City Of Bulawayo Research Articles

Environmental Conservation and the Bulawayo CBD as a Linguistic Landscape Construction: An Ecolinguistics Perspective

This study deploys the ecolinguistics perspective to examine how purposively selected signs communicate environmental conservation issues in the city of Bulawayo as a linguistic landscape construction. Drawing on Haugen’s language ecology model and Halliday’s eco-discursive approach, the study reveals that the dominance of English and the invisibility of indigenous languages violate an inclusive ecosophy couched on principles of diversity and harmony, interaction and coexistence. The study also reveals an ecological orientation that is both beneficial and ambivalent. We therefore recommend the inclusion of indigenous languages and the framing of more eco-beneficial messages that foreground the benefit of positive environmental stewardship.

Decentralized sanitation alternatives in cities of the global south—A case of constructed wetlands in Bulawayo, Zimbabwe

Constructed wetlands have emerged as a sustainable alternative for decentralized wastewater treatment in developing countries which face challenges with urbanization and deteriorating infrastructure. This paper discusses the key factors affecting the implementation of constructed wetlands in developing countries. A case study research design was adopted, which focused on Bulawayo, Zimbabwe. A mixed-method approach was adopted for the study. Spatial analysis was conducted to identify potential sites for constructed wetlands in the city of Bulawayo. Semi structured interviews were conducted, with relevant stakeholders, such as town planners, civil engineers, NGO representatives, community leaders, and quantity surveyors. The findings reveal that political reforms, public acceptance, land availability, and funding are crucial for the successful implementation of constructed wetlands. Additionally, four sites were identified as the most favorable preliminary locations for these systems. The paper captures all the key factors relevant to the implementation of constructed wetlands (CWs) with a closer look at policy and the role it plays in the adoption of decentralized wastewater treatment systems. Formulating policy around the decentralized sanitation systems was considered imperative to the success of the systems whether in implementation or in operation. The paper adds to knowledge in the subject of sustainable wastewater treatment alternatives for developing countries. However, further research can be conducted with a different methodology to ascertain the applicability of the systems in developing urban cities considering other important aspects in the implementation of wastewater treatment systems.

“The Country We Built Up”: Geocriticism, Rhodesian Places and the Nefarious Bush in John Eppel’s The Holy Innocents

This article discusses John Eppel’s Bulawayo novel, The Holy Innocents, in order to see how space and place are constructed. By deploying geocriticism as a spatially oriented theory, the article shows how attention to literary geography reveals political insights into histories of race and Zimbabwean belonging. The city of Bulawayo and the literature it inspires provide a unique commentary on the cultural imagining of place. It is demonstrated that the suburb, as a locale in John Eppel’s writing, is a key unit of analysis in exploring the literary city. The political transition and cultural metamorphosis of Rhodesia into Zimbabwe are discussed through the prism of geography. Through recognising the power of space and the arguments about place Eppel makes, our understanding of Zimbabwean literary culture and its interactions with spatiality is developed.

The impact of COVID-19-induced lockdowns on Antiretroviral-Therapy (ART) adherence by HIV/AIDs patients on ART in the city of Bulawayo in Zimbabwe

The impact of COVID-19-induced lockdowns on Antiretroviral-Therapy (ART) adherence by HIV/AIDs patients on ART in the city of Bulawayo in Zimbabwe

Application of Network Reconstruction Algorithm to Compute Maximum Flow for Water Supply Network: A Case Study of the City of Bulawayo, Zimbabwe

Determining the maximum flow value in Water Supply Networks (WSN) is a common problem that is being faced by many cities during and after designing of WSN. In this article, the network reconstruction (NR) algorithm is applied to compute the maximum flow value for the city’s WSN based on the actual data. The city of Bulawayo has been selected for the following reasons, availability of research data, the city is facing severe water shedding and several studies have focused only on other issues such as alternative water sources, leakage detection and demand forecasting. The goal of this study is to determine the maximum flow value from the sources to the reservoirs. The results have revealed that the computed maximum flow value is within the estimated range of 110,000 cubic meters to 190,000 cubic meters. Dam sensitivity analysis were considered to determine the sources to give maintenance priority before the rain season. Several recommendations were suggested to improve the water supply situation.

Blurring the binaries of home/school in Family Language Policy

The persistence of the COVID-19-induced lockdowns resulted in increased parent-child encounters as parents worked from home while children learnt through remote platforms. This blurred the binaries of home/school as parents assumed the role of teachers by participating in children’s schooling more formally. By focusing on the role of parents as teachers in heritage language tasks, this study discusses family language ideologies and how they are infused into the teaching and learning of Ndebele, a historically minoritised and marginalised language in Zimbabwe. Data is drawn from a linguistic ethnography of a Ndebele heritage language family residing in the city of Bulawayo. Data consists of audio-recorded Ndebele language lessons and parental interviews. By drawing on the concepts of Family Language Policy and Bourdieu’s notion of ‘legitimate language’, the study exposes how children’s heritage language tasks became important aspects of family’s language transactions, contestations and negotiations. Parents build on their temporary teacher authority to assert their agency in reinforcing a Ndebele identity by endeavouring to teach Ndebele to their children through a ‘Ndebele lens’. Children’s stances towards parents’ monolingual practices and ideologies reveal their resistant agency. Their appeals for explanations and translations of some Ndebele words and expressions into English reproduce school language practices and ideologies that project English as the legitimate language. Parents’ insistence on monolingual practices and children’s language negotiations also reproduces the tensions that exist between English and indigenous languages at school and in the community at large. The study concludes that despite these tensions, these heritage language tasks present opportunities for productive language concordant parent-child encounters that reinforce children’s linguistic identities.

Integrating Artificial Neural Networks, Simulation and Optimisation Techniques in Ambulance Deployment for Heterogeneous Regions under Stochastic Environment

The paper focuses on the development of a strategy to integrate forecasting using artificial neural networks (ANN), simulation and optimisation techniques for ambulance deployment to predefined locations with heterogeneous demand patterns under stochastic environments. The metropolitan city of Bulawayo was used as a case study with high variability in call inter-arrival rates, response times, service times, and proportions of severity of emergencies by geographical zones covered by sub-stations. These stochastic environments complicate the decision-making process at strategic, tactical and operational level, in pursuit to achieve high levels of equality, efficiency and effectiveness in resource allocation and utilisation. This paper proposes an integrated simulation optimisation methodology that integrates future demand and allows for simultaneous evaluation of operational performances of deployment plans using multiple performance indicators such as average response time, total duration of a call-in system, number of calls in response queue, average queuing time, throughput ratios and ambulance utilisation levels. Increasing the number of ambulances influences the average response time below a certain threshold. Beyond this threshold, no significant changes occur in the performance measures. As the fleet size is increased, the ambulance utilisation levels decreased, hence there is always need to balance resource allocation and capacity utilisation to avoid idleness of essential equipment and human resources. Numerical experiments conducted to align the response time to international standards resulted in reduction in number of ambulances required for optimal deployment. For medical resources such as ambulances, deploying more resources do not always translate to better performance, hence there is need to simultaneously consider multiple performance measures. Decision makers in EMS must seriously consider ways of reducing the response time as it has significant bearing in reducing the required number of ambulances, a critical but scarce resource. Efforts must be directed towards digitisation of switch boards in the call center, training of the paramedics and provision of relevant modern equipment to the response teams as it will go a long way in reducing the pre-trip delay time, chute time and ultimately the response time. Based on the scientific evidence, management could lobby for de-congestion and resurfacing of old and dilapidated roads in order to increase access and speed when responding to emergency calls.

Perceptions and Experiences of Males who have Sex with Men Regarding Sexual and Reproductive Health Services in Bulawayo, Zimbabwe

Background: Sexual and Reproductive Health services are a cornerstone for each nation to achieve Sustainable Development Goal Number 3, which challenges nations to ensure healthy lives and promote the well-being of all ages, including access to SRH services. Generally, stigma and policies against men who have sex with men have heightened the risk of getting and spreading sexually transmitted diseases in this key population. This study, therefore, sought to explore men who have sex with men's perceptions and experiences of sexual and reproductive health services offered in Bulawayo in Zimbabwe. Methods: An exploratory, descriptive qualitative study was conducted on twenty-four (24) purposively selected men who had sex with men identified through Sexual Rights Centre in Bulawayo. The study participants responded to unstructured interview questions that probed on their lived experiences and perceptions of sexual and reproductive health services offered by health facilities in the city of Bulawayo. The interviews were recorded, transcribed verbatim, coded, and thematically analyzed on MAXQDA Version 20 Pro. Results: Findings suggested that men who had sex with men sought a wider range of sexual and reproductive health services that ranged from voluntary counseling and testing, treatment of sexually transmitted infections, and obtaining pre-exposure prophylaxis tablets, among other issues. However, men who had sex with men faced discrimination, stigma, and hostile treatment by some health service providers. This scenario, in some instances, is perceived to have fueled their vulnerability and led to internalized homophobia. Conclusion: In pursuit of Sustainable Development Goal Number 3, which challenges all nations to ensure healthy lives and promote well-being at all ages, men who have sex with men are not fully accorded their rights. Therefore, there is a need to reorient health services and align policies to ensure the inclusion of this key population in accessing and utilizing sexual and reproductive health services.

Evaluation of the community participation in solid waste management: case of the city of Bulawayo, Zimbabwe

Evaluation of the community participation in solid waste management: case of the city of Bulawayo, Zimbabwe

Twentieth century precipitation trends in the upper Mzingwane sub-catchment of the northern Limpopo basin, Zimbabwe

This study evaluates precipitation trends in the upper Mzingwane sub-catchment (UMS) of Zimbabwe using ten World Meteorological Organization (WMO)’s Expert Team for Climate Change Detection Monitoring and Indices climate indices. Trend analysis for variables such as annual total precipitation, extremely wet days, consecutive wet and dry days is analysed. The UMS is of strategic socio-economic significance in terms of water security and sustenance to livelihoods in this region and the city of Bulawayo. The analysis is undertaken at four stations: Bulawayo Goetz, Filabusi, Mbalabala and Matopos National Park (MNP), for the period 1921–2000. In general, no statistically significant trends were detected for all indices in all stations (with the exception of MNP (in the westernmost extent of UMS)) which showed significant increasing (decreasing) trends for most dryness (total precipitation) extreme indices. This is indicative of persistent drying coupled with a shift towards shorter very wet periods with more intense precipitation in the past twentieth century. There is also an indication of a general north to south-western declining precipitation gradient during the past ~ 69 years over this region. These findings are not only useful in explaining the historical evolution of observed extremes and their associated socio-economic impacts but also present a baseline for comparative follow-up studies assessing the twenty-first century and future trends in precipitation extreme events in the UMS.

Political Violence and Children in the City of Bulawayo

This research aims to explore how political violence threatens the health of young children in the city of Bulawayo, Zimbabwe. Utilizing a distinction in-contrasts relapse procedure, we uncover the harmful results of political viciousness on Zimbabwean youngster wellbeing. Specifically, political viciousness makes kids weigh 0.720 and 0.565 standard deviations less for their age and stature, separately, when presented to it. Our exploration prescribes embracing opportune and successful drives to limit the pernicious outcomes of political brutality.

Graffiti, Ban or Boon? A Bakhtinian Appreciation of Selected Latrinalia from Bulawayo in Zimbabwe

ABSTRACT This article explores the messages that are created and expressed in alternative and generally informal platforms in response to the cultural practice of tabooing certain themes and language usage in the presentation and sharing of feelings and ideas about such themes. Graffiti and the carnivalesque converge on the fact that their setup is informal in terms of language, themes and manipulated identity of participants. Their content is mainly on tabooed themes and the language that is used is not only crude but also generally “vulgar”, “dirty” or “offensive”. Graffiti has, therefore, been dismissed as mundane and serving the interests of people whose mental state is compromised. It is safe to argue that there are two schools of thought that view graffiti and the carnivalesque differently. These schools of thought can be separated into those in and with authority and those not in and without authority. Those in authority view graffiti and the carnivalesque as practices that go against official expectations and are therefore negative practices. Latrinalia from selected public toilets from the city of Bulawayo was photographed and subjected to Critical Discourse Analysis with attention being paid to carnivality, Bakhtinian dialogism and humour and its impact on the interaction process.

Prevalence and Associated Factors for Sick Leave Among Bulawayo City Health Employees, Zimbabwe, 2013

Sick leave is time spent away from work due to illness or injury. A preliminary review of sick leave records for 2012 for the 6 clinics in Nkulumane showed 3 clinics experienced higher sick leave incidents than the other 3 clinics. The study sought to establish the prevalence and associated factors for sick leave in the City of Bulawayo, Zimbabwe. An analytic cross-sectional study was carried out among Bulawayo City Health employees working in 20 health facilities. A total of 144 respondents and 3 key informants were interviewed. An interviewer-administered questionnaire, key informant interview guide, and a checklist were used to collect data, which was analysed using Epi Info. The prevalence of sick leave was 34%. Employees who took sick leave less than six months ago were 4.3 times more likely to go on frequent sick leave than those who did not (POR 4.3, P-Value 0.002). Employees who reported good team climate were less likely to go on frequent sick leave (POR 0.29, P-Value 0.002). Feeling unappreciated at work was a risk factor for frequent sick leave (POR 2.61, P-Value 0.01). The cost of sick leave for the City of Bulawayo in 2012 was $US20 840. Periodic refresher meetings on conditions of service, training of managers and other employees on good teamwork, and production of a standard template for recording sick leave by clinics may assist in curbing frequent sick leave incidents.

Trends in Diarrhoeal Diseases, City of Bulawayo Clinics, 2007-2012

Diarrhoeal Diseases Are A Public Health Concern And Constitute About 5% Of All Main Causes Of Out-Patient Department Visits In The City Of Bulawayo. We Conducted A Dataset Analysis Of Diarrhoeal Diseases To Determine How The Trends Have Varied Over The Years. A Descriptive Cross-Sectional Study Based On An Electronic Database For Diarrhoeal Diseases (2007-2012) Was Conducted. Data Was Collected Using Compilation Forms And Checklists, Then Analysed Using Microsoft Excel. Three Key Informants Were Interviewed. The Formula, (Mean + 1.5SD), Was Used To Calculate Thresholds For Bloody Diarrhoea. There Were More Watery Than Bloody Diarrhoeal Cases Throughout The Review Period, With 2008 Having The Highest Number Of Such Cases Under 5. In Northern Suburbs, There Was A General Decrease In Both Types Of Diarrhoea Cases In Both Age Groups (<5 And >5) Whilst In Emakhandeni; There Was An Increase In Bloody Diarrhoea Incidence After 2009. The Incidence Rate For Bloody Diarrhoea Was Higher For Females Throughout. There Was An Increase In The Number Of Stool Specimens Collected For Examination Between 2008 And 2012. Overall, There Was A Decrease In The Incidence Of Diarrhoea In Bulawayo City, Partly Due To Regular Anti-Diarrhoeal Campaigns. Following The Study, The Following Measures Were Implemented: Health Education To Improve Hygienic Practices; Advocacy For Improved Water And Sanitation In Cowdray Park; Rotavirus Vaccination For Under-Fives; Maintenance Of All Records On Diarrhoea And Up To Date Thresholds In All Clinics For Use In Monitoring Diarrhoea.

SARS-CoV-2 Serological testing in frontline health workers in Zimbabwe.

BackgroundIn order to protect health workers from SARS-CoV-2, there is need to characterise the different types of patient facing health workers. Our first aim was to determine both the infection status and seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in health workers. Our second aim was to evaluate the occupational and demographic predictors of seropositivity to inform the country’s infection prevention and control (IPC) strategy.Methods and principal findingsWe invited 713 staff members at 24 out of 35 health facilities in the City of Bulawayo in Zimbabwe. Compliance to testing was defined as the willingness to uptake COVID-19 testing by answering a questionnaire and providing samples for both antibody testing and PCR testing. SARS-COV-2 antibodies were detected using a rapid diagnostic test kit and SAR-COV-2 infection was determined by real-time (RT)-PCR. Of the 713 participants, 635(89%) consented to answering the questionnaire and providing blood sample for antibody testing while 560 (78.5%) agreed to provide nasopharyngeal swabs for the PCR SARS-CoV-2 testing. Of the 635 people (aged 18–73) providing a blood sample 39.1% reported a history of past COVID-19 symptoms while 14.2% reported having current symptoms of COVID-19. The most-prevalent co-morbidity among this group was hypertension (22.0%) followed by asthma (7.0%) and diabetes (6.0%). The SARS-CoV-2 sero-prevalence was 8.9%. Of the 560 participants tested for SARS-CoV-2 infection, 2 participants (0.36%) were positive for SAR-CoV-2 infection by PCR testing. None of the SARS-CoV-2 antibody positive people were positive for SAR-CoV-2 infection by PCR testing.Conclusion and interpretationIn addition to clinical staff, several patient-facing health workers were characterised within Zimbabwe’s health system and the seroprevalence data indicated that previous exposure to SAR-CoV-2 had occurred across the full spectrum of patient-facing staff with nurses and nurse aides having the highest seroprevalence. Our results highlight the need for including the various health workers in IPC strategies in health centres to ensure effective biosecurity and biosafety.

Evaluation of Perinatal Mortality Surveillance System in the City of Bulawayo, Zimbabwe

Background: In Zimbabwe, the perinatal mortality surveillance system is based on passive reporting of perinatal deaths using the perinatal death notification forms. Mpilo hospital recorded 74 perinatal deaths from January to September. No death was reported to the city and no perinatal mortality forms were found at the health information section. We aimed to assess the performance of perinatal mortality surveillance system in Bulawayo city. Methods: We conducted a descriptive cross-sectional study in all the maternity centres in Bulawayo City in 2011 using Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidelines for evaluating public health surveillance systems. We used interviewer-administrated questionnaires to collect data. We used a checklist to assess availability of resources. Perinatal death notification forms were reviewed. Results: We interviewed 67 workers. Knowledge on the system was poor. Eight (12%) were trained in IDSR (Integrated Disease Surveillance Response) and three (4.5%) were inducted on the perinatal mortality surveillance system. Sixty-one (91%) regarded the system as useful. City and private maternity centres were not notifying perinatal deaths due to lack of forms. In central hospitals, delay in notification was due to workload and shortage of trained staff. Conclusion: Poor knowledge on the system, lack of induction and trained staff could have contributed to the non-performance of the system in the City of Bulawayo. Most participants reported the system as useful. Lack of documentation made it difficult to follow up on actions plans.

How Would the Trackless Tram System and Public-Private Partnership (PPP) Apply to Bulawayo?

The City of Bulawayo urgently needs to rebuild its dilapidated infrastructure and stimulate its economic activities. A Public-Private Partnership funding mechanism could enable the implementation of Trackless Trams on its corridors bringing mobility, a new solar power system and other multiple economic and social benefits, especially demonstrating the intention of Bulawayo to leapfrog into a 21st century future. This study designs a PPP model referred to as a Three Multifaceted PPP Model (TMPM) that will enable the implementation of the Trackless Tram project in Bulawayo. The TMPM model is composed of three layers of players each required to structure a separate PPP arrangement. The city council would lead the first layer responsible for road construction. The real estate developers would lead the second layer and be responsible for constructing station precincts especially the construction of a solar-based Transit Mall. The Trackless Tram consortium and public transport agency will manage the third layer that provides and operates the trams. The split of the project into three layers should enable its quicker delivery by lowering capital risk through spreading it over a number of players. Climate finance could be tapped. This model should be replicable to other developing cities.

Comparison of index-linked HIV testing for children and adolescents in health facility and community settings in Zimbabwe: findings from the interventional B-GAP study

SummaryBackgroundIndex-linked HIV testing, whereby children of individuals with HIV are targeted for testing, increases HIV yield but relies on uptake. Community-based testing might address barriers to testing access. In the Bridging the Gap in HIV testing and care for children in Zimbabwe (B-GAP) study, we investigated the uptake and yield of index-linked testing in children and the uptake of community-based vs facility-based HIV testing in Zimbabwe.MethodsB-GAP was an interventional study done in the city of Bulawayo and the province of Matabeleland South between Jan 29 and Dec 12, 2018. All HIV-positive attendees (index patients) at six urban and three rural primary health-care clinics were offered facility-based or community-based HIV testing for children (age 2–18 years) living in their households who had never been tested or had tested as HIV-negative more than 6 months ago. Community-based options involved testing in the home by either a trained lay worker with a blood-based rapid diagnostic test (used in facility-based testing), or by the child's caregiver with an oral HIV test. Among consenting individuals, the primary outcome was testing uptake in terms of the proportion of eligible children tested. Secondary outcomes were uptake of the different HIV testing methods, HIV yield (proportion of eligible children who tested positive), and HIV prevalence (proportion of HIV-positive children among those tested). Logistic regression adjusting for within-index clustering was used to investigate index patient and child characteristics associated with testing uptake, and the uptake of community-based versus facility-based testing.FindingsOverall, 2870 index patients were linked with 6062 eligible children (3115 [51·4%] girls [sex unknown in seven], median age 8 years [IQR 5–13]). Testing was accepted by index patients for 5326 (87·9%) children, and 3638 were tested with a known test outcome, giving an overall testing uptake among 6062 eligible children of 60·0%. 39 children tested positive for HIV, giving an HIV prevalence among the 3638 children of 1·1% and an HIV yield among 6062 eligible children of 0·6%. Uptake was positively associated with female sex in the index patient (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1·56 [95% CI 1·38–1·77], p<0·0001) and child (aOR 1·10 [1·03–1·19], p=0·0080), and negatively associated with any financial cost of travel to a clinic (aOR 0·86 [0·83–0·88], p<0·0001), increased child age (6–9 years: aOR 0·99 (0·89–1·09); 10–15 years: aOR 0·91 [0·83–1·00]; and 16–18 years: aOR 0·75 [0·66–0·85]; p=0·0001 vs 2–5 years), and unknown HIV status of the mother (aOR 0·81 [0·68–0·98], p=0·027 vs HIV-positive status). Additionally, children had increased odds of being tested if community-based testing was chosen over facility-based testing at screening (1320 [73·9%] children tested of 1787 vs 2318 [65·5%] of 3539; aOR 1·49 [1·22–1·81], p=0·0001).InterpretationThe HIV yield of index-linked testing was low compared with blanket testing approaches in similar settings. Index-linked HIV testing can improve testing uptake among children, although strategies that improve testing uptake in older children are needed. Community based testing by lay workers is a feasible strategy that can be used to improve uptake of HTS among children and adolescents.FundingUK Medical Research Council, UK Department for International Development, Wellcome Trust.

Responses of macroinvertebrate community metrics to urban pollution in semi-arid catchments around the city of Bulawayo, Zimbabwe

River health monitoring is becoming increasingly important because of the anthropogenic activities that continue to impact on water quality and biodiversity of aquatic systems. This study aimed at identifying and evaluating macroinvertebrate community-based metrics that best respond to degradation due to urban pollution in riverine systems of Bulawayo, Zimbabwe. Data (physicochemical variables and macroinvertebrate specimens) were collected from 17 sites over 3 seasons. The sites were selected across an impairment gradient comprising less impacted, moderately impacted and heavily impacted sites. Heavily impacted sites had the highest levels of total dissolved solids, conductivity, salinity, turbidity, total phosphates, total nitrogen, chemical oxygen demand and sedimentary zinc. Dissolved oxygen was significantly highest in less impacted sites. Sensitivity of 24 macroinvertebrate metrics to this impairment gradient were assessed. A total of 5 metrics were identified as sensitive to modifications in water quality due to urban pollution. These metrics were taxon richness, South African Scoring System (SASS5) score, average score per taxon (ASPT), percentage collectors and percentage scrapers. The selected metrics will be useful for the monitoring and assessment of the studied riverine systems and can be further integrated into one multimetric index that combines a range of indices and allows the integration of ecological information for better management of aquatic ecosystems in this region.

Prioritisation and Localisation of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): Challenges and Opportunities for Bulawayo

Cities are engines of socio-economic development. This article examines and provides insight into the extent of localisation of the UN&amp;rsquo;s Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) using the City of Bulawayo (CoB), in Zimbabwe, as the case study. The key question posited is &amp;lsquo;Does Bulawayo demonstrate potential for sustainable development?&amp;rsquo;. Bulawayo is a strange case study as in the period of the Millennium Development Goals Zimbabwe had a massive increase in death rates from 2000 to 2010 due to the HIV pandemic, political chaos and economic disintegration of that period. Coming out of that period there was little to help cities like Bulawayo grasp the opportunity for an SDG-based development focus. However, after the paper creates a multi-criteria framework from a Systematic Literature Review on the localisation of the SDG agenda, the application to Bulawayo now generates hope. The city is emerging from the collapse of the city&amp;rsquo;s public transport and water distribution systems, once the envy of and benchmark for many local authorities in the country, and has detailed SDG plans for the future. Bulawayo now serves as a planning model for localisation of sustainable development goals.