City's Central District Research Articles

Encouraging Leadership as Mediator on Supportive Work Atmosphere and Instructional Inventiveness of Teachers

The current study aimed to evaluate whether encouraging leadership has significant mediating effect on the relationship between supportive work environment and instructional inventiveness of teachers. The 212 public elementary school teachers in Davao City's Central District were chosen by the researcher to participate in this study as study respondents. Using a stratified random sample technique, the respondents were chosen. A quantitative non-experimental study design with a descriptive-correlational methodology was utilized. The data collected were subjected to the following statistical tools: Mean, Pearson Moment Product Correlation, and Structural equation model using mediation analysis. Descriptive analysis showed that supportive work environment and instructional inventiveness of teachers were described as extensive, while encouraging leadership was rated as moderately extensive. Additionally, correlation analysis showed a strong connection between instructors' innovative teaching practices, school administrators' supportive leadership styles, and a positive work environment. It appears that the relationship between a supportive work environment and teachers' inventive teaching practices is mediated by the supportive leadership style of school administrators, as demonstrated by SEM utilizing mediation analysis. To put it another way, teachers' innovative teaching methods and the school climate in Davao Central District, Davao City, are significantly mediated by the supportive leadership styles of school heads.

Drivers and spatial patterns of carbon emissions from residential buildings: An empirical analysis of Fuzhou city (China)

Global economic development will continue to harm the natural environment. China is the largest contributor to global carbon emissions, with cities and the construction sector playing a major role. Understanding carbon emissions from buildings in cities can inform mitigation measures. This study conducted a comprehensive accounting of carbon emissions from lighting and appliance electricity consumption in residential buildings. The investigation covered Fuzhou city in Fujian Province of China in 2011–2021. ArcGIS generated and analyzed the spatial patterns of carbon emissions by districts. The STIRPAT model identified the leading carbon-emission drivers. The findings indicate: (1) fine-grained spatial distribution of carbon emissions demonstrates a marked concentration in the city center and contiguous districts, low emissions in surrounding districts, and a gradually increasing trajectory; and (2) GDP per capita, urbanization rate, and resident population are the principal drivers of carbon emissions, with every 1 % increase in GDP per capita raising carbon emissions by 0.66 %. Relevant practical energy-saving and emission-reduction measures are distilled from the results. The findings provide a scientific basis for decision-makers to formulate emission-reduction targets and strategies for Fuzhou's residential buildings, a theoretical basis for promoting regional low-carbon development, and a reference for other regions with a similar developing economy.

Field Reconnaissance and Earthquake Vulnerability of the RC Buildings in Adıyaman during 2023 Türkiye Earthquakes

The 6th February 2023 Pazarcık and Elbistan earthquakes (Mw = 7.7 and Mw = 7.6) caused great destruction in many cities and were the disaster of the century for Türkiye. The greatest destruction was caused in the provinces of Hatay, Kahramanmaraş, and Adıyaman during these earthquakes, which were independent of each other and occurred on the same day. Information about earthquakes and strong ground motion records is given within the scope of this study. Reinforced concrete (RC) structures which constitute a large part of the urban building stock in the earthquake region were exposed to structural damage at different levels. The structural damage in the RC structures in the city center, Gölbaşı, and Kahta districts of the province of Adıyaman was evaluated within the scope of earthquake and civil engineering after field investigations. Insufficient RC, low-strength concrete reinforcement problems, RC frame failure, heavy overhang, short columns, soft story, and pounding effect are the main causes of the earthquake damage. The presence of these factors that reduce the earthquake resistance of RC structures increased the damage level. In addition, the fact that the earthquakes occurred nine hours apart and the continuation of aftershocks during that period negatively affected the damage levels. It has been observed that structures that receive the necessary engineering services during the construction and project phases ensure the safety of life and property, even if the structure is slightly damaged. In this study, we also tried to reveal whether the target displacements were satisfactorily represented by numerical analysis for a sample RC structure.

Spatio-Temporal Changes and Driving Forces Analysis of Urban Open Spaces in Shanghai between 1980 and 2020: An Integrated Geospatial Approach

Although there is extensive research demonstrating the significant loss and fragmentation of urban spaces caused by rapid urbanization, to date, no empirical research in Shanghai has investigated the spatiotemporal dynamics of urban open spaces using a comprehensive set of integrated geospatial techniques based on long-sequence time series. Based on the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform and using the Random Forest (RF) classifier, multiple techniques, namely landscape metrics, trend analysis, open space ratio, transition matrix, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), and fractal dimension analysis, were applied to analyze the Landsat satellite data. Next, Geographic Detector (GeoDetector) methods were used to investigate the driving forces of such spatial variations. The results showed that (1) the RF classification algorithm, supported by the GEE, can accurately and quickly obtain a research object dataset, and that calculating the optimal spatial grain size for open space pattern was 70 m; (2) open spaces exhibited declining and contracting trends; and open spaces in the city experienced a decline from 91.83% in 1980 to 69.63% in 2020. Meanwhile, the degree of open spaces in each district increased to different extents, whilst connectivity markedly decreased. Furthermore, the open space of city center districts showed the lowest rate of decrease, with open space patterns fragmenting due to encroaching urbanization; (3) the contribution of socioeconomic factors to the spatial–temporal changes in open space continually has increased over the past 40 years, and were also higher than natural geographic factors to some extent. Apart from offering policy insights guiding the future spatial planning and development of the city, this paper has contributions from both methodological and empirical perspectives. Based on integrated remote sensing and geographic information science (GIS) techniques, this paper provides updated evidence and a clearer understanding of the spatiotemporal variations in urban spaces and their influencing mechanisms in Shanghai.

Some aspects of visual pollution in the central business district of Samawa city

Some aspects of visual pollution in the central business district of Samawa city

EVALUATION OF URBAN LIVABILITY BASED ON SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION AND FUNCTIONAL RADIUS OF LAND USES

The present research has evaluated the spatial distribution and functional radius of land uses in the central district of Tehran city using objective and subjective methods. The findings showed; Land uses have a directional pattern with random distribution and a cluster. The functional radius also indicates a lack of desirable access for residents to land uses. On the other hand, the lack of per capita confirms the results of the functional radius of the land uses. Because the district is facing a per capita shortage in all uses and functional scales. The results of subjective evaluations also showed that residents lack ease of access to land uses. Also, the optimal access to land uses from the residents’ perspectives has been contrary to the standards of urban development plans. What has been quite evident is that spatial injustice in the distribution of land uses and the presence of disparities in access to land uses have had a negative impact on the livability of the district. Our results underscore the importance of a comprehensive examination of livability based on the spatial justice of land uses. This necessitates simultaneous attention to distribution patterns, functional radii of land uses, and the involvement of residents’ perceptions of that space.

Identifying critical landscape patterns for simultaneous provision of multiple ecosystem services – A case study in the central district of Wuhu City, China

Landscape patterns have a global impact on ecosystem services (ESs). Managing land to enhance the provision of multiple ESs is vital for ecological resilience and sustainable development. Identifying critical landscape patterns that simultaneously influence multiple ESs provision based on understanding ES trade-offs is needed. Our study aims to develop an approach to find the relationship between multiple ESs provision and landscape patterns, identify the critical landscape patterns that simultaneously promote multiple ESs provision, and give suggestions on land management based on an understanding of the relationships of ESs. Taking the central district of Wuhu City as an example, production possibility frontier (PPF) and Pareto ranks are used to identify relationships between ESs and extract the landscape pattern characteristics of samples that effectively enhance multiple ESs. Our analysis of trade-offs between ESs highlights the complexity of ES relationships and emphasizes the necessity for multi-dimensional investigative approaches. Landscape metrics of Mean Perimeter Area Ratio (PARA_MN), Coefficient of Variation of Perimeter (PERI_CV), Area-weighted Mean Fractal Dimension (FRAC_AM), and Relative Mutual Information (RELMUTINF) emerged as critical determinants of multiple ESs supply. Our findings suggest enhancing patch shape complexity when conducting land use planning to avoid homogenization and keeping differences between the diversity of land use categories and the diversity of adjacencies small. Also, we recommend caution in using high contagion as the only criterion for land use planning, as its effects may vary on different ES targets.

Improving the safety of pedestrian crossings based on the illumination degree assessment in the Central district of Chita city

The road accidents statistics proves that the main road accidents type in Russia is a collision with a pedestrian, the situation is similar in the Transbaikal Territory (44.9 %). In the darkness hours sharply increases the road traffic danger. Despite the fact that the intensity of traffic during this period is 5–10 times lower than in daylight hours, the road accidents share is 40–60 % of their total number. Therefore, the illumination degree assessment at unregulated pedestrian crossings for the subsequent recommendations development to improve its safety is an urgent problem today. For the first time we have conducted extensive instrumental research to measure the illumination level of different outdoor lighting devices types at pedestrian crossings in the Central District of the Chita city. Five streets and highways of the Chita’s Central District (Lenina St., Leningradskaya St., Butina St., Chkalova St., Babushkina St.) were studied. Measurements were carried out at 75 intersections and 450 points of illumination were measured. Measurements were carried out during 3 months of 2022. The experimental studies results on measuring the illumination degree at night on city streets are averaged and presented in tabular form. Obtained experimental data comparison with the normative values according to GOST R 55706-2013 is given. The rating of streets with division for non-dangerous with the received value over 20 lux, low-dangerous with the received value from 10 to 20 lux, dangerous with the received value more than 20 lux is made. The illumination level map of the street-road network of the central district of Chita city is constructed. Recommendations on improvement of pedestrian crossings safety for inhabitants of Chita city are given.

Comparison of modern and 40-year-old drinking water pipeline in northern Sinai region, Egypt: Characteristics and health risk assessment

BackgroundDrinking water quality is crucial for human health and well-being. This study evaluated the impact of replacing old asbestos pipelines with modern Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) ones on drinking water quality in the North Sinai governorate of Egypt. Ninety-two water samples were collected from nine locations along the pipeline from Qantara water station to El-Arish city, and their microbiological and chemical characteristics were assessed. MethodsThis investigation was carried out during June and July 2019 to evaluate the drinking water in two distribution nets; old asbestos distribution pipes and new Polyvinyl Chloride water tubes (PVC). Microbiological analyses such as most probable number (MPN), total bacterial count (TBC), chemical assessments (water pH, electrical conductivity; EC, dissolved organic carbon; DOC), and health risk index (HRI) for multi-element concentrations were conducted. Standard analyses were followed to assess the water quality index (WQI) and Metal index (MI) and study the improvement percentage in the element's concentrations. ResultsThe highest values of TBC were in the city center district (219 CFUs mL−1), followed by Abu Saqual (184 CFUs mL−1), Resa (174 CFUs mL−1), and recently constructed pipes (80 CFUs mL−1). The pH (7.52 - 7.50) and EC (320 to 958 dSm−1) were within permissible limits. No bacterial indicators of fecal pollution were found in all drinking water samples. Results showed that the modern pipeline network significantly improved the concentrations of 23 elements, with the most significant improvements observed in cadmium (66.2%) and potassium (40.7%). HRI results for multi-element concentrations showed an impact on human health in Abu Saqual. WQI showed a decrease of 30% in toxic element concentration in the current pipelines, and MI assessment showed safe concentrations. ConclusionDrinking water's biological and chemical properties significantly improved, which matched global guideline standards. Our findings highlight the importance of regularly monitoring and updating drinking water infrastructure to ensure safe and high-quality drinking water.

Identification of novel mutations in β-thalassemia patients in Maysan Governorate, Iraq.

In homozygous β-thalassemia, the primary genetic modifiers affecting the clinical severity of β-thalassemia are genetic variants and the ability to reduce globin chain imbalance, thus resulting in a milder form of thalassemia. However, there are few reports on the molecular genetics of β-thalassemia in Iraq. We performed PCR and DNA sequencing on 40 Iraqi patients who were clinically suspected of having β-thalassemia. The first genetic sequencing study was conducted in Maysan Governate, Iraq, using patients from various locations to identify novel mutations. There were five novel mutations: 294.T>C 12% (city center and Almajar district), 205. C>T 25% (city center, Alsalam, and Almashrah districts), 289.G>A 38% (Almaymuna and Gleat Salih districts), 49.T>C 32% (city center), and 624.C>A 32% (city center). These mutations were identified among β-thalassemia patients by two regions of HBB gene 696bp and 861bp. The discovery of new genetic variants helps predict the severity of β-thalassemia disease. There are relatively few studies in molecular genetics of β-thalassemia in Iraq, and the new mutations reported here will provide valuable data for the prevention and control of β-thalassemia in Maysan Governate, Iraq. The results can lead to new genetic sequencing investigations for other Iraqi regions.

Sivas İlinde Bulunan Aksaray Malaklısı Köpeklerinin Sağırlık Yönünden Araştırılması

Aksaray Malaklısı Türkiye’nin yerli genetik kaynaklarından olan bir köpek ırkıdır. Bu çalışmada Sivas ilinde yetiştirilen Aksaray Malaklısının duyma ve işitmesine yönelik mevcut durumun ortaya konulması amaçlanmıştır. Sivas il merkezi ve Kangal ilçesindeki 3 işletmede bulunan toplam 34 adet Aksaray Malaklısı çoban köpeğinde Brainstem Auditory Evoked Response (BAER) testi ile sağırlık tarama işlemi gerçekleştirilmiş ve 20, 40, 60 ve 80 desibeller (dB) yönünden duyma eşikleri elde edilmiştir. Daha sonra köpekler hiçbir ayrıma tabi tutulmadan tek grup olacak şekilde genel, cinsiyet, kulağı kesik olup olmaması ve yaş aralığına göre gruplandırılmış ve her iki kulağa ait dalga boyları yönünden karşılaştırılmaları da yapılmıştır. Grup karşılaştırılmalarında genel grubunda bağımsız gruplarda t-testi, cinsiyet ve kulağın kesik olup olmaması durumuna göre oluşturulan gruplarda Mann Whitney U testi ve yaş grubunda ise Kruskal-Wallis testi uygulanmıştır. Tüm istatistiksel analizler SPSS v.25 paket programında gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda, toplam 2 hayvanda tek taraflı (sol taraf) sağırlığın bulunduğu tespit edilmiştir. Grupların karşılaştırılması sonucunda ise hiçbir grupta ve hiçbir dalga boyutunda istatistiksel olarak önemlilik tespit edilememiştir (P>0.05). Bu çalışmada farklı olarak yaş gruplarında yaş ilerledikçe duyma duyusunda azalma olmadığı, cinsiyetler arasında da farklılık olmadığı tespit edilmiştir. Bu çalışma Aksaray Malaklısı çoban köpeklerinde sağırlık taramasının yapıldığı ilk çalışma olma özelliğine sahiptir. Çalışma başta Aksaray Malaklısının yetiştirildiği Aksaray ilindeki yetiştirici elindeki hayvanları da içerecek şekilde genişletilmesi gerekmektedir.

FINDING THE CHALLENGES OF PLANNING AN INTEGRATED TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM FOR THE TIME OF CRISIS: A CASE OF KHULNA RAILWAY STATION AREA

Khulna railway station is one of the oldest establishments which is situated almost at the heart of Khulna city center, known as the Central Business District (CBD) of Khulna city. To support the growing demand for transport services in the CBD area, the existing three major transport modes (railway, waterway, and roadway) of the railway station area are fully functioning. Though they are situated in the same area for serving the same purposes but work separately. This separate route plan of the three transport modes demands more support services which cause traffic congestion and space scarcity to accommodate heavy weight vehicles like cargo trucks and lorry. The rapid growth of the economy and population of the city demand an upgraded transportation infrastructure. This paper aims to explore the context-specific challenges for planning transportation infrastructure in the CBD and its settlement area. A field survey of the study area, face-to-face interviews of different stakeholders, and questionnaire survey were conducted to gather necessary primary data. Detailed Area plan of Khulna Development Authority (KDA), Khulna City Master plans, newspaper cuttings, journal and conference papers, etc. are analyzed. This paper provides an overview of hazardous conditions of the study area caused by the existing public and freight transportation. Respecting the existing problems and limitations, an integrated transport infrastructure planning guideline has been provided to meet the future transport challenges in the densely populated urban CBD area.

Incidence and factors associated with being lost to follow-up among people living with HIV and receiving antiretroviral therapy in Nyarugenge the central business district of Kigali city, Rwanda.

BackgroundLost to follow-up (LTFUP) continues to threaten the sustainability of antiretroviral therapy (ART) benefits and success of ART programs. We determined the incidence and predictors of LTFUP among people living with HIV (PLHIV) on ART in Nyarugenge the Central Business District of Kigali city.MethodsA cohort of PLHIV who initiated ART in 2018 was retrospectively studied for 24 months. Using health facility records, a person who had no record of contact with the health facility for at least three consecutive months was considered LTFUP. LTFUP incidence rates were computed, and the Fine-Gray’s competing risk regression models were used to determine factors associated with time to first LTFUP. Generalized estimating equations (GEEs) were used to analyze repeated measurement outcomes of LTFUP and predictors of LTFUP.ResultsOf 950 participants, 581 (61.2%) were females and 866 (91.2%) were 15 to 49 years old. From 1,586.1 person years of observation (pyo), 148 participants got LTFUP for 451 times. The incidence rate to first event was 9.4 per 100 pyo (95%CI:7.9–10.9) and 31.8 per 100 pyo (95%CI:29.0–34.4) to multiple events. WHO stage, marital status, employment status and person to contact when PLHIV is not reachable were associated with time to first LTFUP event. However, an average participant with a contact person who was not a Community Health Worker (CHW) or a peer educator had higher incidence of LTUP (aIRR = 2.69, 95%CI: 1.43–5.06), an average single patients had higher incidence of LTFUP (aIRR = 1.74, 95%CI: 1.28–2.34) compared to married/co-habiting, and an average self-employed had higher incidence of LTFUP (aIRR = 1.51, 95%CI: 1.14–2.01) compared to participants employed by others. Furthermore, an average PLHIV living out-of-the health facility catchment area had higher incidence of LTFUP (aIRR = 1.55, 95%CI: 1.19–2.01) compared to an average PLHIV living in the health facility catchment area whereas, an average children initiated on first line had lower incidence of LTUP (aIRR = 0.43, 95%CI: 0.21–0.86) compared to adults.ConclusionUsing CHW and peer educators as contact persons can help to reduce LTFUP while, targeted sensitization and service delivery are needed for single, self-employed and, patients living out of the health facility catchment area.

A Research on the Current Situation, Technical and Economic Structure, Problems and Solution Proposals of Cattle Farms (Tokat City Central District Case)

Bu araştırma ile Tokat ili Merkez ilçesinde bulunan büyükbaş hayvancılık yapan işletmecilerin sosyo-ekonomik yapılarını ortaya koymak ve işletmelerin mevcut arazi varlığı, gübre saklama alanı gibi mevcut durumlarını belirlemek amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaç için 200 büyükbaş hayvan işletmesinin işletmecileri ile yüz yüze görüşülmüştür. İşletmecilerin yaş ortalamasının 52,91 olduğu ve üreticilerin %39,50’sinin ilkokul mezunu olduğu belirlenmiştir. İşletmelerde %80’inde hem süt üretimi hem de et üretimi yapılmaktadır. İşletmelerin %44’ünde gübre muhafaza alanı ve %26’sında sağım ünitesinin mevcut olduğu belirlenmiştir. İşletmelerin %60,50’si hayvanlarını hayvan pazarında satmakta ve %55’i ise hayvan satışında sorun yaşamaktadır. Süt üretiminde bulunan işletmelerin %38’i sütü toptancıya satmaktadır. Bu sonuçlar doğrultusunda üreticinin en büyük sıkıntısı olan yem ve yem masrafı üzerine bir destek politikası geliştirilmesi önerilebilir ya da kaliteli yem yetiştirmek üzere kurs/seminerler düzenlenebilir. Böylelikle işletmeler yem konusunda kendi kendine yeten işletmeler haline getirilebilir. Üstünde durulması gereken bir başka konu ise hijyenin yeterli olmaması ve ahır varlığının az olması sonucunda hayvan kaybının yüksek olmasıdır. Ayrıca gübre saklama depolarının azlığı çevre kirliliği gibi önemli konulara sebep olmaktadır.

Carbon emission accounting and spatial distribution of industrial entities in Beijing—Combining nighttime light data and urban functional areas

Quantifying current carbon emissions their fine scale spatial distribution is necessary to improve carbon emission management, requirements, and emission reduction strategies of key industries. This study established an entity-level model to estimate carbon emissions by combining geographic information of points of interest (POIs) and nighttime light data from Beijing in 2018. The model accounted for the carbon emissions of Beijing's key entities and industries and simulated their spatial distribution. The results showed a good fit between the carbon emissions of the entities and nighttime light brightness values. The 130-m resolution of the urban carbon emission distribution data had a higher spatial simulation accuracy than that of the 1-km Open-Data inventory for anthropogenic carbon dioxide (ODIAC) data. Through the lens of urban functional areas, the average value of carbon emissions was highest in commercial areas and lowest in public management and service areas, at 78,840.11 tC/km2 and 6844.79 tC/km2, respectively. In terms of the industrial sector, the transportation industry had the highest carbon emissions, with a total of 31.86 Mt., while non-metal mining and oil and gas extraction had almost no energy consumption, with total carbon emissions of 1.38 Mt. The spatial clustering results showed that the distribution of carbon emissions in Beijing had a significant positive spatial correlation; forming high-high aggregation clusters dominated by the city center and major business districts and a low-low aggregation clusters dominated by the city's suburban areas. The simulation model clearly reflected the fine scale characteristics of carbon emissions, in terms of their quantity and spatial distribution. Results obtained in this study can aid relevant departments to formulate appropriate strategies for collectively guiding industrial enterprises towards carbon neutrality.

Материалы Всесоюзной переписи населения 1959 г. как источник по истории городской семьи

Using census materials for studying social history of Russia in the 20th century has serious restrictions determined by the census form and by selective publication of the obtained results. Using census forms themselves, fragmentary preserved in local archives, partially solves this problem. The researcher has to turn to the census materials for studying some topics, which are not directly reflected in the census forms, due to limited social statistics on the Soviet society. The article is to clarify the possibility of using primary materials of the 1959 census, stored in the fond of the Regional Statistical Office from the State Archive of the Sverdlovsk Region, alongside with the published data, for studying urban family in Sverdlovsk. The study of the Russian urban family in the second half of the 20th century is important for assessing the consequences of demographic transition of the 1930s – 1980s and the degree of population structure deformation following the Great Patriotic War. Studying the Ural family is significant, as urbanization processes in the region during the said period proceeded extremely intensively. To systematize the information on the census forms, a database “Family of the city of Sverdlovsk, 1959” has been created, combining principles of individual and family registration. The database includes information from 1,200 forms for the Oktyabrsky district. Nearly 17 000 apartment census forms for other urban settlements of the region fall outside the scope of this analysis. Comparison with published data proves that the sample is representative in its most significant indicators. Significant deviations are recorded in the social composition of the population, reflecting specifics of a central district of a large city (dominance of employees, significant number of single-parent families, presumably recent migrants). Among other things, it has been established that most commonly families consisted of two and three persons; in a significant number of cases, the households were headed by young women. The obtained information permits to characterize the Sverdlovsk urban family in terms of the so-called second demographic transition, which significantly influenced family size, distribution of intra-familial roles, and strategies of matrimonial behavior. Given the undoubted scientific value of the primary census materials, discovery of other similar documentary complexes in the Russian archives should be an important direction of research.

LAND RENT IN THE CENTRAL BUSINESS DISTRICT OF A CITY AS A KEY FACTOR OF SOCIAL SERVICE DEVELOPMENT

This article summarizes different approaches to investigation of land rent in the central place system e.g. in the business district of a large city or agglomeration as a key factor of social service development. The main purpose of the study is increase of profitability and competitiveness of service enterprises due to improvement of their location in the business district centre. Systematization of literature sources and approaches to solving the problem of land rent in central business district development allowed to single out the works of domestic scientists such as Tkachenko T. I., Drapikovskyi O. I., Ivanova O. O., Gritsai O. V., Vakulenko V. M., Dekhtiarenko Yu. F., Zakharchenko V. I., Litvinenko R. I., as well as researches of foreign scientists such as Fujita M, Thisse J.-F., Henderson V., Herbert Giersch. The urgency of solving this scientific problem is that land rent in central place system e.g. in the business district of a large city became the main driver of service sector development. The study of land rent development in the article is carried out in the following logical sequence: land rental development of trade objects in a monocentric city, retail locations, rent for trade in episodic demand goods, rent for trade in goods of constant demand, the main feature of the trading enterprises rent investigation, residential land rent of a city, two rent types of residential development estimation, rent function with replacement of production factors instead of output or rent gradient investigation. Methodical tools of the conducted research are methods of formalization, algorithm development, descriptive, analytical and synthetic. The object of the study is land rent development in the central business district of a large city or agglomeration. The article presents the results of an empirical analysis of land rent development in the central business district, which showed its influence on service sector location and growth. The study empirically confirms and theoretically proves procedures of land rent estimation for increasing profitability and competitiveness of service enterprises due to improvement of their location. The results of this study may be useful for different Tourism and Service Companies looking for the best location place in the central business district of a large city.

Re-distributing the field outlets for irrigation networks within the new growth cities: The Central District of Kerbala city as example

Generally, the rivers in both the natural and lined form use the open-section system to carry water, either for distribution or conveyance purposes. With time and depreciation effect, this system needs to be change or modify to become more indirectly suitable with growth of cities, and specially with transformation of land use from agricultural to residential. The present paper aims to reach a proper decision to re-distribute the field outlets for a part of AliHneidiyah river in Karbala city, Republic of Iraq, for the distance between stations (0+000) and (4+000), to choose between keeping up the current number of outlets or reduce them to a certain, actually used one. For this study, the cadastral maps were used as a reference to determine the agricultural areas served by the river during its route within the study area, and geographic information system to monitor the change in the nature of these areas represented by gradual transformation from agricultural to residential purpose, by using of satellite images for four different years, 2002, 2007, 2013, and 2016. The results of this study showed a great reduction in the agricultural areas on both sides of the chosen length of river route by a percentage of 88%, which leads to change location and specifications of the remain, actually used outlets. In addition, use the whole section for conveyance purposes to protect the water quality. This study showed that the geographic information system is a good and helpful technique for evaluation and make decisions of water related subjects.

SATIŞ ELEMANLARININ EMLAK SEKTÖRÜNDEKİ ROLÜNÜN BELİRLENMESİNDE GÜVEN UNSURUNUN ÖNEMİ

Gayrimenkul danışmanlığı, hizmet sektöründe faaliyet gösteren işletmeler içerisinde önemli bir iş alanıdır. Emlak sektöründeki bu faaliyet, yatırım amaçlı alım yapmaya istekli kişiler için veya yüksek gelir gruplarının ek yatırım odaklı hizmet alım süreçleri kapsamında güven unsurunun önemini ve sektördeki hareketliliğe etkisini öne çıkarmaktadır. Sektörel anlamda gerçekleştirilen tüm faaliyetlerin süreçsel anlamdaki verimliliği ve sektöre ekonomik katkısı dolayısıyla güven faktörü oldukça yoğun çalışılan konular arasındadır. Bu doğrultuda çalışmanın temel amacı; güven kavramının önemine, müşterilerin emlakçılara güvenip güvenmediğine ve emlakçıların kendilerine gelen müşteriye güven duygusu verip veremediklerine değinmek, işletmelerin kendilerine müşteri çekebilmesi açısından onlara destek sağlamak ve işletmelerin devamlılığının sağlanması adına farkındalık oluşturmaktır. Çalışma kapsamındaki anket ölçeği Gaziantep ili merkez Şahinbey ilçesinde uygulanmıştır. Çalışmanın örneklemini emlakçılardan belli bir ücret karşılığı hizmet almış veya hizmet talep etmek üzere emlakçılarla iletişime geçmiş 18 yaş ve üzerindeki bireyler oluşturmaktadır. Çalışmada 420 müşteriye uygulanan anket ölçeklerinden elde edilen veriler SPSS 22.0 paket programıyla analiz edilmiştir. Elde edilen bulgulara göre erkekler ile kadınlar arasında güven unsurunun etkisinin farklılık gösterdiği, bu durumda ise satış elemanlarının kadınlara erkeklerden daha az güven verdikleri sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.Gayrimenkul danışmanlığı, hizmet sektöründe faaliyet gösteren işletmeler içerisinde önemli bir iş alanıdır. Emlak sektöründeki bu faaliyet, yatırım amaçlı alım yapmaya istekli kişiler için veya yüksek gelir gruplarının ek yatırım odaklı hizmet alım süreçleri kapsamında güven unsurunun önemini ve sektördeki hareketliliğe etkisini öne çıkarmaktadır. Sektörel anlamda gerçekleştirilen tüm faaliyetlerin süreçsel anlamdaki verimliliği ve sektöre ekonomik katkısı dolayısıyla güven faktörü oldukça yoğun çalışılan konular arasındadır. Bu doğrultuda çalışmanın temel amacı; güven kavramının önemine, müşterilerin emlakçılara güvenip güvenmediğine ve emlakçıların kendilerine gelen müşteriye güven duygusu verip veremediklerine değinmek, işletmelerin kendilerine müşteri çekebilmesi açısından onlara destek sağlamak ve işletmelerin devamlılığının sağlanması adına farkındalık oluşturmaktır. Çalışma kapsamındaki anket ölçeği Gaziantep ili merkez Şahinbey ilçesinde uygulanmıştır. Çalışmanın örneklemini emlakçılardan belli bir ücret karşılığı hizmet almış veya hizmet talep etmek üzere emlakçılarla iletişime geçmiş 18 yaş ve üzerindeki bireyler oluşturmaktadır. Çalışmada 420 müşteriye uygulanan anket ölçeklerinden elde edilen veriler SPSS 22.0 paket programıyla analiz edilmiştir. Elde edilen bulgulara göre erkekler ile kadınlar arasında güven unsurunun etkisinin farklılık gösterdiği, bu durumda ise satış elemanlarının kadınlara erkeklerden daha az güven verdikleri sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.

The Economics of Blockchain-Based Virtual Worlds: A Hedonic Regression Model for Virtual Land

Virtual worlds have become increasingly more important, and are being used for a large variety of recreational and business activities. Various companies have opened virtual offices and brand ambassador spaces, and the recent surge in online interactions has further increased the interest in these social platforms. In this paper, we analyze the first large-scale virtual world that has been built on a public blockchain network. We compile a comprehensive data set that allows us to study the economics of blockchain-based virtual property. We then use this data set to estimate hedonic regression models for virtual land and employ a semi-parametric Mixed Geographically Weighted Regression (MGWR) model that allows for spatially flexible coefficients. In particular, we expect the central business district (CBD) gradient and the street distance coefficients to vary across the virtual world. Conversely, we consider the coefficients of binary variables to be more meaningful in a global context. For inference purposes, we employ spatial robust heteroskedasticity and autocorrelation consistent (HAC) standard errors. We find evidence that prices of virtual land parcels are primarily driven by factors that are of particular importance in business applications. Land parcels in close proximity to popular landmarks, such as the city center, main streets, plazas and commercially-driven districts, as well as parcels with easily memorable address-like features were claimed at substantially higher prices. We used different model specifications and conducted various robustness checks, including a separate estimation for price segments and investor-specific effects. All specifications have led to similar results and support the evidence from our MGWR model.