City Of Florence Research Articles

Assessment of the Seismic Vulnerability of Florence (Italy) Through Macro-Seismic Methods

In recent years, the assessment of damage scenarios in urban communities has become one of the central themes in local government policies, aimed at promoting effective seismic risk mitigation and improving the efficiency of rescue systems to manage emergencies. In Italy, the seismic hazard has become a topical issue since the 1982 Irpinia earthquake, and several ventures have been promoted to face the seismic mitigation of complex residential districts. The objective of this research is to define the damage scenarios of the city of Florence, where 97% of the building stock is designed without anti-seismic prescriptions. The urban vulnerability of Florence has been assessed based on the current approaches available in the technical literature, combined with the knowledge provided by the recent investigation on the subsoil. Once the possible damage scenarios have been defined, the resilience of the area has been determined, and the population involved in the evacuation has been estimated.

The Uprise of Human Leishmaniasis in Tuscany, Central Italy: Clinical and Epidemiological Data from a Multicenter Study.

Human leishmaniasis is facing important epidemiological changes in Southern Europe, driven by increased urbanization, climate changes, emerging of new animal reservoirs, shifts in human behavior and a growing population of immunocompromised and elderly individuals. In this evolving epidemiological landscape, we analyzed the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of human leishmaniasis in the Tuscany region of Central Italy. Through a multicentric retrospective analysis, we collected clinical and demographic data about all cases of leishmaniasis recorded between 2018 and 2023. We observed 176 cases of human leishmaniasis, with 128 (72.7%) visceral leishmaniasis (VL) and 47 (26.7%) cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). Among these, 92.2% of VL and 85.1% of CL cases were autochthonous. The cumulative incidence of autochthonous human leishmaniasis was 0.22 cases per 100,000 inhabitants in 2018, but reached 1.81/100,000 in 2023. We identified three main areas of transmission: around the city of Florence (North-East Tuscany), around Grosseto city (South-West Tuscany) and Elba Island. Our findings confirm that the epidemiology of leishmaniasis is undergoing significant changes in Central Italy. Awareness towards this emerging health threat and surveillance strategies need to be improved in order to reliably assess the disease's burden. Further research is needed in a "One-Health" perspective, to clarify the epidemiological dynamics at the environmental, reservoir, vector and human levels. The role of climate change and specific climatic factors affecting the epidemiological patterns of human leishmaniasis should be assessed. Further knowledge in these fields would promote targeted control and prevention strategies at regional and national levels.

Seismic performance assessment of the historical Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore Dome by numerical analysis

The Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore was constructed in 1420 and features one of the largest masonry domes constructed without the use of reinforcement. The city of Florence is situated between two zones of seismic activity, namely Mugello and Chianti, and has been affected by earthquakes in recent years. The objective of the present work is to develop a non-linear numerical analysis of the seismic behavior of the Cathedral using the finite element method, with the aim of allowing the perpetuation of historical constructions. The seismic analysis was developed with geological database comprising seven natural accelerograms, with five return times (50, 75, 101, 201, and 475 years). This analysis entailed the detailed examination of the accelerations, tensions and deformations resulting from the application of seismic events in the Cathedral’s structure and indicate the failure zones. The greatest accelerations were observed for the seismic event with a magnitude of 6.93 Mw, a return time of 475 years, and were indicative of the most fractures in the Dome region.

Meteorological, chemical and biological evaluation of the coupled chemistry-climate WRF-Chem model from regional to urban scale. An impact-oriented application for human health

Extreme climatic conditions, like heat waves or cold spells, associated to high concentrations of air pollutants are responsible for a broad range of effects on human health. Consequently, in the recent years, the question on how urban and peri-urban forests may improve both air quality and surface climate conditions at city-scale is receiving growing attention by scientists and policymakers, with previous studies demonstrating how nature-based solutions (NBS) may contribute to reduce the risk of population to be exposed to high pollutant levels and heat stress, preventing, thus, premature mortality. In this study we present a new modeling framework designed to simulate air quality and meteorological conditions from regional to urban scale, allowing thus to assess the impacts of both air pollution and heat stress on human health at urban level. To assess the model reliability, we evaluated the model's performances in reproducing several relevant meteorological, chemical, and biological variables. Results show how our modeling system can reliably reproduce the main meteorological, chemical, and biological variables over our study areas, thus this tool can be used to estimate the impact of air pollution and heat stress on human health. As an example of application, we show how common heat stress and air pollutant indices used for human health protection change when computed from regional to urban scale for the cities of Florence (Italy) and Aix en Provence (France).

Politico vivere in Niccolò Machiavelli and Donato Giannotti: Monarchy, Republicanism and Mixed Government in Florence

ABSTRACT The tensions between monarchy and republicanism are a dominant feature of Machiavelli’s political works, and both the so-called ‘monarchical’ work, The Prince, and the more overtly republican Discourses laud the benefits of republicanism and warn against relying on hereditary monarchy. This article compares Machiavelli’s proposals, advanced in 1520, for a mixed constitution for the city of Florence with those of his younger compatriot, Donato Giannotti, who became secretary to the Ten in the last Florentine republican government of 1527-30. As the historical context changed, and Florence progressed from republic to absolutist duchy under the later Medici, Giannotti was exiled from the city and the article examines how his proposed reforms of 1528 and then his major work, Della republica fiorentina, drafted and redrafted between 1531 and 1538 as the politics of Florence changed, reinforce and expand Machiavelli’s views of politico vivere in a republican polity like Florence whose constitution was being dramatically rewritten.

Machiavelli’s State as a Punishment for the Violence of the Law in the Context of Human Animal Instinct

In order to amend the philosophical, political and legal understanding of that personality who managed to study and structure the monumental work of the state "The Prince" so nicely, it is necessary to understand what subject content there is on which the academic life was mined and grown and Machiavelli's philosophy. The latter being one of the brightest minds in the field of the study of the state and, to understand it, it is necessary to study the cultural and intellectual environment, the product of which was our Philosopher. Viewed in this context, it is necessary to understand the European city of Florence, the main city-state of the Renaissance, where Machiavelli was born. This should be accompanied by the study of the city-state of Firenze, in relation to other Italian states with which it had extensive and very intense relations. While, on the other hand, the nature and form of government of the state of Florence, accompanied by the reformers of the state constitution, who inherited it, but remained in their ideas and views until the time of the diocese of the Republic, cannot be left without attention. On the other hand, the study of the non-Italian states, which were in a state of competition with Florence, should be looked at carefully. Received: 25 December 2023 / Accepted: 25 February 2024 / Published: 23 April 2024

Healthy and Inclusive Neighbourhoods: A Design Research Toolkit for the Promotion of Healthy Behaviours

Addressing urban health through the built environment requires cross-disciplinary approaches, where design plays a crucial role. Gaining insights from a design-led research perspective to find situated solutions for promoting healthy behaviours is a requirement that must be clarified. Therefore, we ask the following question: what kind of design research instruments may help in applying the urban health approach from a design-led perspective? With this research question, and to contribute to the mentioned issues to be clarified, this paper presents the application of a framework adopted in a local action research project, namely the Healthy Neighbourhoods Hub (HNH) research project. The HNH framework was used as a design research toolkit for collecting contextual data and identifying insights to build scenarios and strategies for all the involved design disciplines. Around 169 participants among local stakeholders and citizens in two case studies in the city of Florence (Italy) were involved in semi-structured interviews, Healthy Labs, and Open Space Lab. As a result, the participatory activities provided a wide variety of qualitative data, such as themes related to user needs (n = 15), critical issues and points of weakness (n = 32), potentialities and points of strength (n = 27), strategies (n = 38), design insights (n = 30), and a collection of 40 local projects (40 in 5 themes), that contributed to the subsequent co-design activities of the project. This richness suggests the potential of using the adopted resources to build the HNH Toolkit as a design research instrument for addressing urban health and gaining design knowledge for the promotion of healthy behaviours through the design of the built environment.

Design and validation of a new asphalt mixture to reduce road traffic noise pollution in urban areas

The aim of this paper is to design a novel asphalt mixture capable of reducing tyre/pavement interaction noise for urban roads at speeds around 50 km/h. To this end, various mechanical and functional tests were carried out both in the laboratory and on a real road in the city of Florence. The asphalt mixture developed improves the noise reduction properties without compromising its mechanical performance or neglecting its rolling and skid resistance. To this end, various mechanical tests were carried out in the laboratory, including water sensitivity or wheel tracking tests, as well as functional tests relating to texture, flow resistance and sound absorption. Full-scale measurements were carried out using the CPX method. The result of the study was a novel asphalt mixture that reduced noise by 3 dB compared to a conventional road.

Agency, participation in decision making and wellbeing among care leavers in care system: A quantitative mediation study

Care leavers are young people who have grown up in the care system, either in foster care or in residential care homes in transition from care to adulthood. They are a vulnerable group, with a high risk of negative outcomes such as poor mental health. The development of agency and the promotion of well-being are two of the most important aspects of the psychological and educational intervention with care leavers.The purpose of this quantitative study is to investigate the relationship between agency and well-being in a group of care leavers (N = 48) recruited from the alternative care services offered by the cities of Florence and Prato and involved in the Caring project. The study employed the World Health Organization's Well-Being Index (WHO-5), Participation in Decision Making Scale and Schneider's Agency Scale as quantitative sources of data. The data were analyzed using structural equation modelling controlled for demographic data. The findings show that participation in decision making fully mediated the positive association between dispositional agency and well-being. The conclusions are discussed in terms of integrated practical recommendations for professionals concerned with care leaver protection and the development of psychological and educational interventions.

Wpływ pandemii COVID-19 na zmiany podejścia do zarządzania miastami historycznymi na przykładzie Florencji

Miasta historyczne zyskały w ostatnich latach na atrakcyjności w oczach turystów dzięki modzie na krótkie podróże miejskie (tzw. city breaks) i dostrzeżenie uroków korzystania z przestrzeni historycznych dzielnic. Wzrost liczby turystów w historycznych przestrzeniach miast przyniósł zarówno pozytywne skutki (np. korzyści ekonomiczne, przyśpieszenie procesów rewitalizacji), jak i negatywne (np. pogorszenie jakości życia, rosnące zatłoczenie i ceny nieruchomości mieszkalnych) dla miast i ich mieszkańców. Kryzys wywołany pandemią COVID-19 i związane z nim ograniczenia możliwości podróżowania rozpoczęły dyskusję na temat przyszłości historycznych dzielnic i zmian, jakie powinny zostać wprowadzone, aby ograniczyć niepożądane przez społeczności lokalne oddziaływanie turystyki na śródmieścia miast. Korzystając z opracowań naukowych, danych zastanych i informacji pozyskanych z wywiadów pogłębionych przeprowadzonych przez autora w 2022 r., analizie z tej perspektywy zostały poddane przemiany oraz polityka miejska wobec historycznej dzielnicy śródmiejskiej Florencji, miasta wpisanego na Listę Światowego Dziedzictwa UNESCO. We Florencji w trakcie trwania pandemii była kontynuowana debata dotycząca pożądanych kierunków zmian w podejściu władz miasta do jego historycznego centrum, czego efektem było m.in. wypracowanie wspólnie z mieszkańcami nowego planu zarządzania obszarem UNESCO. Problemy funkcjonowania zabytkowej dzielnicy wyeksponowane przez pandemię stały się motorem napędowym do zainicjowania procesu zmian. Część proponowanych rozwiązań jest już obecna w lokalnych dokumentach miejskich i jest sukcesywnie wdrażana. Kwestią dyskusyjną pozostaje jednak skuteczność wprowadzonych przez władze lokalne instrumentów zarządzania dzielnicą śródmiejską i możliwość ich rzeczywistego wpływu na sposób funkcjonowania historycznego centrum miasta w postpandemicznych warunkach.

Evaluation of vertical irregularity effects of historical masonry buildings through a simplified procedure: the case of Florence city center

Evaluation of vertical irregularity effects of historical masonry buildings through a simplified procedure: the case of Florence city center

Florence 4D. Locating, Connecting and Experiencing 3D Models in the Early Modern City

3D models of historical sites tend to be presented to researchers and the wider public as isolated "objects" that can be freely manipulated through online platforms, with little consideration of their original settings or their physical qualities. The Florence 4D project proposes new ways of presenting 3D models of buildings and the artworks they contained within the early modern city of Florence through an interactive website that allows users to navigate the built environment using historic maps, a variety of historical geodatasets, and embedded 3D models linked into an underpinning database. Such an approach makes it possible to digitally reinstate connections between buildings that have often been radically transformed and their spatial context. In turn by redeploying these same 3D models onto an agile location-aware app (Hidden Florence 3D), the models can be experienceed as Augmented Reality enhancements on location in the city, as well as in connection with artworks that may have been relocated to museum collections, delivering innovative digital art history research to wider audiences.

Prevalence of lower urinary tract symptoms in taxi drivers: a cross-sectional web-based survey.

Aim of the study was to evaluate the prevalence of LUTS in taxi drivers. Between February 24th 2021 and March 26th 2021 a web based survey was administered to Taxi drivers in the city of Florence. Taxi drivers were evaluated with baseline characteristics such as: age, BMI, smoking, career length, comorbidities, and treatment. LUTS were evaluated using the international prostate symptom score (IPSS) and the overactive bladder (OAB) score. As well sexual function was evaluated using the international index erectile function (IIEF) and female sexual function index (FSFI) questionnaires. Risk factors for LUTS were evaluated using regression analysis. The overall response rate was 64.6% (537/830 taxi drivers filled the questionnaires). Among them, 449 (83.6%) were men and 88 (16.4%) females. Overall, median IPSS was 5 (2/9) and median OAB score was 10 (7/14). On multivariate binary regression analysis age > 50 (OR:1.60; p < 0,05), Smoking (OR:1.57; p < 0,05), chronic treatment (OR:1.57; p < 0,05), recurrent cystitis (OR: 2.66; p < 0,05) and chronic pelvic pain (OR:4.94; p < 0,05) were independent risk factors for moderate/severe LUTS. On multivariate binary logistic regression analysis, risk factors for erectile dysfunction were age older than 50 years (OR = 3.64; p < 0.05) and urinary incontinence (OR = 5.53; p = 0.005). According to our web-based survey, Taxi drivers in the metropolitan city of Florence had non-negligible symptomatic LUTS and even sexual dysfunction. Our data suggest as LUTS are particular influenced by several life-style and behavioural factors as type and duration of work.

The Activity of Special Continuity Care Units in the City of Florence During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Objectives: Worldwide, countries adopted different strategies in primary care (PC) to cope with the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aims to describe and evaluate the functions and activity load of a specific PC organizational model called "Special Continuity Care Units" (SCCU) in Florence, Italy, and to investigate the characteristics of the COVID-19 patients assisted by the service. Methods: The retrospective cross-sectional design used daily updated reports by SCCU team members to evaluate the activity load. The retrospective cohort study analyzed data of the demographics, clinical characteristics, and process outcomes of patients assisted during the second pandemic wave. Results: The analysis shows how the service activity load changed along with the epidemiological trend. Regarding people assisted by the SCCU, the median follow-up duration of symptoms was 6days; male gender and being symptomatic were predictors of hospitalization. Conclusion: Some key characteristics can be described as indispensable in PC services facing health emergencies: model flexibility, the availability of resources, networking among services to enhance coordination and resource optimization, and close collaboration with general practitioners.

Implementing integrated digital twin modelling and representation into the Snap4City platform for smart city solutions

Recently, Digital Twins solutions have attracted a growing interest as a fundamental paradigm for managing data driven processes on smart cities. They are complex modelling that should include 3D interactive representations of buildings and infrastructures, integrated with a wide range of data for Smart City cyber-physical ecosystem monitoring and controlling. This paper presents a framework for modelling, generating and distributing Digital Twin representations with 3D models from a various set of data, as well as its integration into the open-source Smart City framework, where many kinds of real time and historical data are available. The proposed solution offers a method for creating integrated data rendering of 3D city entities coupled with Smart City data (e.g., IoT Devices with time-series and historical data, heatmaps, geometries and shapes related to traffic flows, bus routes/stops, cycling paths). The solution for generating 3D representation is based on a number of computer vision and machine learning solutions, thus shortening the activities of passing from raw data (i.e., Lidar, shapes, patterns, etc.) to 3D representations. Implementation has been enforced into the quite widespread open-source Snap4City Smart City platform and has been validated by using hundreds of buildings in Florence city central area, Italy, plus hundreds of thousands of data as points of interest, IoT Devices, traffic flows, dynamic heatmaps, etc.

Modelling climate analogue regions for a central European city

In this study, we describe a methodology to derive climate analogue cities for spatially highly resolved future climate scenarios. For the computation, a reduced and in hindsight bias-adjusted EURO-CORDEX EUR-11 dataset is used based on two climate scenarios (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5). A total of 389 European cities are processed by the algorithm, which uses five statistical climate variables (2-m air temperature average and amplitude, precipitation sum and amplitude, correlation between 2-m air temperature average and precipitation sum). Additionally, extreme weather events (hot days, summer days, tropical nights, extreme precipitation events) are calculated for further comparison and validation. Finding an appropriate analogue permits a more accurate derivation and depiction of necessary climate adaptation efforts and therefore assist decision-making in city planning. As an example of our method, we searched for plausible climate twins for the mid-sized city of Aachen (Germany) at the end of the twenty-first century. Our results show that the French city of Dijon is highly likely to become Aachen’s climate twin by the end of the century for RCP4.5. As for the scenario RCP8.5, no clear European analogue city could be determined, indicating that the city might enter a novel climate. The nearest match suggests the cities of Florence and Prato in Tuscany. However, considering climate indices, the encompassing region of the French–Spanish city triangle Bordeaux–Toulouse–Bilbao is a better fit. The developed algorithm can be applied to any of the cities included in the dataset.

Nonuse and hypocritical use of strategic narratives in Megaprojects: the case of the Florence high-speed railway

Abstract Since megaprojects are costly, impactful, and often contentious policymaking processes, scholars have started to look at policy narratives as instruments that actors use strategically to justify their preferences and achieve their goals. But is this really the case? Do actors always adopt a narrative to support their goals? Do they develop arguments that are consistent with their official goals and in a timely manner? This paper suggests that, when megaprojects are not salient, narratives are likely to be strategically nonused or used in a hypocritical way, as such strategies better fit the process-related goals of significant actors. Such a claim is illustrated by a case study on the construction of a new high-speed railway line and station in the city of Florence (Italy). Relying on content and discourse analysis of official documents, and experts’ interviews, the paper shows that, despite favorable premises for the emergence of a battle of narratives, this never took place, as some of the proponents choose to nonuse a strategic narrative, while others occasionally publicly used arguments to jeopardize the whole project. In turn, opponents effectively developed a strategic narrative that, differently from other similar cases, mostly relied on technical arguments and emplotment. Hence, the case study generates hypotheses that could be tested in further studies on the conditions under which a coalitional dynamic emerges and the role played by policy narratives in the process.

Towards landslide space-time forecasting through machine learning: the influence of rainfall parameters and model setting

Landslide susceptibility assessment using machine learning models is a popular and consolidated approach worldwide. The main constraint of susceptibility maps is that they are not adequate for temporal assessments: they are generated from static predisposing factors, allowing only a spatial prediction of landslides. Recently, some methodologies have been proposed to provide spatiotemporal landslides prediction starting from machine learning algorithms (e.g., combining susceptibility maps with rainfall thresholds), but the attempt to obtain a dynamic landslide probability map directly by applying machine learning models is still in the preliminary phase. This work provides a contribution to fix this gap, combining in a Random Forest (RF) algorithm a static indicator of the spatial probability of landslide occurrence (i.e., a classical susceptibility index) and a number of dynamic variables (i.e., seasonality and the rainfall amount cumulated over different reference periods). The RF implementation used in this work allows the calculation of the Out-of-Bag Error and depicts Partial Dependence Plots, two indices that were used to quantify the variables’ importance and to comprehend if the model outcomes are consistent with the triggering mechanism observed in the case of study (Metropolitan City of Florence, Italy). The goal of this research is not to set up a landslide probability map, but to 1) understand how to populate training and test datasets with observations sampled over space and time, 2) assess which rainfall variables are statistically more relevant for the identification of the time and location of landslides, and 3) test the dynamic application of RF in a forecasting model for the spatiotemporal prediction of landslides. The proposed dynamic methodology shows encouraging results, consistent with the actual knowledge of the physical mechanism of the triggering of shallow landslides (mainly influenced by short and intense rainfalls) and identifies some benchmark configurations that represents a promising starting point for future regional-scale applications of machine learning models to dynamic landslide probability assessment and early warning.

A new smart batteries management for Renewable Energy Communities

Based on the European Directive, the Italian Government has recently published the technical rules for accessing the service for valorizations and incentivizing shared electricity, kick-starting the setting-up of Renewable Energy Communities (RECs).A techno-economic analysis is performed based on a real case in the city of Florence to show the benefits that the creation of a REC can bring to the stakeholders: consumers, prosumers, the national grid operator and third-party companies. Moreover, this study focuses on the role of batteries within a REC by comparing three different battery management systems (BMS).The standard BMS (StBMS) is developed for individual prosumer self-consumption (SC) and not for REC collective-self-consumption (CSC), which is thus penalized by the presence of batteries. For that reason, a new smart BMS (SmBMS) based on REC real-time data monitoring is proposed. This solution guarantees the same level of CSC as in the case without batteries, and compared to the StBMS, it ensures greater REC energy independence from the national grid and leads to more incentives for all stakeholders, causing only a negligible economic loss for prosumers, as their individual SC slightly decreases.The optimal BMS (OpBMS), based on deterministic knowledge of demand and production curves, could guarantee even greater REC energy independence and a better investment for all REC participants, but since it cannot be implemented, it is calculated only to be used as a benchmark to assess other BMSs and to explore the potential of forecasting based methods.StBMS and SmBMS are simulated by Multi​ Energy System Simulator (MESS) while OpBMS by a Mixed-integer linear programming model (MILP).

“Everything will be all right (?)”: Discourses on COVID-19 in the Italian linguistic landscape

The study of the linguistic landscape (LL) focuses on the representations of languages on signs placed in the public space and on the ways in which individuals interact with these elements. Regulatory, infrastructural, commercial, and transgressive discourses, among others, emerge in these spaces, overlapping, complementing, or opposing each other, reflecting changes taking place and, in turn, influencing them. The COVID-19 pandemic has affected all aspects of life, including cities, neighborhoods, and spaces in general. Against this background, the study of the LL is fundamental not only to better understand the ways in which places have changed and how people are interpreting and experiencing them but also to analyze the evolution of COVID-19 discourses since the pandemic broke out. This contribution aims to investigate how and in what terms the COVID-19 pandemic has had an impact on the Italian LL, considered both in its entirety, as a single body that, regardless of local specificities, responded to and jointly reflected on the shared shock, and specifically, assuming the city of Florence as a case study. The data collected in the three main phases of the pandemic include photographs of virtual and urban LL signs and interviews, which were analyzed through qualitative content analysis with the aim of exploring citizens' perceptions and awareness of changes in the LL of their city. The results obtained offer a photograph of complex landscapes and ecologies, which are multimodal, multi-layered, and interactive, with public and private discourses that are strongly intertwined and often complementary. Furthermore, the diachronic analysis made it possible to identify, on the one hand, points in common with the communication strategies in the different phases, both at a commercial and regulatory level. On the other hand, strong differences emerged in the bottom-up representations, characterized in the first phase by discourses of resilience, tolerance, hope, solidarity, and patriotism, and in the second and third phases by disillusionment, despair, and protest.