Citrus Exports Research Articles

Unlocking the Potential: Factors Driving the Competitiveness of Citrus Exports from Pakistan

Pakistan's agriculture industry is vital to the country's economy since it has confined exportation goods and markets and struggles with a lingering trade imbalance. This study shed light on the modern economic notion of competitiveness by attempting to assess and pinpoint factors affecting citrus exports, which account for 2.48% of the agricultural GDP. In trade theory, competitive edge is a better phrase to use instead of "competitive profit." Panel data and time series data were also employed in this study. The UN-FAO, AMIS, WDI, and WITS were the primary sites from which the secondary sources of data were gathered. The factors that generated an estimate of exports among Pakistan and other nations were identified using a gravity model. The export number, the variables that varied between Pakistan and its top exporters included the value of exports and exporting price examined in this study. RCA indices and their expansions were used in conjunction with suitable statistical techniques to examine the collected data. The study's conclusions were anticipated to be useful in formulating some plans to boost Pakistan's citrus exports. The nominal GDP of Pakistan and the importing nations, their exchange rate, and the region under evaluation for citrus were important drivers. The findings of this study demonstrated that while Pakistan's citrus output is fairly steady, much more work is required to guarantee and optimize gains in the export of citrus crop types.

Examining the impact of dry climates temperature on citrus fruit internal ripening

High temperatures alter the ripening process of citrus fruit, affecting quality, flavor, harvest time and marketing period. For example, citrus fruits ripen faster and are sweeter in tropical hot-humid climates than in Mediterranean warm-dry climates due to higher sugar accumulation and organic acid catabolism. Considering that: 1) over 60 % of the world's citrus exports come from countries with warm Mediterranean climates, and 2) the Mediterranean region is warming 20 % faster than the global average, the citrus industry will face significant challenges in the coming years. The range of high temperatures and the timing at which they determine sugar and acid content in dry climates have not been studied under field conditions. Therefore, a study was undertaken over 6 years to determine the relationship between high temperature and citrus ripening in two dry macroclimates, hot (Arid, in Morocco) and warm (Mediterranean, in Spain), and 5 microclimates of the Mediterranean region.Heat stress in these dry climates correlates with changes in fruit quality (lower juice and sugar content, and higher organic acids), depending on the maximum temperature threshold and the time of onset and duration of heat. In the arid climate, the heat stress threshold was found to be a significant number of days above 35 °C. This was particularly important at the beginning of summer (July in the northern hemisphere). However, in the current Mediterranean climate of Spain, the percentage of summer days above 35 °C is still low indicating that other microclimatic conditions are involved in determining fruit quality. In particular, an increase in the number of days with temperatures between 27 °C and 33 °C in late summer and early autumn was found to correlate with reduced citric acid concentration. Microclimate did not determine sucrose, fructose, and glucose concentrations.

Competitiveness of citrus export and its determinants: a two-way fixed effect panel data model approach.

Pakistan has a conducive condition for the development of a wide range of scrumptious fruits. As a result, the country grows a diverse assortment of tropical and subtropical fruits; the most prized and top-ranked fruit among all fruits grown in Pakistan is citrus. Citrus is the principal fruit that contributes significantly to Pakistan's export earnings and national income. In this study, the cross-border determinants influencing Pakistan's citrus exports to its topmost 22 trading partners are examined using a gravity model technique. This is the first large study from Pakistan by using gravity model to check the impact of various cross-border factors on citrus fruit export. The analysis is based on a panel dataset covering the years 2003 to 2021. To estimate the results, the study used fixed effect regression with time and country fixed effects. The results signify that per capita income, population, and some regional dummies are positively associated with citrus exports from Pakistan. Citrus price, distance, exchange rate, and other regional dummies are observed to have an adverse effect on citrus exports. Trade agreements between Pakistan and trade partners such as free trade agreements, preferential trade agreements, and SAFTA, have been observed as important determinants of citrus exports. Citrus exporters in Pakistan can also benefit from understanding the factors that influence export markets. By addressing the challenges identified in this study, Pakistan can enhance its citrus exports and boost its agricultural sector.

Development of TaqMan RT-qPCR for the detection of regulated citrus viruses and viroids in Aotearoa New Zealand

The major citrus species include several economically important fruits, such as orange, mandarin, lemon, limes, grapefruit and pomelos. Since the 1980 s, total production and consumption of citrus has grown strongly with the current annual worldwide production at over 105 million tonnes. New Zealand's citrus exports, for instance, had an estimated worth of NZ$ 11.6 million (approx. US$ 7 million) in 2020. Citrus plants are prone to viral diseases, which can lead to substantial economic losses. In New Zealand, the citrus Import Health Standard (IHS) has identified 22 viruses and viroids that are subject to regulation and requires citrus nursery stock to be free of these pathogens. As such, there is a need for reliable, sensitive, and rapid detection methods to screen for these viruses and viroids during post entry quarantine. In this study, we developed TaqMan RT-qPCR assays for the detection of nine of these regulated viruses and viroids, namely citrus leaf rugose virus (CiLRV), citrus leprosis virus C (CiLV-C), citrus leprosis virus C2 (CiLV-C2), citrus leprosis virus N (CiLV-N), citrus psorosis virus (CPsV), citrus yellow mosaic virus (CYMV), citrus bent leaf viroid (CBLVd), citrus viroid V (CVd-V), and citrus viroid VI (CVd-VI). These assays have been validated and found to be highly sensitive, specific, and reliable. The implementation of these assays will facilitate the safe importation of citrus nursery stock, thus safeguarding the country's horticultural and economic interests.

Economic Analysis of the Determinants of Citrus Exports in South Africa Post the Era of Trade Liberalisation

The purpose of the study was to analyse the determinants of South African citrus exports post era of trade liberalisations using secondary data from 1996 to 2018. The Johansen Cointegration model was used to test the long-run relationship between the citrus export and the determinants in the post era of trade liberalisation and Ordinary Least Squares regression was used to determine the relationship between citrus export in South Africa and the selected determinants post the era of trade liberalisation. The results of the Johansen Cointegration model show the existence of a long-run equilibrium relationship between citrus exports and the determinants of South African citrus exports. The Ordinary Least Squares regression results provided evidence that citrus production and citrus world market prices are the major influencers of citrus export in South Africa. The Department of Agriculture and the Citrus Associations should make initiatives to ensure an increase in citrus production by promoting development programmes for the citrus producers.

CITRUS DISEASE CLASSIFICATION WITH TRANSFER LEARNING AND CNN BASED MODELS

In recent years, image processing and deep learning have been widely used in the detection and classification of plant diseases. These uses offer great opportunities for the early detection of plant diseases in agriculture. Early detection of the disease is essential to prevent disease symptoms from spreading to intact leaves and to reduce crop damage. For the stated reasons, a deep learning model with three different approaches has been proposed and used for the classification of diseases that are most common in citrus leaves and affect citrus export to a great extent. Training and test data used in the proposed model are separated according to the K-fold 5 value. For this reason, the average of the performance values obtained according to the K-fold 5 value is presented in the study. As a result of the experimental studies, with the fine-tuned DenseNet201 model, which is the first model, an accuracy rate of 0.95 was achieved. In the second model, with the proposed 21-layer CNN model, an accuracy rate of 0.99 was achieved. The third model is defined to show the progress of the proposed DenseNet201 model over the basic DenseNet201 model. With the CNN method recommended for the classification of citrus grades, Blackspot (citrus black spot (CBS), canker (citrus bacterial cancer (CBC)), greening (huanglongbing (HLB)), and (healthy) Healthy) 100%, 100%, 98% and 100% rates have been reached.

Elucidation of Physio-Biochemical Changes in Citrus spp. Incited by Xanthomonas citri pv. citri

India is one of the leading citrus−producing countries, next to China and Brazil. Despite the sizeable production, especially of lemons and limes, India contributes meagerly to the world’s citrus market. Of the various factors responsible for the restricted quantum of citrus export, citrus canker (Xanthomonas citri pv. citri) is one of the leading serious causes and directly impacts the appearance of the fruits. Considering the extent of damage, the present study aimed to understand the impact of Xanthomonas citri pv. citri (Xcc) on the physio−biochemical responses in contrasting Citrus spp. Two genotypes, each of three citrus species, namely Citrus aurantifolia (Pusa Udit and ALC−35), C. limon (Kagzi Kalan and Konkan Seedless), and C. paradisi (Redblush and Marsh Seedless), were artificially inoculated with Xcc (108 to 109 cfu/ mL) by the pinprick method. The physio−biochemical changes in the host were evaluated after 48 h post inoculation (hpi). The chlorophyll content (total, a, and b) degradation and reduction in leaf gas exchange parameters, such as photosynthetic rate (A), transpiration rate (E), stomatal conductance (gs), and intrinsic water−use efficiency (iWUE), were measured to a greater extent in susceptible than resistant genotypes. The microscopic observations also evidenced higher stomatal density with larger stomatal areas in susceptible genotypes, favoring the easier penetration of Xcc in host tissues than resistant species or genotypes. The higher activities of various antioxidant enzymes, viz., superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), and glutathione reductase (GR), the contents of soluble protein, and phenolics were measured in resistant genotypes in contrast to susceptible genotypes. The activities of phenyl ammonia lyase (PAL) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) were also higher in resistant genotypes, whilst the levels of ROS (superoxide radical and hydrogen peroxide) production were enhanced in susceptible genotypes. Based on the host–pathogen interaction, the order of resistance in a descending manner was found as Kagzi Kalan, Marsh Seedless, Redblush, Konkan Seedless, Pusa Udit, and ALC−35. Further, the results will enhance the understanding of the pathogen mechanism during pathogenesis in resistant and susceptible Citrus species.

AN ALLOCATION MODEL FRAMEWORK FOR A CAPACITY-CONSTRAINED PORT: A CASE FOR CITRUS EXPORTS AT THE PORT OF DURBAN

This article investigates the viability of using forced allocation as a mechanism to alleviate capacity challenges through scenarios of varying allowable citrus throughput at the Port of Durban. Rule-based resource allocation techniques are used to divide the allowable citrus throughput at the constrained port between production regions by setting quotas. The allocation model framework minimises the impact of the forced allocation on the citrus export cold chain by setting the quotas as constraints in an integer programming (IP) formulation of a minimum cost transportation problem (TP) for the system. The results show that forced allocation is feasible under at least one resource allocation technique for four of the scenarios tested. Keywords: Allocation models, citrus exports, port capacity, Port of Durban

Boosting the citrus export of india through institutional support to farmers: Assessing the policy initiatives

Boosting the citrus export of india through institutional support to farmers: Assessing the policy initiatives

Detecting temperature breaks in the initial stages of the citrus export cold chain: A case study

Background: Fruit is an important export commodity for South Africa and accounts for 35% of its agricultural exports. South Africa is the second largest citrus exporter in the world, behind Spain. Maintaining the postharvest cold chain is key to ensuring that fruit quality meets export standards.Objectives: The main objectives of this research were to investigate the frequency, location, magnitude and duration of temperature deviations in the South African leg of the clementine and navel orange cold chain.Method: Temperature trials were conducted on two consignments of clementines and two consignments of navels. Each consignment contained 36 iButtons®, of which 18 measured pulp temperature and 18 measured ambient temperature. Data were successfully retrieved from 130 of the 144 iButtons®.Results: This research identified areas where the temperature went outside the prescribed range along the South African portion of the export cold chain of navel oranges and clementines from Citrusdal, South Africa to the Port of Newark, United States of America.Conclusion: The temperature incidents identified could result in a breach of the cold sterilisation (steri) protocols and quality defects. Recommendations were made to address these deficiencies to improve the South African citrus industry’s global competitiveness.Contribution: This research allowed the citrus industry to investigate and adjust current cold chain practices to improve the integrity of the entire export cold chain, potentially resulting in a higher quality product and increased revenue.

Citrus Export Performances of Southeast Asian Countries: A Comparative Analysis

Citrus is a popular horticultural commodity worldwide, including in Southeast Asian. This study aimed to comparatively analyze export performances of citrus (limited to lime and lemon) among Southeast Asian countries (ASEAN), that are represented by the top 5 larger exporters, namely Vietnam, Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Singapore. This study applied several approaches, i.e., RCA (Revealed Comparative Advantage), ECI (Export Competitiveness Index), TSI (Trade Specialization Index), AR (Acceleration Ratio), and EPD (Export Product Dynamics). The secondary data is derived from the International Trade Center from 2010 to 2020. The result showed that those five countries had a low comparative advantage (RCA < 1), but Vietnam had a better performance than other countries. However, Indonesia displayed an upward trend in citrus exports in the last two years (ECI>1). If we look further, Indonesia was still in the initial stage of the citrus export activity to the world market (TSI -0.9), in similar to Singapore and Malaysia, while Vietnam's position was more advanced (TSI 0.9). Indonesia still has a chance to maintain its market share, as indicated by the increased export trend, even though the current condition showed a weak comparative advantage and is still in the initial export stage.

Public–private cooperation and the provision of public goods for lemons and citrus exports from Argentina and Uruguay

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to study the lemon and citrus clusters in Argentina and Uruguay, in which the central role of public-private coordination in ensuring successful participation in global value chains. International agrifood markets are increasingly segmented in terms of quality, plant health and safety standards, requiring the implementation of reliable traceability systems and certifications of good practices. These requirements call for the alignment of various actors – including private companies, plant health organizations, science and technology institutions – behind a common interest.Design/methodology/approachThis study employed a series of case studies to answer the research question. Thus, the study conducted 30 in-depth semi-structured interviews with stakeholders from different public and private organizations (18 for the Argentinean case and 12 for Uruguay). This fieldwork took place between June and November 2020, where all interviews were recorded.FindingsThe clusters studied here exemplify how these challenges can be successfully met. In turn, these achievements not only represent new export opportunities, employment generation, attraction of foreign direct investment (or the opening of subsidiaries in other countries by one of the local companies) but also the possibility for small producers to benefit from a novel array of sectoral public goods and institutions that have the potential to contribute to their growth.Research limitations/implicationsThe adoption of a case study method limits the generalization of results.Originality/valueThis study sheds light on how public–private cooperation spaces and the provision of public goods might boost fruit exports.

Evaluation of Structure of Citrus Export and the Effects of Supports on International Competitiveness in Turkey

Evaluation of Structure of Citrus Export and the Effects of Supports on International Competitiveness in Turkey

Statistical analysis of demand for Egyptian citrus exports to Sudan Using the ALDS

Statistical analysis of demand for Egyptian citrus exports to Sudan Using the ALDS

Applying the Delphi and fuzzy DEMATEL methods for identification and prioritization of the variables affecting Iranian citrus exports to Russia

Foreign trade is one of the important components in economic development and a source of foreign exchange earnings. In Iran, the government desires to develop foreign trade with a focus on non-oil exports. One of the substantial non-oil products is agricultural products. Iran is one of the top ten countries in the world in terms of producing agricultural products, especially citrus, but it does not have suitable conditions in terms of exports. Mazandaran province is a considerable source of citrus production in Iran, and the main produced citrus in the province is exported to Russia. Worth bearing in mind that although the production rate of citrus in the province is very well, the amount of export is not very appropriate. Therefore, the government struggles to adopt an appropriate approach to improve the conditions and taking the right approach is not possible without identifying the variables affecting exports. In this regard, in this study, first, the variables affecting citrus exports regarding the case are determined using literature review and the most related those to the case study are selected using the Delphi method. Then, the identified variables are ranked using the fuzzy DEMATEL method. Focusing on the results, it can be observed that “exchange rate fluctuation” and “marketing” have the most and the least impact on the development of citrus exports from the province to Russia, respectively. Moreover, to better analyze the gained results, the determined variables are divided into two main categories based on stages of trade, and each category’s variables are discussed in detail.

Estimation of Almost Ideal Demand Model for Egyptian

The issue of Egyptian exports is at the forefront of priorities because it is one of the main sources of obtaining foreign exchange, and a means to reduce the deficit in the balance of payments. The problem of the research is that despite the importance of Egyptian citrus as an important export crop, and Egypt is ranked third as the most important citrus exporting country in the world However, Egyptian citrus exports face strong competition in global markets, and the main objective of the research is to estimate the functions of demand for Egyptian citrus exports in the most important global clusters, using the semi-optimal demand model in order to identify the possibility of increasing its competitiveness in those markets. The price demand for Egyptian citrus indicates that an increase in its prices by about 1% leads to a decrease in demand for it in the Russian market by about 0.74%, and this means that it is a commodity with inelastic demand in this market, as shown by the elasticities of price demand for Egyptian citrus that the increase in its prices is about 1% leads to a decrease in demand for it in the Chinese market by about 0.03%, and this means that it is a commodity with inelastic demand in this market, as the results indicate The price demand for Egyptian citrus fruits indicated that an increase in their prices by about 1% leads to a decrease in demand for them in the Indian market by about 0.45%, and this means that they are a commodity with inelastic demand in this market.

Sterile Insect Technique Programme against Mediterranean Fruit Fly in the Valencian Community (Spain).

Simple SummaryThe Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wied.), is one of the most destructive fruit pests in the world. In the Valencian Community, it has become a key pest affecting many fruits, but mainly citrus, the most important crop cultivated. Traditionally, control of C. capitata has been based on the use of insecticides. In line with the trend in recent years to minimize the use of insecticides and promote environment-friendly techniques, in 2007 the Department of Agriculture of Valencia implemented an area-wide integrated pest management (AW-IPM) programme for the suppression of C. capitata, in which the sterile insect technique (SIT) is the primary method of application integrated with other suppression methods. As a result, there has been a large reduction in the aerial spraying of insecticides as well as a growth trend in exports of citrus and fresh fruits from the Valencian Community in recent years.The Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wied.), is an endemic pest in fruit-growing areas of the Spanish Mediterranean coast. In the Valencian Community, it represents a serious problem in the cultivation of citrus and numerous species of fruit, such as peach, cherry, apricot, persimmon, etc. For over 50 years, the Department of Agriculture of Valencia has led, promoted, and carried out a C. capitata control programme to protect crops, especially citrus fruits, because this community is the largest national producer and the leading region for fresh citrus exports in the world. Traditionally, pest control has been based on the use of insecticides. However, a reduction of more than 90% of a target wild population was achieved in the frame of a pilot integrated pest management (IPM) project based on the sterile insect technique (SIT), which was implemented from 2003 to 2006. Based on this successful result, in 2007 the Department of Agriculture of Valencia initiated an area-wide integrated pest management (AW-IPM) programme for the suppression of C. capitata, using the SIT as the primary control method. Complementary activities are implemented periodically in hotspots and during different time periods depending on the pest population dynamics. As a result, there has been a reduction of more than 90% in the use of insecticides by aerial means to control C. capitata, as well as a growth trend in exports of citrus and fresh fruits from the Valencian Community in recent years. This paper provides a historical review of the Valencian programme and briefly describes how technological innovations and decision-making tools have contributed to programme efficiency.

Shape and texture based classification of citrus using principal component analysis

Citrus family consists of a variety of eatable, consumable and usable items with varying nutritional contents. Naked eye citrus classification needs expert human effort, which provides poor decision reliability. The unreliable classification decision may be extremely hazardous when the citrus is being classified for exports or usage in pharmacy products and various food items. In this paper, citrus fruit has been classified on shape and texture features. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used as a methodology to explore statistical findings. The average accuracy of the system proposed is 84%. This system can be implemented on pharmacy stores, food production units, or industries, and citrus export centers for reliable citrus fruit classification.

Resistance to Potassium Phosphite in Phytophthora Species Causing Citrus Brown Rot and Integrated Practices for Management of Resistant Isolates.

Phytophthora citrophthora, P. syringae, P. nicotianae, and less commonly P. hibernalis are causal agents of brown rot of citrus fruit in California. The chronic disease occurs during the winter season, requires annual management, and has limited California citrus exports because of quarantines in some markets. Potassium phosphite (KPO3) is registered as a pre- and postharvest fungicide in the United States to manage Phytophthora brown rot. We evaluated the in vitro toxicity of KPO3 to 65, 60, and 38 isolates of P. citrophthora, P. syringae, and P. nicotianae, respectively, that were obtained from major growing regions of California. Frequency distributions of effective concentrations to inhibit mycelial growth by 50% (EC50 values) were not normally distributed, with skewness values of 1.84, 1.60, and -0.51 for each species, respectively. Isolates considered sensitive (EC50 values <25 µg/ml), moderately resistant (EC50 values from 25 to 75 µg/ml), or resistant (EC50 values >75 µg/ml) were identified for each species. The majority of P. citrophthora (83.1%) and P. syringae (78.3%) isolates were sensitive, whereas most P. nicotianae isolates (86.8%) were moderately resistant or resistant. Resistance factors were calculated as 65, 19, and 10 for the three species, respectively. In preharvest field trials, KPO3 (2,280 g/ha) applications were not effective in reducing citrus brown rot incidence when orange fruit were inoculated with a resistant (EC50 = 161.9 µg/ml) isolate of P. citrophthora, demonstrating the potential for field resistance. Oxathiapiprolin (32.6 g/ha), however, was highly effective, indicating the absence of multidrug resistance. Postharvest treatments with KPO3 were only effective in reducing brown rot caused by the resistant isolate of P. citrophthora to a low incidence when high rates (8,000 µg/ml) were used in heated (54°C) applications. The sensitive and moderately resistant isolates were managed using rates of 4,000 µg/ml, but heated treatments at this rate were needed to reduce brown rot to commercially acceptable levels when decay was caused by a moderately resistant isolate.

Fumigating Citrus with Phosphine Does Not Impact Marketability or Eating Quality

To ensure control of arthropod pests, fresh citrus exports from the United States may be subject to postharvest phytosanitary treatment. Treatments, however, can potentially cause a phytotoxic response and damage the fruit. The main purpose of this study was to confirm that phosphine fumigation does not impact either the marketability or eating quality of citrus. Methyl bromide (MB) fumigation and cold treatment (CT) were included in the testing as comparisons. Treatments were conducted as if they were associated with an oceanic voyage of 28 days followed by 1 week at 10°C and then 1 week at 20°C to typify distribution and marketing conditions. Key quality parameters were evaluated, relative to nontreated controls, for each of three “predeparture” phosphine fumigations, an “on arrival” MB fumigation, and a 28-day CT at 1°C. The three phosphine treatments evaluated were 1.5 mg/liter for 12 h or 48 h at 5°C or for 48 h at 12°C. MB was applied at 64 mg/liter for 2 h at 5°C. In the second year, navel oranges were further evaluated using a sequential treatment in which a “predeparture” phosphine fumigation was followed by the “on arrival” MB fumigation. This work is the first to present results comparing phytosanitary treatments over multiple kinds of citrus and indicated that the phosphine treatments did not alter marketability or sensory quality for any of the citrus types. This contrasted with MB fumigation, which was damaging to the peel of all citrus, except Valencia oranges, and harmed grapefruit and mandarin flavor.