Citrus Plants Research Articles

ZnO quantum dots reduce acquisition of huanglongbing pathogen by Diaphorina citri.

Diaphorina citri Kuwayama is the main vector of the Huanglongbing (HLB) pathogen Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas). Therefore, reducing CLas acquisition by D. citri is crucial for controlling the spread of HLB. This study aimed to investigate the effect of ZnO quantum dots (ZnO QDs) on CLas acquisition by D. citri. The results showed that ZnO QDs were absorbed by citrus plants and D. citri, inducing reactive oxygen species generation in the intestine and causing intestinal cell apoptosis. The uptake rate of CLas was reduced to 75% and 22.3% after treatment with 2 and 5 mg ∙ mL-1 ZnO QDs, respectively, compared with 100% in the control group. Transcription analysis showed significant changes in the expression of D. citri genes related to apoptosis, oxidative stress, and DNA replication and repair. The results suggested that ZnO QDs could efficiently reduce CLas acquisition by D. citri, providing a safe and reliable tool for HLB prevention and control. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

HHS-RT-DETR: A Method for the Detection of Citrus Greening Disease

Background: Given the severe economic burden that citrus greening disease imposes on fruit farmers and related industries, rapid and accurate disease detection is particularly crucial. This not only effectively curbs the spread of the disease, but also significantly reduces reliance on manual detection within extensive citrus planting areas. Objective: In response to this challenge, and to address the issues posed by resource-constrained platforms and complex backgrounds, this paper designs and proposes a novel method for the recognition and localization of citrus greening disease, named the HHS-RT-DETR model. The goal of this model is to achieve precise detection and localization of the disease while maintaining efficiency. Methods: Based on the RT-DETR-r18 model, the following improvements are made: the HS-FPN (high-level screening-feature pyramid network) is used to improve the feature fusion and feature selection part of the RT-DETR model, and the filtered feature information is merged with the high-level features by filtering out the low-level features, so as to enhance the feature selection ability and multi-level feature fusion ability of the model. In the feature fusion and feature selection sections, the HWD (hybrid wavelet-directional filter banks) downsampling operator is introduced to prevent the loss of effective information in the channel and reduce the computational complexity of the model. Through using the ShapeIoU loss function to enable the model to focus on the shape and scale of the bounding box itself, the prediction of the bounding box of the model will be more accurate. Conclusions and Results: This study has successfully developed an improved HHS-RT-DETR model which exhibits efficiency and accuracy on resource-constrained platforms and offers significant advantages for the automatic detection of citrus greening disease. Experimental results show that the improved model, when compared to the RT-DETR-r18 baseline model, has achieved significant improvements in several key performance metrics: the precision increased by 7.9%, the frame rate increased by 4 frames per second (f/s), the recall rose by 9.9%, and the average accuracy also increased by 7.5%, while the number of model parameters reduced by 0.137×107. Moreover, the improved model has demonstrated outstanding robustness in detecting occluded leaves within complex backgrounds. This provides strong technical support for the early detection and timely control of citrus greening disease. Additionally, the improved model has showcased advanced detection capabilities on the PASCAL VOC dataset. Discussions: Future research plans include expanding the dataset to encompass a broader range of citrus species and different stages of citrus greening disease. In addition, the plans involve incorporating leaf images under various lighting conditions and different weather scenarios to enhance the model’s generalization capabilities, ensuring the accurate localization and identification of citrus greening disease in diverse complex environments. Lastly, the integration of the improved model into an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) system is envisioned to enable the real-time, regional-level precise localization of citrus greening disease.

Flavonoids analysis in citrus peels by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS and its antioxidant and anti-inflammation activity

Citrus is the world's largest fruit, developed a rich variety resources in a long history of cultivation. Flavonoid is a natural product found widely in citrus plants. In this study, the major flavonoids and relative activities of 9 citrus peels were investigated by using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS) analysis and antioxidant and anti-inflammatory assays in A549 cell. A total of 51 flavonoids were identified, comprising a variety of subclasses. Notably, Citrus Reticulata Blanco (MJ) and Bu Zhi Huo (CJ) demonstrated distinctive flavonoid profiles. Flavonoid extracts from MJ and Citrus maxima (HY) peels significantly reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and decreased the levels of cytokines (IL-8, TNF-α, MCP-1, and IL-6) in A549 cells. Furthermore, these extracts up-regulated the expression of Nrf2 and HO-1 and inhibited the phosphorylation of p65 and NF-κB activity. Gray correlation analysis identified (-)-vestitone, dimefline, eupafolin, and trans-cinnamaldehyde as strongly associated with inflammatory markers. The findings suggest that flavonoids extracted from citrus peels possess significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, highlighting their potential as natural therapeutic agents for combating inflammation.

Quality citrus planting stock production program – a success story from Central India

Quality citrus planting stock production program – a success story from Central India

Intelligent sprinkler irrigation system for citrus orchard in plateau of Yunnan, China

This study was designed to develop water-saving irrigation strategy for citrus cultivation at Xinping County, Yunnan, China. This county has a mountainous landscape with resources of natural rivers. Based on the local standard water quota (DB53/T168-2019) of Yunnan Province, Xinping County falls into the dry-hot valley VI -2 zone. We developed a Smart Sprinklers irrigation system to meet the actual irrigation requirements of citrus plants with multiple benefits starting from economic to social and environmental protection. We considered the specific situation of the project area, and then design an irrigation system for citrus orchard. Hydraulic calculations determined the suitable materials and sizes for pipes, valves, and irrigation equipment, based on the area’s water demand favoring micro-sprinkler irrigation. Following technical standards, we selected appropriate equipment for designing the pipe network, including the layout, positioning, and installation of the pumping station, moisture meters, weather station, and pest monitoring system. Further research could investigate the adoption of renewable energy to enhance system sustainability and examine the transferability of these systems to different crops and similar geographic regions. It is concluded that this technology and design is very useful for the cultivation of citrus plants in hilly areas.

Microbial community of cultivated and uncultivated citrus rhizosphere microbiota in Brazil

The rhizosphere microbiome is known to contain beneficial microorganisms that promote plant growth and increase tolerance to abiotic and biotic stresses. Understanding citrus microbiome diversity and the percentage of diversity that can be recovered in the laboratory is essential for developing innovative approaches to improve plant health and promote sustainable agricultural practices. However, information about the citrus root microbiome, especially in the context of exploring commercial citrus growing areas to identify beneficial plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), is scarce. Here, we present the microbiome data of healthy citrus trees sampled from geographical regions of São Paulo and Amazonas States, in Brazil. The resulting rhizosphere microbiome data comprise an average of 126,180 and 138,707 high-quality reads for the 16S rRNA V3–V4 and ITS1-5F regions, respectively. The taxonomic analysis of cultivated diversity revealed a total of 91 bacterial genera recovered in the laboratory. These data provide valuable information for understanding how the microbiome supports citrus plants in different environments and for developing new strategies to improve crop productivity by using PGPR.

Pre-Grafting Exposure to Root-Promoting Compounds Improves Top-Grafting Performance of Citrus Trees.

Top grafting is an efficient and practical technique for the renewal and rejuvenation of citrus trees in old orchards. However, root death after top grafting restricts plant growth and canopy reconstruction. Thus, applications of rooting promotion substances before citrus top grafting may increase the amount and activity of roots, thereby enhancing top-grafted plant performance. To test this assumption, four rooting promotion substances, i.e., rooting promotion powder, biochar, organic fertilizer, and potassium fulvic acid, were applied before top grafting, and the effects on biometric and physiological parameters were analyzed after top grafting. The results showed that the application of all rooting promotion substances before top grafting has a positive effect on growth and mineral nutrient acquisition, as well as on foliar C and N assimilates and the activity of anti-oxidative enzymes of top-grafted plants. Rooting promotion powder and biochar had the best effect on top-grafted tree performance in the short term. In conclusion, pre-grafting root promotion reduced root damage, enhanced nutrient acquisition, and improved the physiological performance of top-grafted plants. Therefore, this approach can play a crucial role in accelerating canopy reconstruction in old citrus orchards and in improving citrus plant development.

Groundcover improves nutrition and growth of citrus trees and reduces water runoff, soil erosion and nutrient loss on sloping farmland.

Groundcover management plays a crucial role in improving water retention and soil nutrition in orchard systems, thereby preventing environmental constrains by non-point source pollution. However, effectiveness of groundcover management in citrus orchards developed on sloping farmland with eroded purple soil has not been studied in detail. In particular, information on the soil nutrient losses, e.g., nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), through interflow and its effects on growth and nutrition of citrus plants has not been reported. The present study evaluated the effects of different cover crops, i.e., Lolium perenne L. (Lolium), Vicia villosa Roth (Vicia) and Orychophragmus violaceus (Ory), on nutrition and growth of citrus trees as well as water, soil and nutrient retention in an orchard developed in sloping farmland during two consecutive years. The results show that the groundcover species Lolium and Vicia mediated nursing effects on nutrition and growth of citrus trees. These nursing effects included enhanced foliar levels of carbon(C), N and P as well as increased tree height, stem diameter, and crown width. Groundcover management generally reduced the annual surface runoff, interflow, soil loss, total N loss and total P loss. Among the cover crop species studied, Lolium and Vicia were overall more efficient than Ory in this context. Lolium reduced the average annual total loss of N and P by 42.53% and 49.23%, respectively, compared with clean tillage. The estimated annual reduction potentials of soil, N and P losses in Southwestern China were 16.3, 3.4 and 8.5 million tons yr-1, respectively. Obviously, Lolium and Vicia provide highly beneficial ground coverage on sloping farmland and, thus, can be used for future sustainable development of citrus orchards.

Biocompatible Naringin loaded low molecular peptide Nanogels are effective against human melanoma cells.

Melanoma, a type of cancer, has the ability to metastasize and can be fatal. The lack of success in the treatment of melanoma with chemotherapeutic agents and the side effects have led to the search for new agents. Moreover, developing systems that will provide reduce side effects by using biocompatible carriers, may be beneficial. Naringin (NAR), from Citrus plants, has anticancer and anti-inflammatory properties. NAR is useful in formulations where it is used with a carrier due to its low water solubility and bioavailability with few toxicity. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of NAR-loaded peptide based Fmoc-FF nanogels on human melanoma (SK-MEL-30) cells. Characterization of NAR-loaded Fmoc-FF nanogels was carried out. The biocompatibility properties of Fmoc-FF and NAR-loaded nanogels were evaluated in mouse fibroblast (L929) cells, and their cytotoxic effects were evaluated in human melanoma (SK-MEL-30) cells by the MTT method. While the DCF-DA method was used to measure the effects on reactive oxygen species (ROS) release, the changes in oxidative stress biomarkers were examined by spectrophotometric analysis, tyrosinase enzyme activity and inflammation biomarkers were investigated by ELISA method. Comet method was used to evaluate antigenotoxic effects. It has been observed that loading NAR into Fmoc peptide gels may be effective in causing cytotoxic, genotoxic, anti-inflammatory and anti-tyrosinase effects and an increase in ROS release in melanoma cells. These results indicate that NAR-loaded Fmoc-FF gels, which have the feature of easy application to the skin, may be effective in the treatment of melanoma without causing toxic effects.

Logistics Structure Analysis for Selayar Tangerine Supply Chain Mapping

Citrus fruits are in demand not only for their freshness, but also for their fiber content as nutrients and vitamins, especially vitamin C and vitamin A, which are beneficial for health. Selayar Islands Regency is a citrus development area in South Sulawesi Province. The citrus crop developed in Selayar Islands Regency is the tangerine variety. Along with the development of the citrus plant area, the population of citrus plants in Selayar Islands Regency increases every year. This study aims to describe the mapping of the Selayar tangerine supply chain structure through logistics cost analysis to map the distribution of income between supply chains. The number of respondents in this study was 45 people. This research uses descriptive analysis with convenience and snowball sampling methods to get an objective picture. This research uses logistics cost analysis using the Activity Based Costing method. The results showed that the levels involved in the supply chain are farmers, collectors, wholesalers, small traders, and consumers. The results of the logistics cost calculation show material handling costs as the highest cost of the entire Selayar tangerine supply chain cost.

Metabolic and physiological effects of antibiotic-induced dysbiosis in citrus

Streptomycin (Str) and oxytetracycline (Otc) are widely used antibiotics to manage bacterial diseases in citrus and other crops. However, their impacts on the rhizosphere bacterial assembly and plant physiology are poorly understood. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of Str and Otc on the physiology (assimilation, transpiration rate, intracellular CO2, and stomatal conductance to water vapor), rhizosphere bacterial assemblages (16S rRNA gene high-throughput amplicon sequencing), and rhizosphere metabolite profiles in healthy Citrus reticulata trees. The results indicated a reduction in photosynthesis after Str and Otc treatments, whereas CO2 outflow stayed constant. Both antibiotics decreased the culturable numbers of bacteria. Analysis of the microbiome showed changes in relative abundance of bacterial groups, specifically Pseudomonas, Agrobacterium, and Streptomyces, in response to the antibiotics. Metabolite profiles changed in streptomycin- and oxytetracycline-treated citrus plants suggesting response to microbe targets or induction of stress responses. This study advances knowledge of antibiotic-driven effects on the rhizosphere microbiome, rhizosphere metabolome, and plant physiology, which is essential for managing plant diseases while safeguarding rhizosphere ecology and long-term plant health.

Comparative analysis of the PAL gene family in nine citruses provides new insights into the stress resistance mechanism of Citrus species

BackgroundThe phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) gene, a well-studied plant defense gene, is crucial for growth, development, and stress resistance. The PAL gene family has been studied in many plants. Citrus is among the most vital cash crops worldwide. However, the PAL gene family has not been comprehensively studied in most Citrus species, and the biological functions and specific underlying mechanisms are unclear.ResultsWe identified 41 PAL genes from nine Citrus species and revealed different patterns of evolution among the PAL genes in different Citrus species. Gene duplication was found to be a vital mechanism for the expansion of the PAL gene family in citrus. In addition, there was a strong correlation between the ability of PAL genes to respond to stress and their evolutionary duration in citrus. PAL genes with shorter evolutionary times were involved in more multiple stress responses, and these PAL genes with broad-spectrum resistance were all single-copy genes. By further integrating the lignin and flavonoid synthesis pathways in citrus, we observed that PAL genes contribute to the synthesis of lignin and flavonoids, which enhance the physical defense and ROS scavenging ability of citrus plants, thereby helping them withstand stress.ConclusionsThis study provides a comprehensive framework of the PAL gene family in citrus, and we propose a hypothetical model for the stress resistance mechanism in citrus. This study provides a foundation for further investigations into the biological functions of PAL genes in the growth, development, and response to various stresses in citrus.

Evaluation of Hesperidin-Zinc Complex as a Novel Therapeutic Agent for Depression Treatment in Rats

Introduction: The complex contains hesperidin and zinc. The zinc is essential micronutrient that is important for human metabolism and catalyzes over 100 enzymes. It can be used to treat Wilson disease, decreased immunity, acute and chronic diarrhea. The hesperidin is a bioflavonoid found in many citrus plants. It has numerous activities like antioxidant, antibacterial, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, used to treat inflammation, Hypotension, varicose veins, venous ulcer, oxidative stress. There is no scientific evidence to support the claim that the complex of hesperidin and zinc have antidepressant properties even though zinc and hesperidin both separately have been linked to antidepressant activity in the literature. Objectives: The aim of this research is to find out whether complex of hesperidin and zinc can prevent reserpine induced depression. Methods: Wistar rats were used in this study after acclimatization. The induction group will be induced with reserpine to produce the depression in rats. The experiment included various treatment group of high and low dose of the test drug. Rats were used for the assessments, based on behavioral parameter like tail suspension test (TST), forced swimming test (FST), and elevated plus maze test then histopathology of hippocampus, cortical and substantia nigra region has been analysed, and along with measuring the BDNF levels. Results: On reserpine induced depression, complex of Hesperidin and zinc at low dose (100 mg/kg) shows negligible improvement in depressed behavior, when compare with standard fluoxetine (10 mg/kg). On the other hand, high dose (200 mg/kg) of the complex shows greater improvement also showed normal morphology in all 3 regions of the brain and showed increased level of BDNF in brain compared to low dose (100 mg/kg). Conclusions: Hesperidin-zinc complex was discovered to be a successful antidepressant drug, according to the study's findings. According to the findings, however a high dose of complex is more effective at treating reserpine induced depression than a low dose of complex.

Effects of Soil Properties on the Accumulation and Bioavailability of Copper in the Orange Growing Soil in Cao Phong, Hoa Binh

This study focuses on investigating the crucial influence of some soil properties on the adsorption capacity and fractions of Cu in the citrus-growing soil in Cao Phong district, Hoa Binh province. Batch experiments were conducted by adding 0, 100, 500, and 1000 mgCu/L to soil samples with different characteristics. In the 100 mgCu/L added experiment, we found the highest Cu adsorption rate (> 93.76%) in soil samples with loamy texture, high pHKCl, %OC, and low nutrients. Conversely, the lowest Cu adsorption rates (78.32-79.23%) were observed in soil samples with lower pH, and higher %OC and nutrient availability. Noting that the total adsorbed Cu has a negative correlation with the amount of Cu added to the soil, gradually decreasing from (78.32-95.67%) to (26.67-34.19%) and the lowest (22.48-28.56%) in soil samples with the added levels of 100, 500, and 1000 mgCu/L, respectively. In soil samples with total Cu > 200 mg/kg, pHKCl 4.79-5.32, and OC 1.34-2.06%, the bioavailable Cu ranged from 2.29-4.29 mg/kg, which is safe for the soil environment and ecosystem, and sufficient as a micronutrient for citrus plants. It is necessary to find the best solutions for managing Cu-polluted soils.

Citrus yellow vein clearing virus infection triggers phloem remobilization of iron- and zinc-nicotianamine in citrus.

Citrus yellow vein clearing virus (CYVCV) is a worldwide and highly destructive disease of citrus, but the mechanisms involved in CYVCV-inhibited plant growth are not well understood. This study examined nutrient levels and their cellular distribution in different organs of healthy and CYVCV-affected citrus (Citrus reticulata 'Kanpei') plants. We found that CYVCV-infected plants exhibit characteristic symptoms, including a significant reduction in iron (Fe) and other elemental nutrients in the shoots. Our data suggest that CYVCV-induced chlorosis in citrus leaf veins is primarily due to iron deficiency, leading to reduced chlorophyll synthesis. Further analysis revealed a marked decrease in iron concentration within the pith and xylem of citrus petioles post-CYVCV infection, contrasting with increased Fe and zinc (Zn) concentrations in the phloem. Moreover, a substantial accumulation of starch granules was observed in the pith, xylem, and phloem vessels of infected plants, with vessel blockage due to starch accumulation reaching up to 81%, thus significantly obstructing Fe transport in the xylem. Additionally, our study detected an upregulation of genes associated with nicotinamide metabolism and Fe and Zn transport following CYVCV infection, leading to increased levels of nicotinamide metabolites. This suggests that CYVCV-infected citrus plants may induce nicotinamide synthesis in response to Fe deficiency stress, facilitating the transport of Fe and Zn in the phloem as nicotinamide-bound complexes. Overall, our findings provide insight into the mechanisms of long-distance Fe and Zn transport in citrus plants in response to CYVCV infection and highlight the role of nutritional management in mitigating the adverse effects of CYVCV, offering potential strategies for cultivating CYVCV-resistant citrus varieties.

Enhancing Citrus Resilience: Strategies and Advances in Abiotic Stress Management: A Review

Citrus, a major global agricultural crop is highly valued for its nutritional benefits and widespread consumption. However, as a subtropical plant, citrus is particularly sensitive to abiotic stresses such as salinity, drought, waterlogging, nutrient deficiency, high irradiance and cold temperatures. These stresses pose significant challenges to citriculture, reducing yield and fruit quality. Traditional methods like rootstock selection and plant breeding have been used to improve stress tolerance to some extent. Recent advancements in genetic engineering and biotechnology have enhanced our understanding of the molecular mechanisms behind stress tolerance. Identifying and isolating specific genes and transcription factors have led to novel agricultural practices that economically benefit citriculture and mitigate the adverse effects of abiotic stress. This review paper emphasizes and summarises the citrus responses to abiotic stress and strategies developed to enhance stress tolerance in citrus plants.

Effectiveness of A Combination of Kitolod Leaves (Laurentia longiflora), Papaya Leaves (Carica papaya), and Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) as Candidates for Biocides on Bactrocera Pests in Citrus sinensis Plants

Bactrocera is a pest that is detrimental to citrus farming. Bactrocera attacks cause developmental disorders in citrus fruit, including changes in fruit color (black spots appear from Bactrocera infection) and premature rot. Bactrocera also has a symbiotic relationship with Liberibacter asiaticus which causes Citrus Vein Phloem Degeneration (CVPD) disease which attacks phloem tissue in citrus plants. Bactrocera pest control was carried out by combining plants that have the potential to be used as biocides, namely kitolod, papaya, and lemongrass plants. This combination was used to switch the habits of fruit farmers who previously used synthetic pesticides to control pests. Natural biocides are expected to have the same effectiveness as synthetic pesticides, but leave no residue on cultivated plants. A combination biocide from the three plants was made using the maceration method to obtain an infusion from each plant. Before being tested on Citrus plantations, an assay was carried out using an olfactometer to determine the effectiveness of the biocides. The research revealed that the combination of these three plants has the potential to be used as a natural biocide without leaving residueand causing damage or other developmental disorders to citrus plants.

Infield disease detection in citrus plants: integrating semantic segmentation and dynamic deep learning object detection model for enhanced agricultural yield

Infield disease detection in citrus plants: integrating semantic segmentation and dynamic deep learning object detection model for enhanced agricultural yield

The feeding behavior of Diaphorina citri monitored by using an electrical penetration graph (DC-EPG) on citrus plants treated with Bacillus cereus and Bacillus velezensis

Diaphorina citri, an important pest and insect vector that can transmit the pathogenic bacteria Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus, causing Huanglongbing disease, is one of many challenges in citrus agriculture. Integrated pest management by utilizing microorganisms is a wise and efficient alternative without damaging the environment. Utilization of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR), such as Bacillus cereus and B. velezensis, is a potential strategy for the biological control of plant diseases or insect vectors. By inducing systemic resistance in plants, PGPR can enhance plant defense against diseases and insect pests while activating molecular and physiological changes in plants. This research aimed to determine the effect of B. cereus and B. velezensis on the plant growth and feeding behavior of D. citri. The height and volume of the plant canopy were observed periodically for 6 months, while the feeding behavior of D. citri was monitored using the Electrical Penetration Graph (DC-EPG). The results showed increased height and volume of the citrus plant canopy treated with B. cereus, indicating that B. cereus could act as a PGPR. The application of B. cereus and B. velezensis to citrus seedlings affected the feeding behavior of D. citri. D citri showed difficulty in penetrating the phloem tissue of citrus plants.

Impact of Phytophthora Spp. on Morphological, Physical, and Biochemical Parameters of Citrus reticulata

Citrus gummosis, caused by Phytophthora spp., is one of the economically critical fungal diseases prevailing in the major citrus-growing areas of the country. The fungus induces alterations in morphological and physiological parameters (leaf area, fruit weight, fruit volume, fruit length, fruit diameter, peel thickness, peel weight, rag weight, and juice weight). Therefore, the study was conducted to analyze the physical and biochemical parameters of citrus plants of various Citrus reticulata infected with phytophthora gummosis. Citrus leaves and fruits were collected to determine different morphological, physical, and biochemical parameters to compare the diseased and healthy citrus samples. There was a significant difference (P 0.05) in physical parameters between infected and healthy citrus samples. The fruit size was significantly lower within the range of 29.1-35.4 cm2 in the diseased plants as compared to healthy ones (37.3-43.6 cm2). The fruit volume of infected samples, with a maximum difference of 37.1 cm3, was also recorded in infected and healthy samples. The infected citrus samples had lower fruit weights of 111.3–145.2 g than the healthy samples (147.8–175.9 g). The leaf area was significantly less for diseased plants (11.8–20.0 cm2) compared to 17.1-29.5 cm2 for healthy samples. Other physical parameters were also altered, but not significantly. Similarly, biochemical parameters such as TSS to Acid ratio 77.9–86.8, Total Soluble Solids 11.3–11.6%, Vitamin C 55.4–77.9 mg/100 mL, total phenolic contents 288.8–341.9, total flavonoids 210.1–240.2, antioxidant activity 655.7–749.5, and pH 3.13–3.32 were found to be significantly lowered at P 0.05 in diseased citrus samples as compared to those in healthy citrus samples with the mean values of 101.3–109.5, 12.2–12.4%, 91.5–123.5 mg/100 mL, 3636.1-421.2, 249.7–285.6, 749.6–867.7, and 3.52–3.81, respectively. The findings of the research revealed the devastating impact of Phytophthora spp. on C. reticulata, resulting in low yield and fruit quality.