City Break Research Articles

A systematic review of city break travel in tourism

AbstractDespite the growing body of research on urban tourism in the field of tourism and hospitality, only a limited number of studies have delved into the role of city breaks in tourism and analyzed the tourist experience in city break travel. The primary objective of this study is to identify and conceptualize city break tourism and provide guidance for contemporary analyses of city break travel experiences. Specifically, this study aims to: (1) identify the characteristics of city break travel and develop a conceptual framework for city break tourism based on these features; (2) explore the factors influencing city break tourist experiences. To achieve these goals, a systematic review of city breaks has been conducted in the tourism and hospitality sectors to gain a comprehensive understanding of city break tourism. The study contributes both theoretically and practically to the field.

Wpływ pandemii COVID-19 na zmiany podejścia do zarządzania miastami historycznymi na przykładzie Florencji

Miasta historyczne zyskały w ostatnich latach na atrakcyjności w oczach turystów dzięki modzie na krótkie podróże miejskie (tzw. city breaks) i dostrzeżenie uroków korzystania z przestrzeni historycznych dzielnic. Wzrost liczby turystów w historycznych przestrzeniach miast przyniósł zarówno pozytywne skutki (np. korzyści ekonomiczne, przyśpieszenie procesów rewitalizacji), jak i negatywne (np. pogorszenie jakości życia, rosnące zatłoczenie i ceny nieruchomości mieszkalnych) dla miast i ich mieszkańców. Kryzys wywołany pandemią COVID-19 i związane z nim ograniczenia możliwości podróżowania rozpoczęły dyskusję na temat przyszłości historycznych dzielnic i zmian, jakie powinny zostać wprowadzone, aby ograniczyć niepożądane przez społeczności lokalne oddziaływanie turystyki na śródmieścia miast. Korzystając z opracowań naukowych, danych zastanych i informacji pozyskanych z wywiadów pogłębionych przeprowadzonych przez autora w 2022 r., analizie z tej perspektywy zostały poddane przemiany oraz polityka miejska wobec historycznej dzielnicy śródmiejskiej Florencji, miasta wpisanego na Listę Światowego Dziedzictwa UNESCO. We Florencji w trakcie trwania pandemii była kontynuowana debata dotycząca pożądanych kierunków zmian w podejściu władz miasta do jego historycznego centrum, czego efektem było m.in. wypracowanie wspólnie z mieszkańcami nowego planu zarządzania obszarem UNESCO. Problemy funkcjonowania zabytkowej dzielnicy wyeksponowane przez pandemię stały się motorem napędowym do zainicjowania procesu zmian. Część proponowanych rozwiązań jest już obecna w lokalnych dokumentach miejskich i jest sukcesywnie wdrażana. Kwestią dyskusyjną pozostaje jednak skuteczność wprowadzonych przez władze lokalne instrumentów zarządzania dzielnicą śródmiejską i możliwość ich rzeczywistego wpływu na sposób funkcjonowania historycznego centrum miasta w postpandemicznych warunkach.

Can “The City Break” Movement be an Effective Public Policy for Local Development? Isparta Province Example

Öz
 Amaç: Çalışmanın amacı, City Break hareketinin yerel kalkınmanın sağlanmasında kamu politikası örneği olarak etkin bir turizm politikası olup olmadığının tespit edilmesidir.
 Tasarım/Yöntem: Araştırma konusunun derinlemesine incelenebilmesi için amaçlı örnekleme yöntemi tercih edilmiştir. Bu çerçevede araştırmanın örneklemini, Isparta bölgesindeki 13 turizm paydaşı oluşturmaktadır. Araştırma için yarı yapılandırılmış soru formu kullanılmış, veri toplama yöntemi olarak görüşme tekniği tercih edilmiştir. Elde edilen verilen Maxqda programı kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir.
 Bulgular: Analiz sonuçları City Break dahilindeki ziyaretçilerin Isparta’nın doğal ve kültürel yapısından etkilendiğini, ulaşım açısından avantajlı bir konumda olduğunu düşündüklerini; fakat City Break ziyaretçileri için yeterli düzeyde politika bulunmadığını göstermektedir. Aynı zamanda bilgiye ulaşım konusunda çevrimiçi bilgi ve iletişim sistemlerinin sıklıkla tercih edildiği ve gerçekleştirilen geziler sonrasında görüş ve düşüncelerin değerlendirildiği gözlenmektedir. Diğer sonuçlar ise kurumlar arası iş birliklerinin prosedür tabanlı olduğunu bununla birlikte kurumların sıklıkla yerel politika ve aktivitelere yöneldiğini göstermektedir. Elde edilen bulgular değerlendirildiğinde Isparta’nın City Break için zengin bir bölge olduğu ve kalkınma sürecinde City Break hareketlerinin etkin bir politika olarak tercih edilebileceği öngörülmektedir. Fakat cevaplar neticesinde Isparta’da City Break için yeterli çalışma ve aktivite yapılmadığı, kalkınmaya fayda sağlaması amacıyla bu alana yönelik kamu politikaları geliştirilmesi gerektiği düşünülmektedir.
 Sınırlılıklar: Araştırma örneklemini, Isparta'daki turizm paydaşları oluşturmaktadır. Bu unsur araştırmanın temel sınırlılığını oluşturmaktadır.
 Özgünlük/Değer: Çalışma, yerel kalınma ile City Break Hareketi arasında ilişki kurması bakımından özgün bir niteliğe sahiptir.
 Anahtar Kelimeler: City Break Hareketi, Yerel Kalkınma, Kamu Politikası, Turizm Politikası

Emerging cities and travel motivation: A latent profile analysis approach

Emerging city destinations frequently face numerous managerial challenges, resulting in common pitfalls and rookie mistakes. The evolution, new dynamics, and shift in tourism demand, together with many cities’ efforts to diversify offerings and exploit their multi-attractiveness, necessitate a re-evaluation of present viewpoints on what motivates city break tourists. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to focus on scale development for emerging cities travel motivation; and to determine latent subpopulations (profiles) within a population of city break visitors based on their motivation to visit a city. The study used principal component analysis to test the dimensions of the emerging cities travel motivation factors scale. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to test the measurement model. Subtypes (profiles) of city break travel motivation factors were obtained using latent profile analysis (LPA). The following dimensions for the emerging cities travel motivation scale were identified: Image, Vibrance, and Novelty, Core Destination Values, Social Experience, Ego Boosting and Shopping, Psycho-physical Relaxation. Based on LPA analysis four profiles of emerging city visitors were defined: Indifferent, Conventional, Psycho-physical relaxing, ego-boosting, and Shopping city break tourists. From a theoretical standpoint, this study broadens the existing corpus of research on emerging cities travel motivation, allowing for the discovery of distinct latent groups of visitors as well as significant differences between them.

'To get freedom, one went abroad a lot': British Homosexual Men and Continental Europe as a Site of Emancipation, 1950-75.

This article traces the leisure travel of British homosexual men in continental Europe between 1950 and 1975. The aim of this article is to challenge narratives of British post-war sexual rights discourses as isolated from continental Europe. Taking a transnational approach, which examines the ways in which Britain was embedded in processes of social and cultural change across Europe, it charts informal encounters and networks of cultural communication forged by homosexual men themselves during the post-war tourist boom. Using Oral Histories deposited at the British Library Sound Archive, I emphasize the role of homosocial spaces in the production and performance of the sexual self and establish how affluence provided access to spaces for sexual self-development during a period when homosexuality remained criminalized in Britain. It explores two distinct types of holidays taken by homosexual travellers, examined via a life writing approach-the Amsterdam city break and the southern European beach holiday-and shows how these experiences shaped their self-conception and hopes for a more tolerant society at home. In revealing how foreign forms of homosexual sociability influenced domestic politics, I argue for a stronger emphasis on British entanglements with continental Europe when tracing political and social transformations during the post-war period.

Travel journalism in Odesa during the Russian-Ukrainian war: patriotic upbringing or therapy

This article is devoted to travel journalism as it is practiced in the military Odesa and the characteristics of preparing a travel media products, conducting tours at this time and their prospects for development. The situation how Odesa got into the travel rankings and became one of the best city break destinations for 2022 by the version of а British online newspaper “The Independent” and how the Russian attack changed tourism in the famous resort city is discussed in the article. As follows Odesa region has become a shelter for more than one hundred thousand Ukrainians from the eastern regions of the country. The displacement is considered at different levels. Internally displaced people had to leave their homes instinctively in order to survive. Millions people remain trapped and in need of all kinds of aid. Another part of refugees have already fled Ukraine. Inbound movement can be considered “frozen”, because visiting or returning to a dilapidated country remains extremely dangerous. This is mainly applies to foreign journalists.

An Emotion Recognition Based Assistant For Vehicles

Numerous studies have been conducted on automated vehicles. Additionally, considerable research has been done to increase vehicle safety. The majority of safety-related research done in this field uses hardware and electronic components. Lane keep assistance, parking assistance, and city break assistance are a few instances that can be given. Only a small number of software-related parts are utilized in current automobiles, nevertheless. The primary illustration for this is vehicle assistants. However, current vehicle aides can carry out commands and carry out some specified responsibilities for drivers or passengers. In some aspects, this might be able to lessen driver stickiness and increase driving enjoyment. In contrast to the current vehicle assistants, this proposed assistant represents a fresh method. It can detect drivers' emotions and adjust behavior accordingly. The major goal of this research is to reduce accidents that are caused by driver distraction. Additionally, this suggested helper may recognize emotional states in drivers, such as fatigue, grief, and anger, and act accordingly to keep them focused on the road.

The relative importance of culture in urban tourism: implications for segmentation

PurposeThis paper aims to contribute to urban tourism segmentation studies by examining the role of culture as a motivation for city visits, different preferences for activities and the demographic factors that influence activity choices. This study also compares the memorability of the trip across the segments identified based on their undertaken activities.Design/methodology/approachThis paper draws on questionnaire data that was collected from 614 tourists in Budapest, Hungary. Tourist segmentation was based on a two-step procedure: principal component analysis and Hierarchical Cluster Analysis. Multinomial logistic regression was applied to reveal the effect of different demographic and travel-related characteristics on the segments.FindingsThe research revealed that cultural activities are still the most important motivation for urban tourists and that cultural tourists constitute the biggest segment (43%). They show a preference for heritage sites, museums and galleries rather than performing arts and festivals. Multinomial logistic regression showed that party tourists can be differentiated from cultural tourists and city break tourists predominantly by age and travel status. Older age groups and women are more likely to be interested in heritage sites, museums and galleries. Party tourists found their experience significantly more memorable than any other group and were much more likely to re-visit and recommend.Research limitations/implicationsOverall, this study provides useful information for destination management organisations and city agencies about which activities to promote and how to segment and potentially target tourists. This study did not include lifestyle and personality factors, secondary and complementary attractions or cultural proximity and distance.Originality/valueThere have been relatively few recent studies on urban cultural tourism segmentation, especially in whole destinations rather than at individual attractions, it was therefore considered timely to re-visit this area of research. This paper reinforces the importance of segmentation studies in tourism and analyses the changing motivations and activity preferences of urban cultural tourists over time.

CONSIDERATIONS ON THE CULTURAL TOURISM MARKET AND CULTURAL TOURIST PROFILE

The article proposes a conceptual analysis of the cultural tourism market and the profile of the cultural tourist. The way in which, depending on the different types of motivations, the cultural tourism market can be subdivided into a number of sub-markets or niche markets such as: tangible heritage (tangible), intangible culture (intangible), city breaks, tastings (food and wine), community tourism in which tourism experiences are managed by local communities and religious / spiritual tourism. Cultural tourists are individuals or groups looking for distinct experiences, focusing on visual arts and entertainment, architecture, cooking and crafts, often combining primary motivation with secondary motivation. Cultural tourism is linked to the profile of tourists, and here the generational component seems to be particularly relevant. Identifying and understanding the most appropriate tourist markets and the motivations and needs of tourists in travel experiences is a critical step in attracting tourists to tourist cities with cultural and heritage values. Cultural tourists validate the importance of heritage, arts and culture through experience in these destinations, and income from this type of tourism contributes to the prosperity of the community and local businesses, while supporting activities related to culture, art or local public services. The methodology used includes bibliographic documentation for the analysis, detailing and exemplification of niche markets of cultural tourism, as well as the investigation of the relationship between the availability of cultural goods and the motivation, typology and profile of cultural tourists.

Rural Tourism During the Covid-19 Pandemic: A Case Study from North-Western Transylvania

"The current restrictions imposed by the Covid-19 pandemic have a strong impact on all forms of tourism. Rural tourism holds certain advantages over alternative/classical forms, which reduce the risk of infection i.e. unpolluted air and tranquility, low population density, reduced human interaction, easy social distancing and smaller lodgings. This paper analyzes the rural tourism potential for a village situated in North-Western Transylvania (Romania): Mănăstireni. The data was captured by developing and distributing a questionnaire consisting of 34 question. The results indicate that, whilst the local infrastructure is deficient, respondents are generally satisfied or very happy with the rural tourism in the analyzed area. Among the most frequently quoted advantages were found to be tranquility, clean air, beauty of landscapes, and the hosts’ hospitality. These identified characteristics represent clear advantages that rural tourism holds over classical/ alternative forms (e.g. city breaks), especially in the current pandemic conditions. Key words: rural tourism, sustainability, Mănăstireni, Cluj County, COVID-19 JEL classification: L83, Z32, L80. "

Living with bronchiectasis during the COVID-19 pandemic

Living with bronchiectasis during the COVID-19 pandemic

Influence of tourists’ sociodemographic characteristics on their perception of destination personality and emotional experience of a city break destination

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate the influence of tourists’ sociodemographic characteristics on their perception of destination personality and emotional experience on the example of the city break tourism destination.Design/methodology/approachTo examine this relationship, survey research was conducted on a sample of 203 national and international tourists who visited Novi Sad, the second-largest city in Serbia.FindingsResearch results confirmed the role of travelers’ sociodemographic variables in shaping their emotional experience and destination personality perception. The findings pointed out significant divergences in the perception of emotional experience in the case of respondents’ education level, previous visits to the city and travel companion. On the other hand, the analysis showed that repeat visitors significantly differed from first-time visitors regarding destination personality perception. In addition, differences in both destination personality and emotional experience assessment were found between national and international city break travelers.Originality/valueThe current study is first to focus on the role of travelers’ sociodemographic variables in simultaneous modeling of their perception of destination personality and emotional experience within the city break destination context. Besides, results revealed some new influencing factors of both destination personality and emotional experience perception, thus contributing to the existing tourism literature. In addition, this paper offers useful practical implications for city break marketers to adapt promotional activities, more effectively present the desired brand personality of the city to different sociodemographic categories of tourists and sustain repeat tourists’ perception of Positive surprise.

The Effect Of Store Atmosphere On Re-Visit Breaktime Interest In Bima City

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh store atmosphere terhadap minat berkunjung ulang pada Break Time Kota Bima. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah asosiatif dengan menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif. Variabel penelitian terdiri dari : store atmosphere (X) dan minat beli ulang (Y). Seluruh variabel diukur dengan menggunakan skala Likert. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah 96 responden. Pengujian instrumen dengan menggunakan uji validitas dan uji reliabilitas. Alat analisis data yang digunakan adalah regresi linier sederhana dengan SPSS versi 16. Hasil penelitian menunjukan garis regresi sebagai berikut : Y= 7,312 + 0,239X+ e. Nilai R (Koefisien Korelasi) yang diperoleh sebesar 0,359 atau 35,9% dan nilai R Square (Koefisisen Determinasi) sebesar 0,129 atau 12,9%. Hasil dalam penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa store atmosphere berpengaruh terhadap keputusan pembelian yang dibuktikan dengan nilai t hitung 3,725 > t tabel 1,985 dan nilai signifikansi sebesar 0,000 < 0,05.
 Kata Kunci : Store atmosphere, minat beli ulang konsumen.
 

Two transitions in spatial modular networks

Understanding the resilience of infrastructures, such as a transportation network, has significant importance for our daily life. Recently, a homogeneous spatial network model was developed for studying spatial embedded networks with characteristic link length such as power-grids and the brain. However, although many real-world networks are spatially embedded and their links have characteristics length such as pipelines, power lines or ground transportation lines they are not homogeneous but rather heterogeneous. For example, density of links within cities are significantly higher than between cities. Here we develop and study numerically and analytically a similar realistic heterogeneous spatial modular model using percolation process to better understand the effect of heterogeneity on such networks. The model assumes that inside a city there are many lines connecting different locations, while long lines between the cities are sparse and usually directly connecting only a few nearest neighbours cities in a two dimensional plane. We find that our heterogeneous model experiences two distinct continuous transitions, one when the cities disconnect from each other and the second when each city breaks apart. This is in contrast to the homogeneous model where a single transition is found. Although the critical threshold for site percolation in 2D grid remains an open question we analytically find the critical threshold for site percolation in this model. In addition, it has been found that the homogeneous model experience a single transition having a unique phenomenon called critical stretching where a geometric crossover from random to spatial structure in different scales found to stretch non-linearly with the characteristic length at criticality. In marked contrast, we show here that the heterogeneous model does not experience such a phenomenon indicating that critical stretching strongly depends on the network structure.

What will prevail within citybreak travel, motivation or demotivation?: Case study of Novi Sad, Vojvodina, Serbia

The aim of this paper is to develop a new perspective on urban tourist motivations and demotivation's by applying the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) model in order to better understand how tourists make decisions about which destinations to visit. Authors discovered that most important factor within city break travel is internal force, followed by the external force and least important is demotivation. The paper argues that the results indicate the value of applying the AHP model to understand the role and importance both of push and pull factors and demotivators in urban tourism destination choice.

WOMEN 40+ AS A SEGMENT OF RECIPIENTS OF TOURIST SERVICES

Purpose. The aim of the study was to learn about the tourism activity of women aged 40+, including preferred offers, ways of spending time and organisation of trips. Method. The desk research method was used in the study. A review of available secondary data illustrating the tourism activity of women and vacation offers dedicated to women was conducted. The method of diagnostic survey was used as well as the survey technique. The survey was conducted among an unrepresentative sample of 155 women aged at least 40 years. Results. The data of official statistics, from which the women were distinguished, showed that they are active participants in the tourism market. They take domestic and foreign trips for different purposes and in diverse company. There are also more and more travel offers dedicated only to women and they go beyond relaxation at sSpa & Wellness facilities. The results of empirical research have shown that the respondents were quite active in tourism. Most often, they travelled with family or only with a partner, but very rarely alone. Among the most important goals, apart from resting, were cognitive objectives and entertainment, and among the most important factors of trip organisation: the place of tourist reception, company and weather. The most attractive, in addition to trips to the sea, in the opinion of the respondents are active trips to the mountains and the city break. Research and conclusions limitations. A relatively small sample does not give grounds to make generalisations. Practical implications. The research results can be used by tourism organisers to improve the leisure offer for the segment under study. They can also be used as inspiration for further research in this area. Originality. The adopted research problem is not popular among tourism researchers. The research also used its own research tool (questionnaire). Type of work. The article presents the results of empirical research.

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CITY TOURISM WITH ACCENT ТО ТHE CITY TOURISM IN THE REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA

With their cultural and historical contents, cities have always attracted tourists, thus contributing to creating a new kind of tourism - city tourism. The potentials of cities have contributed to creating other types of tourism such as fair, cultural, congressional, sports, religious tourism, etc. City breaks have become a contemporary trend and a phenomenon in world tourism, which an increasing number of tourists is becoming more interested in, and these tourists want to spend their short breaks, holidays or weekends in them. Comprehensive and short visits to major cities offer an opportunity to discover their tourist values such as ambience, architecture, culture, art, people, customs, etc. Basically, urban tourism is an activity that takes place in urban areas. City break is the third most important type of tourism in international tourism and the third most important type of vacation and traveling in Europe after ―sun and beach‖ and ―tour‖. In the last three decades, tourism in the world has been witnessing a constant growth of city break. The growth of this type of tourism is associated with the growth of the urban population in the world. City break tourism gives an impetus to the revitalization of urban areas. Historic cores of cities and pedestrian zones are urban spaces that appeal to visitors and are always attractive places visited by most tourists in all seasons. One of the most common activities of city break is seeing the sights of a city, its attractions, museums, galleries and historical landmarks, most often with a special open-type bus with a tour guide.

Charakterystyka turystyki miejskiej wśród studentów krajów Grupy Wyszehradzkiej

Obecnie coraz większą rolę w wyjazdach turystycznych odgrywają wyjazdy krótkie, trwające kilka dni. Wpisanie się w ten trend jest jednym z najbardziej oczywistych kierunków współpracy pomiędzy krajami Grupy Wyszehradzkiej (V4), którą tworzą cztery kraje: Polska, Republika Czeska, Słowacja oraz Węgry. Turystyka , a turystyka pomiędzy nimi w szczególności ma szansę stać się widocznym elementem statystyk wyjazdów i przyjazdów zagranicznych w każdym z czterech krajów. Miasta od wieków przyciągały turystów, oferując im zakwaterowanie, wyżywienie, rozrywkę i inne atrakcje. Nie ulega wątpliwości, że turystyka na obszarach miejskich – przyjmująca różne formy, takie jak turystyka krajoznawcza, kulturalna, kulinarna czy imprezowa – stała się w skali globalnej czymś powszechnym. Nie brakuje w Europie miast, które co roku przyciągają rzesze turystów z kraju i z zagranicy, a organizację wielkich imprez, takich jak koncerty, wydarzenia kulturalne, pokazy lotnicze, coraz częściej postrzega się jako skuteczny sposób na znaczne zwiększenie napływu turystów – zarówno w krótszej, jak i dłuższej perspektywie. Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie kierunków wyjazdów wśród studentów z krajów Grupy Wyszehradzkiej w ujęciu turystyki miejskiej. Dla realizacji celu przeprowadzono badania ankietowe wśród 197 studentów turystyki we wszystkich krajach Grupy Wyszehradzkiej. Autorzy podjęli próbę znalezienia wspólnych cech, dzięki którym może rozwijać się turystyka miejska pomiędzy krajami Grupy, oraz analizy aktywności turystycznej studentów w poszczególnych krajach V4. Przedstawione zostały kraje, które – zdaniem respondentów – są najbardziej atrakcyjne w zakresie uprawiania city breaks oraz najbardziej atrakcyjne w zakresie możliwości zwiedzania dziedzictwa kulturowego (pomniki, muzea). W artykule przedstawione zostały także wyniki badania, mówiące o tym, który kraj – zdaniem ankietowanych – jest najbardziej atrakcyjny pod względem możliwości zrobienia zakupów

Winter Weather Anomalies and Individual Destination Choice

Recently, several winter seasons in the European Alps have been unexpectedly warm. In the Austrian mountains, December 2015 was the warmest since weather records began, with a temperature deviation of +6.6 °C compared to the long-term average. By use of data on 6200 individual trips from the Austrian travel survey, a multinomial Logit model is employed to estimate if weather anomalies affect the choice of winter trips. A substitution for more distant trips may create additional environmental burdens, given that they require longer travels or alternative transportation modes. Estimation results reveal that the choice of a mountain destination is not yet affected by extreme winter weather conditions. The result is valid for December 2015, as well as for the total winter season 2015/2016. However, December 2015 and 2016 exhibit a separate development with a significant increase in the likelihood of trips to non-mountains in Europe (mostly city breaks), although no traces of a direct substitution effect can be found. Younger and older people, as well as women, are less likely to go on a winter trip to the mountains. Residents with a tertiary degree and students are more interested in this, as well as large travel groups.

The consumer journey in the digital age: the challenges faced by destination and place marketing agencies

This conceptual paper evolved from an extensive literature review and a consultancy project conducted via a UK University Business School/commercial sector collaboration. The paper explores how the digital age is presenting challenges for destination and place marketing agencies. Key trends in consumer behaviour are identified and their significance is examined. The context is largely the European tourism sector with a particular focus on the UK. The paper argues that many place and destination marketing agencies are not responding to the challenges of the digital era. With this as the backdrop, a novel conceptualisation of the customer journey model is offered which can be tested empirically. A vignette supports the model and this illustrates the complexities in consumer behaviour that are involved in a decision over where to take a city break. The paper concludes with strategic recommendations for destination and place marketing agencies.