However, there was a significant difference in environmental life quality and single-question quality of life between inside and outside the camps. The environmental quality of life in the camp was 2.98±0.61 and outside the camp, it was 3.13±0.56. In terms of perceived quality of life in a single question, he scored 2.89±0.73 in camps and 3.20±0.80 out of camps. It is recommended to review the policies related to in-camp life, since the average score of the quality of life obtained on a single question basis, the environmental quality of life score, and the average score on the basis of the questions in-camp are lower than the average score out-camp. Regarding this issue, it is recommended to abolish the life in the camps or to improve the conditions further. It is suggested that this proposal should be taken into account in future mass migrations.

Evaluation of soil liquefaction in the city of Hatay triggered after the February 6, 2023 Kahramanmaraş-Türkiye earthquake sequence

This study investigates the consequences of consequences of liquefaction hazards following the February 6, 2023, Kahramanmaraş Earthquakes in Hatay, Türkiye. Field reconnaissance surveys were conducted in areas prone to liquefaction, including recent alluvial basins, the Amik (Amuq) Plain, and the Asi (Orontes) River. Specifically, attention was given to İskenderun (Alexandretta), Dörtyol coasts, the Hatay Airport region, and Demirköprü village near the Asi River. Observations indicated that geological and geomorphological factors primarily influenced liquefaction ejecta and liquefaction-induced lateral spreading in these areas. In Dörtyol, liquefaction manifestations were observed on the coastline, which has undergone natural processes, while in İskenderun, they occurred on human-made extended reclaimed land. Additionally, liquefaction manifestations in the Hatay Airport region were impacted by the drained Amik Lake, and those in Demirköprü Village were influenced by the fluvial nature of the Asi River and its sub facies. The sites experiencing liquefaction and lateral spreading mainly comprised coastal deposits, lacustrine sediments, and sub facies of the meandering river, such as point bars, abandoned channels, and levees. Consequently, the study underscores the significant correlation between geomorphology and liquefaction hazards in the context of the 2023 Kahramanmaraş-Türkiye Earthquakes. Considering these factors may facilitate further research and the identification of sites susceptible to liquefaction.

The performance of Karasu Bridge following the February 6, 2023 Kahramanmaras-Turkiye earthquake sequence

The evaluation liquefaction-induced excessive ground displacements of the approach embankments of the Karasu Bridge, as surveyed following the Pazarcik M7.8 and Ekinozu-Elbistan M7.6, Kahramanmaras-Turkiye earthquakes on February 6, 2023, is presented. The Karasu Bridge, located on the Karasu River, connects the metropolitan city of Hatay and the State Hospital. The approach embankments of the bridge are underlain by layers of low to high plasticity stiff clay and liquefaction susceptible clayey and silty medium dense sand units. Specifically, the non-plastic silty sands with fines contents ranging from 21% to 42%, were evaluated as the critical (liquefied) soil units during the Pazarcik earthquake. Liquefaction triggering assessments, following the procedure outlined by Cetin et al. (2018), estimated factor of safety against liquefaction <1.0, confirming the surface manifestations of liquefaction at the site. Empirical approaches suggested by Hamada et al. (1986) and Youd et al. (2002) predicted lateral ground displacements triggered by liquefaction, averaging 137 cm and 383 cm, respectively. These values are comparable with mapped lateral displacements, which exceeded 150 cm. Volumetric settlement assessments, utilizing the method outlined by Cetin et al. (2009), predicted 14 to 26 cm, approximately one third to half of the mapped settlement values ranging from 40 to 55 cm. The discrepancy is attributed to the three-dimensional nature of site behavior and induced deviatoric strains, contributing to additional settlements beyond the volumetric component.

Near-fault ground motion characteristics and its effects on a collapsed reinforced concrete structure in Hatay during the February 6, 2023 Mw7.8 Kahramanmaraş earthquake

Ground motion in the vicinity of fault rupture produces pulse-type loading that may impose severe lateral displacement demands on structures due to forward-directivity effects. The Mw7.8 Kahramanmaraş Earthquake on February 6, 2023 created very high amplitude ground motions in the city of Hatay with distinct near-fault characteristics. In the city of 400,000 inhabitants, 33 % of the building stock was severely damaged or collapsed. Among the collapsed buildings, it was observed that there were new buildings built according to the latest seismic regulations. The seismic characteristics of the ground motion in Hatay were examined, the fault rupture, ground conditions and earthquake source characteristics affecting the engineering demand parameters were determined. Then, the seismic behavior and the reasons for the collapse of a 13-story reinforced concrete building, which is thought to be earthquake resistant with its structural system and material quality, were investigated using acceleration time-series recorded at a station very close to the building location. It has been understood that in shear wall systems, wall position and seismic detailing can impart significant damage (total destruction) on these elements under the effect of large displacement and high axial load demand by limiting the required ductility. Wall boundaries require more stringent confinement detailing than stated by the code under near-fault effects.

Depremin Arazi Kullanım ve Arazi Örtüsü (AKAÖ) Üzerine Etkilerinin Google Earth Engine (GEE), Sentinel-2 Görüntüleri ve Makine Öğrenmesi Kullanılarak Değerlendirilmesi: Antakya Örneği

Natural disasters, especially earthquakes, known to be the most devastating process that threating human life, ecosystems, and land properties including land use and land cover (LULC). Understanding of such changes may help for rehabilitation processes, as well as presentation of baseline to develop management strategies for further steps. Remote sensing technologies have long been used for determination of change directions and magnitudes after earthquakes while development in cloud-based platforms provided users to avoid issues in storage and processing costs, effectively. In present study, it was aimed to determine LULC changes occurred around Antakya city of Hatay after February 06, 2023 and February 20, 2023 earthquakes, which caused serious losses. Moreover changes within 5 km zone from central coordinates were also investigated by considering individual subzones with 1 km width. One of the most widely used machine learning algorithm, random forest (RF), was used classify Sentinel-2 imageries via Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform. Accuracy assessment procedures were implemented to determine reliabilities of LULC2022 and LULC2023, and accuracies were found over 0.85. Investigation of overall changes have revealed that areas of forest (F) and cultivated fields (CF) were considerably decreased while concrete (C), natural vegetation (N) and water (W) areas have increased. Dispersal of collapse buildings resulted in increase of C class not only at city level, but also within each subzone of 5 km buffer zone. Classification of Sentinel-2 imageries through RF algorithm in GEE provided rapid and reliable results for determining changes in Antakya, whereby periodically monitoring of further changes strongly suggested.

The mediation effect of destination image on the relationship between local cuisine elements and destination selection: The case of Hatay

This study aims to empirically test a model linking destination image, destination selection, and local cuisine elements. The study also analyzes the mediating effect of destination image on the relationship between local cuisine elements and destination selection. The research data were collected from domestic tourists using a survey from the UNESCO Gastronomy City of Hatay of Türkiye. All four hypotheses suggested within the scope of the study were supported. Local cuisine elements and destination image significantly influence destination selection; herein, local cuisine elements affect destination selection more. Similarly, local cuisine elements significantly influence destination image. This study also reveals that destination image partially mediates the relationship between local cuisine elements and destination selection. The study results are expected to help the researchers and managers understand the roles of local cuisine elements and destination image in destination selection in the tourism industry. The study is the first to explore the mediating relationship in link between local cuisine and destination selection in the tourism industry.

The Place of Non-Governmental Organizations in the Turkish Education System According to Social Studies Teachers

In this research, the place of non-governmental organizations in the Turkish education system was tried to be determined according to the opinions of social studies teachers. Phenomenology design was used from qualitative research methods. The study group of the study consists of 37 social studies teachers selected from schools in Hatay city center through purposeful sampling. Four open-ended questions prepared to collect data were asked to social studies teachers for their opinions. In the analysis of the obtained data, the content analysis method used in qualitative analysis researches was applied and themes were created by grouping according to the similarity of the expressions. The teacher's views that stand out in each theme are reflected in direct quotes. According to the results obtained from the opinions of social studies teachers at the end of the research; It was concluded that non-governmental organizations are necessary but not sufficiently supported by the society, and that non-governmental organizations are not sufficiently involved in education policies and practices, that they remain insensitive in solving the problems related to education and that they cannot express these problems sufficiently.

ST. JOHN'S WORT (HYPERICUM PERFORATUM L.) FLOWER BASED CARBON/GRAPHENE QUANTUM DOT STRUCTURE PRODUCTION AND CHARACTERIZATION FOR BIOIMAGING AND DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS

In this study, it was aimed to obtain carbon and graphene quantum dot structures from St. John's Wort (Hypericum perforatum L.) flowers, originating from the city of Hatay. Hypericum perforatum L. flower sample was subjected to carbonization at different temperatures such as 200, 225 and 250 ℃ for the desired quantum dot structure yields. It has been observed that the best radiation after carbonization is at 250 ℃. Fourier transform infrared spectrometer, X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy techniques were used to determine the structural characterizations and surface morphology, respectively. The UV radiation of Hypericum perforatum L. flower-based carbon and graphene quantum structures was followed at 365 nm and the blue glow was observed very clearly. With this study, quantum and graphene dot structures based on Hypericum perforatum L. flower have been introduced to the literature for the first time. In addition, the quantum dot structures with blue radiation obtained within the scope of the study will be an alternative reference for many bioimaging and drug delivery system studies.

Gastronomi Turizmi Bağlamında Turistlerin Yöresel Yiyecek Satın Alma Davranışı: Hatay Örneği

Tourists want to taste specific local foods which they visit destination. Therefore, it is possible to say that local foods have an important interest in the destination choice of the visitors within the scope of gastronomy tourism, which is gaining importance day by day. Based on this situation, the study aims to determine the factors affecting the purchase of local foods by local tourists visiting the gastronomy city of Hatay. In addition, the study aims to determine whether there is a difference between the demographic characteristics of the tourists in question and the factors that affect their purchase of local foods. In the research, quantitative research methods, the surveytechnique, were used to collect data and the questionnaire was applied to 403 tourists. As a result of the analysis, it was determined that the naturalness of local foods significantly affects the purchasing behavior of tourists. In addition, it has been determined that gender and education level affect the purchasing of local products. However, it was concluded that age, marital status and monthly income are not factors in purchasing local food.

Analysis of occupational accidents and musculoskeletal system problems of butchers in Hatay

Although musculoskeletal system injuries are frequently seen in the area of meat industry, studies on this topic are insufficient. The purpose of this study it to identify the occupational accidents and musculoskeletal problems of butcher shop workers in the city of Hatay. A survey consisting of 32 questions was given to 69 butchers who work in the city of Hatay with 38.20±1.32 in a face-to-face interview. Their social status, activities in the butcher shop, past injuries and activities after their injuries were questioned with the survey. It was determined that the butchers were most frequently injured in their hand and finger area (60.9%). It was determined that 40.6% of the butchers had an accident in the last 5 years; their injuries were mostly non-dominant hand injuries and infections were seen in 15.9% of the butchers after their injuries. It was found that the most frequent injuries took place during the hanging of carcasses; carelessness played an important role in getting injured; use of sharp tools led to injuries in 97.1% of the butchers and that 2.9% of the butchers were left with permanent handicaps after their injuries. It was determined that hand-finger injuries and back pain complaints were frequently seen in butcher shop workers and that they do not use any protective equipment to avoid injuries. Therefore, it was concluded that the necessary analyses need to be done on the butcher shop workers and that training should be provided for them on protective precautions and posture problems.

Examination of the Teachers Multicultural Perceptions: Sample of Hatay Province

The objective of this research is to evaluate the multicultural perceptions of teachers working in Hatay city in terms of various variables. The study was carried out in the descriptive survey model, and the population consists of teachers working in different schools in the city of Hatay during the 2017–2018 academic year. The sample of the study comprises of a total 300 teachers, 136 male and 164 female, who were randomly selected. In the study, along with ‘Multiculturalism Perception Scale’ (MPS) composed of 25 items and developed by Ayaz (2016), “Personal Information Form”, which aims to determine the demographic characteristics of teachers, and which was developed by the researcher, were used. Subsequently, for the identified sub-objectives; the arithmetic mean was used to specify the teachers' perceptions of multiculturalism; independent groups t-test to identify the relevance with gender variable and ANOVA were used to examine the relationship between age, branch and school type variables. Data was analysed using SPSS 21 and Mplus 7 programs. In order to examine teachers' multicultural perception levels in terms of various variables, t-test, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) tests were applied. In conclusion, it was discovered that teachers' perceptions of multiculturalism did not change statistically according to gender and age variables, but it was found that there was a statistically significant change according to branch and school type variables. A statistically significant difference between teachers' perceptions of multiculturalism was found only among preschool teachers and branch teachers. According to the school type variable, teachers' perceptions of multiculturalism differed significantly only between preschool and secondary school teachers.

Hatay Kent Merkezindeki Tüketicilerin Zeytinyağı Satın Alma Tercihlerini Etkileyen Faktörlerin Belirlenmesi

Bu çalışmanın amacı Hatay kent merkezindeki tüketicilerin zeytinyağı satın alma davranışlarında etkili olan faktörleri belirlemektir. Araştırmanın ana materyalini 2018 yılında Hatay kent merkezinde 278 tüketici ile yapılan anketlerle elde edilen veriler oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmada cinsiyet, medeni durum, yaş, eğitim ve gelir seviyesi ile aylık gıda harcamaları dikkate alınarak zeytinyağı satın alma tercihleri ortaya konulmuştur. Katılımcıların zeytinyağı satın alma davranışlarını belirlemede, zeytinyağının faydaları ve çeşitlerine ilişkin tüketici bilgi düzeyleri, satın alma yerleri ve tüketimlerindeki değişim ile ambalaj tercihleri dikkate alınmıştır. Tüketicilerin çeşitli sosyo-ekonomik özelliklerine göre zeytinyağı satın alma tercihleri arasındaki farklılıklar ki-kare testi ile analiz edilmiştir. Tüketiciler zeytinyağını üreticilerden (%62.9), marketlerden (20.1), fabrikalardan (13.3) ve şarküterilerden (3.6) satın almaktadır. Tüketicilerin %74.5’i zeytinyağının insan sağlığına yararlarını bilmektedir ve bunların büyük çoğunluğu (%92.4) zeytinyağını çok sağlıklı veya sağlıklı olarak nitelendirmiştir. Tüketiciler arasında eğitim seviyesi arttıkça zeytinyağı çeşit bilgisi de artış göstermektedir. Katılımcıların, zeytinyağı satın alma tercihleri ile cinsiyet, medeni durum, yaş, aylık gelir ve aylık gıda harcamaları arasındaki farklar önemli bulunmamıştır. Buna karşılık tüketicilerin eğitim seviyelerine göre ambalaj tercihleri, zeytinyağı çeşit bilgisi ve zeytinyağı satın alınan yerleri arasındaki farklar önemli bulunmuştur. Zeytinyağı üreticilerine ürün geliştirme, pazarlama ve satış artırma çalışmaları sırasında ambalaj, yeni ürün ve çeşit tanıtımı ile perakende satış yerleri konusunda tüketici tercihlerini ve eğilimlerini dikkate alması önerilebilir. Zeytin ve zeytinyağı üretimini ve tüketimini geliştirmek için önümüzdeki süreçte uygulanacak olan politikalarda tüketici tercihlerinin de dikkate alınarak yeni düzenlemelerin bunlara göre oluşturulmasında yarar vardır.

The Role of Self-Efficacy in Job Satisfaction, Organizational Commitment, Motivation and Job Involvement

Purpose: Self-efficacy belief procures teachers to root for each other’s development in some issues such as ameliorating new methods to conduct much more effective teaching. A school with a high level of self-efficacy teachers makes a great contribution in order to corroborate self-efficacy perceptions of students. When examining it on a model with many attitudinal variables, self-efficacy belief, an important concept in terms of education quality, has been deemed significant so as to propound the effects of self-efficacy more clearly. This study aimed to determine the relationship between self-efficacy and job satisfaction, organizational commitment, motivation and job involvement. Research Method: 321 teachers from 33 schools that were selected randomly with the cluster sampling method from the middle schools in the province of Hatay city center in the 2017-2018 academic year have composed the sampling of this study. Findings: The more teachers’ self-efficacy beliefs increased, the more their job satisfaction, organizational commitment, motivation and job involvement increased. Both job satisfaction and organizational commitment partially mediated the relationship between teachers’ sense of self-efficacy and motivation. Self-efficacy beliefs positively affected teachers’ job involvement through the full mediation effect of job satisfaction and motivation. Organizational commitment and motivation fully mediated the relationship between teachers’ self-efficacy and job involvement. Implications for Research and Practice: It is crucial for school administrators to contribute to amend and strengthen self-efficacy perceptions of teachers if they hope teachers to take positive attitudes towards their work much more frequently and to take the edge off negative attitudes.

Wind Energy Potential for Electricity Production in Hatay, Turkey

In this study, we examine Turkey’s Hatay city and some of its districts (Belen, Antakya, Iskenderun, Samandag) and we assessed the possibility of electricity production from wind power plants. The area of Hatay is 5559 km2 that is located in the southernmost part of Turkey and east of the Mediterranean Sea. The accumulated data obtained from Belen- Hatay wind speed data are shown. The seasonal cumulative probability distributions of wind speeds for Belen-Hatay are analysed in the paper. The wind speeds in summer are higher than in the other seasons. As a result, the Belen-Hatay region is a very favourable place in terms of wind and has high wind energy potential. In this region, the hourly wind speeds are higher than 5 m/s and about 70% of occasions at 10 m height above ground level. It is also known that for nine months of the year, the average wind speeds are more than 5 m/s. On the other hand, average monthly wind energy productions are higher than 200W/m2 for eight months of the year.

Evaluation of Emergency Department Admissions in Syrian Patients Aged Under Eighteen Years of Age Between 2012 and 2016 in the City of Hatay

Evaluation of Emergency Department Admissions in Syrian Patients Aged Under Eighteen Years of Age Between 2012 and 2016 in the City of Hatay

Assessment of the impacts of the consumers’ awareness of organic food on consumption behavior

Abstract Consumer demand for organic foods has increased significantly in recent years in the world. Consumers are influenced by various internal/external factors when purchasing food products. The aim of this study is to determine the effects of knowledge variable on consumers’ purchasing or consuming behavior for organic foods together with other factors in Turkey (Hatay City). For this purpose, the effects of consumers’ organic product knowledge levels are examined within the frame of Theory of Planned Behavior. The data of 431 consumers analyzed in the model were collected in 2017 with a 21 scale questionnaire and analyzed with Structural Equation Model. According to the results of the model analysis, a significant part of the variance in consumers' organic food demand (61%) was explained by the organic food knowledge variable. Reducing consumption obstacles, along with efforts to increase the organic food knowledge of consumers, will increase organic demand. While trying to increase the supply of organic products especially in regions where consumers are concentrated, the food production sector should also focus on informing, raising awareness and promoting. The actual buying behavior in organic food products should be examined in more detail in terms of motivation sources and obstacles.

Lider-Üye Etkileşiminin Öğretmen Stres, Tükenmişlik ve Depresyonu Üzerindeki Rolü

Leader-member exchange is one of the most important concepts that contributes to the increase of performance and productivity in organizations. Leader-member exchange focuses on the two sided relationship between leader and follower. The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between leader-member exchange (school administrator-teacher) and teacher’s level of stress, burnout and depression. This research was designed by relational model. The sample consists of 437 teachers that were randomly selected with cluster sampling method from 48 schools in Hatay city during 2018-2019 academic year. Data were gathered via Leader-Member Exchange Scale, Stress Scale, Burnout Scale and Depression Scale. The measurement model shows that research variables have statistically significant relationships with each other. Structural equation modeling points out that leader-member exchange has a statistically significant and negative impact on teachers’ level of stress and burnout. Leader-member exchange negatively influences teachers’ depression level through the full mediation effects of stress and burnout. Based on the findings of this current study, in order to reduce teachers’ negative feelings or prevent it from occurring, a quality administrator-teacher exchange is required.

A Structural Model on the Role of Perceived Multi-Dimensional Social Support in Attitudinal Variables

&lt;p style="text-align:justify"&gt;This research employs survey-based correlational model. This study has been carried out to reveal the relationships among perceived multi-dimensional social support and satisfaction with life, job satisfaction and job stress. The research data were gathered from 355 teachers working at schools in Hatay city in 2018-2019 academic year. Data were achieved by “Perceived Multi-Dimensional Social Support Scale”, “Job Satisfaction”, “Job Stress” and “Satisfaction with Life”. The relationships between multi-dimensional social support and job satisfaction, job stress and satisfaction with life have been determined in the measurement model. Structural equation model shows that perceived social support has a positive impact on teachers’ job satisfaction and satisfaction with life, in reverse, a negative impact on teachers’ job stress. Besides this, perceived social support positively affects teachers’ satisfaction with life through the partial mediation effects of job satisfaction and job stress. It has been concluded in this study that increasing perceived social support is an effective strategy for increasing job and life satisfaction and decreasing stress of teachers.&lt;/p&gt;

Türkiye‘de Pamuk Üretiminin Ekonomik Analizi: Hatay İli Örneği

Pamuk, kullanım alanı genişliği ve farklı sektörlerde sağlamış olduğu katma değer bakımından tarım ürünleri içinde özel bir yere ve öneme sahiptir. 2016/17 döneminde Dünya lif pamuğu üretiminde Türkiye 703.000 ton ve %3,05‘lik pay ile 7. sırada yer almıştır. Türkiye‘nin bitkisel üretim deseninde yer alan pamuğun üretiminde önde gelen illerden biri de Hatay‘dır. İl, Türkiye pamuk üretim alanlarında %10,32, kütlü pamuk, çiğit ve lif üretiminde %10,84‘lük pay ile ülke genelinde 3. sırada yer almaktadır. Araştırma kapsamında incelenen işletmelerde birim alandan (ha) ortalama 5,29 ton kütlü pamuk elde etmek için; 26,2 kg tohum, 648,8 kg gübre, 8,5 lt tarımsal mücadele ilacı 404,9 lt mazot, 6417,1 kw elektrik ve 26,7 EİB kullanılmıştır. İşletmelerde pamuk ekim alanlarının %71,45‘inde salma sulama yöntemi kullanılmış, pamuk üretim alanlarının %58,38‘inde hasat makinayla yapılmıştır. Araştırmada; pamuk üretimine verilen destekler dikkate alınmadığında birim alana gelir 2447,24 $/ha olup, destekler dâhil edildiğinde bu değer 3529,39 $/ha düzeyine ulaşmaktadır. Pamuk üretimine verilen destekler birim alandan elde edilen geliri %44,22 oranında artırmıştır. Bu artışta en büyük payı fark desteği (1052,97 $/ha) oluşturmaktadır.

İlköğretim 2. Kademe Öğrencilerinin Sosyal Bilgiler Dersine Yönelik Tutumlarının İncelenmesi: Bir Ölçek Geliştirme Çalışması

Bu araştırmanın amacı ilköğretim 5. 6. ve 7. Sınıf öğrencilerinin Sosyal Bilgiler dersine yönelik tutumlarını belirlemeye yönelik bir ölçek geliştirmektir. Araştırmanın çalışma grubunu Hatay iline bağlı 3 ortaokulda öğrenim gören 1127 öğrenci oluşturmaktadır. Çalışma grubundaki öğrencilerin 556’sı kız, 571’i erkektir. Öğrencilerin 384’ü 5. Sınıf, 399’u 6. Sınıf ve 344’ü 7. Sınıfta öğrenim görmektedir. Sosyal Bilgiler Dersine Yönelik Tutum Ölçeğinin geliştirilmesi sürecinde öncelikle literatür taraması yapılmıştır. Daha sonra 63 maddelik madde havuzu oluşturulmuştur, uzman görüşleri doğrultusunda madde sayısı 40’a düşürülerek 5’li Likert tipi taslak ölçek oluşturulmuştur. Oluşturulan ölçek çalışma grubu dışındaki 3 öğrenciye uygulanarak anlaşılmayan noktalar düzenlenmiş ve son hali öğrencilere uygulanmıştır. Ölçeğin yapı geçerliğini sağlamak amacıyla yapılan faktör analizi sonucunda ölçeğin 4 faktörden oluştuğu görülmüştür. Faktör analizi sonrasında madde sayısı 29 olan ölçeğin güvenirliğini sağlamak amacıyla Cronbach Alpha katsayısı hesaplanarak 0,928 bulunmuştur. Yapılan analizler geliştirilen ölçeğin geçerli ve güvenilir olduğunu göstermektedir.