Citronella Essential Oil Research Articles

In vitro antibacterial activity of essential oils from Cymbopogon flexuosus and Cymbopogon winterianus

The objective of the study was to identify and quantify chemical compounds present in the essential oils of C. flexuosus and C. winterianus and evaluate their antibacterial action on Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. This is an in vitro experimental study using essential oils of Cymbopogon flexuosus and Cymbopogon winterianus. The gram-negative strains E. coli (ATCC 25922) and P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) and Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) were used as a Gram-positive strain for the analysis of the antibacterial properties of essential oil. Oil analyzes were carried out using gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The antibacterial activity of lemongrass (Cymbopogon flexuosus) and citronella (Cymbopogom winterianus) essential oils against bacteria of pathological relevance was confirmed, denoting the potential of using plant essential oils as antibacterial agents, an important alternative considering the emergence of antibiotic resistance.

Inhibition of Citronella Essential Oil (Cymbopogon Nardus) Bengkulu on Bacterial Growth after Endodontic Treatment

Background: Root canal treatment aims to address pulpal infection and prevent reinfection, which is often caused by bacteria such as Enterococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus aureus. Citronella essential oil (Cymbopogon nardus) from Bengkulu, containing antibacterial compounds, has potential to inhibit the growth of these bacteria. Objective: This study evaluated the effectiveness of citronella essential oil against E. faecalis and S. aureus. Materials and Methods: The method used was the disc diffusion technique with 20 samples each of E. faecalis and S. aureus in BHI media. Citronella essential oil was tested at concentrations of 50%, 75%, and 100%, with 2% CHX as the positive control. The inhibition zones were measured after 24 hours. Results: The highest inhibition for E. faecalis was found at 100% concentration (2.56 mm), while for S. aureus, it was at 50% concentration (1.67 mm). Significant differences (p<0.05) were observed at all concentrations of citronella essential oil for both bacteria. Conclusion: Citronella essential oil from Bengkulu exhibited weak antibacterial activity against E. faecalis and S. aureus. Its potential as an alternative for root canal treatment requires further development.

EVALUATION OF AROMATERAPIC LILIN AIDE FORMULATION FROM AGRICULTURAL OIL OF AURISH (Cymbopogon citratus) AS AROMATERAPIC RELAXANT AND INSECT REPELLENT

This study aimed to evaluate the formulation of aromatherapy candles using citronella essential oil (Cymbopogon citratus) as the active ingredient. Lemongrass essential oil was chosen because it has two main functions: as an aromatherapeutic relaxant and as an insect repellent. In this study, several candle formulations were prepared with varying concentrations of essential oils to determine the most effective and stable formulation. An effectiveness test was conducted by measuring the intensity of the scent, burning duration of the candle, and the ability to repel insects. The results showed that candles with 25% essential oil provided the best balance between scent intensity and insect repellent effectiveness. The candles also exhibited good stability during the storage. In conclusion, kitchen lemongrass essential oil is a potential ingredient for use in aromatherapy candles that not only provides a relaxing effect, but also functions as a natural insect repellent. Keywords: kitchen lemongrass, aromatherapy candles, relaxants, insect repellent

Repellency of Citronella Essential Oil in Controlling Pests in Plants

This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of citronella essential oil as a repellency agent in controlling pest attacks on plants. The method used was systematic literature review with data collection through literature studies to collect various types of existing literature to be extracted according to the research title. The findings indicated that citronella essential oil has potential as an environmentally friendly and sustainable pest control method. However, several challenges such as the stability of the oil in the open and the need for periodic reapplication need to be addressed. With an integrated approach that takes into account relevant environmental and technical factors, the use of citronella essential oil can become an integral part of a more effective pest control strategy in agriculture.

EVALUATING THE EFFICACY OF CITRONELLA ESSENTIAL OIL (Cymbopogon nardus) AS A CONTROL AGENT FOR WAREHOUSE RICE WEEVIL (Sitophilus oryzae)

Sitophilus oryzae or rice weevil is a primary pest of rice that is very detrimental. Pest control that is usually carried out is fumigation using phosphine gas and fumigation using methyl bromide. The use of insecticides has several negative impacts on humans and the environment, so it is necessary to control pests naturally, namely using citronella essential oil. Citronella essential oil contains high levels of citronella and geraniol compounds and these compounds are contact toxic and antifeedant against insects. This research aims to determine the effect of citronella essential oil on mortality using the fumigation method and the response of rice lice to citronella essential oil in the flourdisc bioassay test. This research was carried out at the insect pest control and biodetriosation and formulation laboratory, using a completely randomized plan. The results showed that citronella oil was classified as effective in controlling the population of S. oryzae with a mortality of 41% using fumigation method and had anti-feedant properties compared to the control in the flour disk assay test. In the flourdisc bioassay method, the percentage of 2 gr/L influences the low relative growth rate, relative consumption rate and conversion efficiency of consumed food and the food prevention index continues to increase. Citronella essential oil has potential and effectiveness as a control for the warehouse pest rice weevil (Sitophilus oryzae).

Rekomendasi Penataan dan Perawatan Batu Nisan Kuno Berbasis Lingkungan di Gampong Pande, Banda Aceh

In Gampong Pande there are cultural heritage objects and mangrove forests which are the part of former ancient port city of the Aceh Darussalam Kingdom. After the earthquake and tsunami waves that hit the coast of the city of Banda Aceh in 2004, the former capital city was damaged so ecological recommendations for the arrangement and maintenance of cultural heritage objects are needed. This paper aims to provide recommendations for the arrangement and care of ancient tombstone cultural heritage objects. The methods used were literature studies, initial surveys, observations, aerial photographs, satellite images, tombstone object distribution maps, object plan recommendations, lichen sample tests in the laboratory, and field tests of citronella and coconut oil essential oil emulsions. Recommendations are planned for arranging ancient tombstones located in scattered fish ponds and mangrove forests and planning supporting facilities for their protection, development, and utilization. In maintaining ancient tombstones, environmentally friendly materials were tested, namely an emulsion of citronella essential oil, distilled water, and coconut oil. Variations in citronella essential oil emulsion with distilled water are 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 100% and coconut oil concentration is 100%. Observations were made on color changes visually and with a microscope for 24 hours, 48 ​​hours, and 72 hours. Test results on six variations after the specified time both in the field and laboratory tests showed that citronella essential oil could inhibit the growth of lichens while coconut oil was not effective.

Sprout Suppression of Potato (Solanum tuberosum) Tubers Using Hydrogel for Prolonged Release of Citronella Essential Oil

Sprout Suppression of Potato (Solanum tuberosum) Tubers Using Hydrogel for Prolonged Release of Citronella Essential Oil

Relationship between sprouting, glucoside alkaloids and chlorophyll production in potato tubers (Solanum tuberosum)

Consumers are troubled by whether the sprouting and greening of potato tubers accompanied with glucoside alkaloids production. To controlling the production of glucoside alkaloids and sprouting, controlled illumination and gaseous sprouting inhibitors, included citronella essential oil, methyl salicylate and ethylene, were employed, the changes in sprouting rate, chlorophyll, glucoside alkaloids and related key genes expression in biosynthesis pathways of potato tubers during storage were measured. Results showed that potatoes contained more glucoside alkaloids with high sprouting rate, whereas the greening was only affected by light, which was not a sign of glucoside alkaloid production. The sprouting rates of potato (Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Favorita) in the fumigated groups was 31.11 %-37.01 %, the glucoside alkaloids content was 83.35–90.33 mg kg−1, there was no significant difference. However, the potato sprouting rates in the CK were 100 %, and the contents of glucoside alkaloids were 153.34–161.36 mg kg−1, but the chlorophyll contents of potatoes in illumination groups were 19.27–20.51 mg kg−1, which was significantly higher (P > 0.05) than that in dark (1.46–1.85 mg kg−1). These results indicated that the synthesis of glucoside alkaloids was associated with sprouting, and it was feasible to inhibit glucoside alkaloids synthesis by gaseous sprouting suppressants.

In vivo mosquito repellency effect of citronella (Cymbopogon nardus (L.) Rendle) essential oil bath bomb formulation in dogs.

Mosquitoes carry numerous diseases of medical and veterinary significance. While citronella essential oil is safe as a mosquito repellent, extensive research does not document its ability to deter mosquitoes from animals. This study assessed the citronella essential oil bath bomb's ability to repel Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes in dogs. Citronella essential oil's chemical composition was analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Through freeze-thaw testing, a bath bomb formulation containing 6% w/w citronella essential oil was assessed for its physical and chemical stability. Thirty-two healthy client-owned mixed-breed dogs were employed to test the mosquito-repellency effects of citronella essential oil (treatment group) and olive oil (control group) bath bomb formulations. Bath bombs were tested for irritation effects on animal skin for 15-day post-application. Thirty-six compounds were identified through GC-MS, with citronellal (23.38%), δ-cadinene (12.25%), and geraniol (9.09%) being the most prevalent constituents. The bath bomb maintained its original physical properties after undergoing six freeze-thawing cycles and retained over 90% of its citronella essential oil. About 100%, 69.28%, and 65.58% mosquito repellency were displayed by the citronella essential oil bath bomb at 3 h, 6 h, and 8 h, respectively. None of the test animals exhibited skin irritation during the study. The citronella bath bomb effectively repelled C. quinquefasciatus in dogs without irritating their skin. The formulation's physical and chemical stability is demonstrated by the results of freeze-thaw stability testing. Further studies should be conducted to evaluate the repelling activity against other mosquito species.

Semisynthetic compounds for controlling Colletotrichum lindemuthianum on bean seeds

Anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum lindemuthianum is one of the main diseases that affect the bean crop. The use of semisynthetic compounds for controlling anthracnose aims at providing a higher balance to the ecosystem and a lower environmental impact. Based on this context, the objective of this work was: a) to carry out the prospection of compounds such as Phenyl S Citral, Phenyl Se Citronellal, and Citral at concentrations of 1, 0.5, 0.25, 0.125, 0.0625, 0.0312, 0.0156, 0.0078, and 0.0039%, which were modified from the essential oil of citronella and lemongrass, for controlling C. lindemuthianum; b) to evaluate the initial performance of seedlings and treat the incidence of C. lindemuthianum in bean seeds with Phenyl S Citral and Phenyl Se Citronellal at concentrations of 0.125 and 0.0625%. Phenyl Se Citronellal at 0.5% controlled 100% of mycelial growth and Phenyl S Citral at 0.5 and 1% controlled more than 50% of mycelial growth of C. lindemuthianum. The treatment with Phenyl S Citral and Phenyl Se Citronellal did not affect the physiological quality of bean seeds while increasing seedling development when using the 0.0625% concentration of Phenyl Se Citronellal. Treatment with Phenyl Se Citronellal at both concentrations decreased the incidence of C. lindemuthianum infection.

Perbandingan Microwave Steam Distillation dan Microwave Steam Diffusion pada Ekstraksi Citronella Oil

Citronella essential oil extraction can be settled through various methods. The extraction method used can affect the quantity of the essential oil obtained. The advanced extraction method provides good efficiency and effectiveness. One of the advanced extraction methods is Microwave Assisted Extraction (MAE). The MAE method has many developments, including Microwave Steam Distillation (MSD) and Microwave Steam Diffusion (MSDf). In this research, the MSD and MSDf methods were studied by comparing the products of citronella oil obtained. In addition, the general techniques of MSD and MSDf were compared with the MSD and MSDf methods by applying the Chouhan technique. The results showed that the yield extraction of citronella oil using the MSD method was higher than that of the MSDf method, whether with or without the application of the Chouhan technique, where the highest yield was 3.2% (w/w) obtained by using the MSD method combined with the Chouhan technique. Analysis of the refractive index and color of citronella oil products obtained using the MSD and MSDf methods with or without modified by Chouhan technique generally have met the SNI standard. Besides, the Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GCMS) analysis showed that the main component in citronella oil extracted using the MSD and MSDf methods was the same, namely geraniol, in the value of 48.52% and 46.82%, respectively.

Enhance the physicochemical properties of the citronella oil -SLNPs to improve the insecticidal activity against Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd) (Lep. Nactuidae)

The Nano-formulation of citronella essential oil (Cymbopogon nardus (L.) and their mixtures of three adjuvants (Provecta®, Top film®, and PEG600-dioleate) were studied to enhance physico-chemical properties of the Nano-formulation and improve the insecticidal effect against Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd). Characterisation of physicochemical properties of Nano-formulation was studied by calculating droplet size, polydispersity index (PDI), and Zeta-potential parameters. The results showed that the Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLNs) mixtures of three adjuvant mixtures had more toxic activity and stability than the Nano-formulation alone. Before storage the acidity, alkalinity (pH), and viscosity exhibited an acidic pH value in the range (4.11–5.34), whereas after three months of storage was recorded high pH, a shift in the pH on storage can indicate the instability of active substances or product under semi field-laboratory conditions. Nano-formulation of the citronella oil mixed with the three adjuvants increased the mortality percentage of S. littoralis larvae.

Potential Anti-Gouty Arthritis of Citronella Essential Oil and Nutmeg Essential Oil through Reducing Oxidative Stress and Inhibiting PI3K/Akt/mTOR Activation-Induced NLRP3 Activity.

Citronella and Nutmeg are two common spices used for seasoning and medicinal purposes, both of which have significant economic value. This study aimed to investigate whether Citronella essential oil and Nutmeg essential oil (NEO) can ameliorate monosodium urate (MSU)-induced gouty arthritis in rats and the potential mechanisms. The results showed that CEO and NEO reduced swelling and redness at joint sites, inhibited neutrophil infiltration, and limited proinflammatory mediator secretion in mice with MSU-induced gouty arthritis. Based on the results of network pharmacology, molecular docking, and western blotting, CEO and NEO may exert anti-gouty arthritis effects by reducing the expression of reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress and downregulating the phosphorylation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway, thereby inhibiting the production of the NLRP3 inflammasome and inhibiting the production of inflammatory cytokines. Therefore, these two essential oils show potential for use as adjuvant treatments for gouty arthritis in specific aromatherapy products or food seasonings.

Formulation and effectiveness of solid soap preparations from citronella grass (Cymbopogon nardus L.) essential oil extract against Listeria monocytogenes

Background: The components of essential oils, such as citronellol, citronellal, and geraniol have been reported to possess the ability to inhibit bacteria. Furthermore, Listeria monocytogenes is a bacteria that often affects humans and its infections can cause meningitis and bacteremia. In pregnant women, Listeria monocytogenes can cause flu-like syndrome with complications of miscarriage, infant death, and meningitis in infants. Objective: This study evaluated the suitability of solid soap preparations from Citronella grass essential oil, based on its physical properties, such as organoleptic tests, as well as assessments of chemical tests and the effectiveness of the sample produced against bacteria. Method: The soap-making process was initiated by mixing the fat fraction (stearic acid and coconut oil) with an alkali, namely 30% NaOH. The soap stock was then added to the other ingredients and stirred until it became homogeneous for testing. Results: The test showed a pH value, water content, total fat, ethanol insoluble material, free fatty acids, chloride content, and unsaponificable fat of 10.8, 14.26, 74.84, 2.4, 0.26, 0.48, and 85.8, respectively. Furthermore, the sample showed a high level of inhibition against Listeria monocytogenes. Conclusion: Evaluation of citronella essential oil extract soap met the requirements, except for its unsaponifiable fat.

Cymbopogon winterianus (Java Citronella Plant): A Multi-Faceted Approach for Food Preservation, Insecticidal Effects, and Bread Application.

Certain plants like Rosemarinus officinalis, Lavandula angustifolia and Origanum vulgare have been used in the food industry for centuries. Cymbopogon winterianus (Java Citronella plant) is one of the most significant plants. The objective of this study is to screen for secondary metabolites by phytochemical screening, evaluate the antioxidant contents of extracts and investigate the use of the Java Citronella plant in food preservation and as an insecticide. Java Citronella powder was added to bread and evaluated for its moisture content, and a visual and sensory analysis was performed. Sitophilus granarius (L.) weevils were exposed to Java Citronella essential oil (JCEO). The phytochemical screening revealed that the extracts were abundant in secondary metabolites. The JCEO had a yield of 0.75%. The aqueous extract had a higher total phenolic content of 49.043 ± 0.217 mg GAE/g than the ethanolic extract, which was 24.478 ± 1.956 mg GAE/g. The aqueous extract had a total flavonoids content 27,725.25 ± 54.96 µg RE/g higher than the ethanolic extract, with 24,263 ± 74 µg RE/g. The ethanolic extract had stronger antioxidant activity, with anIC50 = 196.116 μg/mL higher than the aqueous extract at 420 μg/mL. The 2% Java Citronella powder in the bread was preferred by consumers, and had a shelf life of 6 days. JCEO killed all the weevils with a high dose of 10% after 48 h. The Java Citronella showed insecticidal and food preservative activity. The results should help in future research to enhance the applications of Java Citronella in various domains, from food technology to insecticides.

Uji Repelensi Minyak Atsiri Serai Wangi dan Ekstrak Daun Mimba Terhadap Hama Gudang Corcyra cephalonica

Corcyra cephalonica is storage insect pest that are polyphagous. (Cymbopogon nardus L.) is a plant from the Gramineae group that produces essential oils. Useful as an insect repellent. In addition to the use of citronella, the pest attack of Corcyra cephalonica can be overcome with neem leaf extract. Neem is a plant that contains ingredients that can overcome pests on plants. This research was conducted to find out the test of repellency of citronella essential oil and neem leaf extract on repellent of Corcyra cephalonica by knowing the right concentration in biological pest management applications. The study used the basic pattern of non-factorial RAL. Used a dual-choice method. Treatment, (A1) : 10% citronella oil (A2) : 15% citronella oil (B1) : 10% neem extract (B2) : 15% neem extract. the results of the research that have been obtained, it can be concluded that the response of citronella essential oil and neem leaf extract to the rejection of Corcyra cephalonica at the larval stage were significantly different. The repellent of citronella essential oil and neem leaf extract of the imago stage were very significantly different. The highest percentage of imago repellency was in the 15% neem leaf extract treatment.

THE ADDED VALUE AND PROFIT ANALYSIS OF CITRONELLA ESSENTIAL AND AROMATHERAPY OIL INKPH REGION XIII LAKITAN-BUKIT COGONG

<p>The processing of citronella into essential oil will result in added value to the citronella. KPH Region XIII Lakitan-Bukit Cogong also utilizes the opportunities available by making derivative products of citronella essential oil as a base for making aromatherapy oil. The purpose of this study was to find out how much profit is obtained and to analyze the added value of citronella essential and aromatherapy oil agroindustry in KPH Region XIII Lakitan-Bukit Cogong. The method used in this study are profit analysis and the calculation of added value using Hayami Modification Method. The results obtained in this study were the amount of profit obtained from the agroindustry of citronella essential and aromatherapy oils is 115,285,050 IDR. The added value ratio by processing citronella into citronella essential oil was 41,20% and by processing of citronella into aromatherapy oil was 72.14%. Both of these value-added ratios exceed 40% and were included in the high category.</p>

Effectiveness of Citronella and Basil Essential Oil Spray as Repellents against Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes

Background: In 2023, Dengue Fever cases in Indonesia reached 35,694 cases from January to May. Dengue Fever is caused by the bite of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Mosquito control efforts have been widely conducted, including the use of chemical insecticides. The use of chemical insecticides can lead to environmental contamination and cause skin irritation. An alternative approach that can be taken is to use natural insecticides. One of the natural insecticides that can be used as a repellent is citronella and basil essential oils. Citronella and basil essential oils contain geraniol and citronellal, which can cause mortality in mosquitoes. This study intends to evaluate the effectiveness of a spray mixture of basil leaves and citronella essential oil as a mosquito repellent. Materials and Methods: Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, basil leaf essential oil, citronella essential oil, propylene glycol, glycerin, butylated hydroxytoluena and etanol 96% v/v. Subsequently, an evaluation of physical properties was conducted, including organoleptic testing, pH, and viscosity evaluation, as well as irritation and repellent activity test. Results: The spray formulations in the control and F1 are clear in color, while F2 and F3 are clear with a slightly yellowish hue. The scent produced has the characteristic smell of citronella. The pH and viscosity tests resulted in pH values consistent with the skin's pH range of 4.5-7 and viscosity within the range of 1-1000 Cp. The spray formulation did not irritate after 48 hours of observation. The results of the effectiveness test indicate that F2 can protect against mosquito bites for 1 hour, while F3 can protect for 3 hours. Conclusion: Citronella essential oil and basil leaves are effective as a repellent for the Aedes aegypti mosquito for 3 hours of use in concentration 15%.

Screening and selection of essential oils for an intranasal spray against bovine respiratory pathogens based on antimicrobial, antiviral, immunomodulatory, and antibiofilm activities.

The rise in antibiotic resistant pathogens associated with bovine respiratory disease (BRD) poses a serious challenge, particularly to the beef feedlot industry, as they currently depend on antibiotics to prevent BRD to mitigate the financial burden (approx. $1 billion annual loss) inflicted by BRD-associated high mortality and morbidity in feedlot cattle. Thus, there is an impetus need for the development of antimicrobial alternative strategies against BRD. This study aimed to screen and select candidate essential oils (EOs) for the development of an intranasal EO spray that can inhibit BRD pathogens and promote microbiota-mediated respiratory health. The effects of selected EOs (ajowan, cinnamon leaf, citronella, grapefruit, fennel, and thyme) on a bovine nasopharyngeal microbiota culture were evaluated using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The microbiota culture was enriched by incubating nasopharyngeal swabs obtained from finishing beef heifers in brain heart infusion broth with and without EOs (0.025%, v/v). These EOs were then also evaluated for their immunomodulatory effects on bovine turbinate (BT) cells by analyzing the concentrations of 15 cytokines and chemokines in cell culture after 24 h incubation. The crystal violet assay was done to assess the antibiofilm activity of EOs against Escherichia coli UMN026 strain. Finally, 15 EOs were screened for their antiviral activity against the bovine viral diarrhea virus 1 (BVDV-1) using BT cells and a fluorescence-based method. Ajowan, fennel, and thyme resulted in a moderate reduction of overall nasopharyngeal microbiota growth with significant alterations of both alpha and beta diversity, and the relative abundance of predominant bacterial families (e.g., increasing Enterobacteriaceae and decreasing Moraxellaceae) compared to the control (p < 0.05). Co-incubation of BT cells with selected EOs resulted in minimal alterations in cytokine and chemokine levels (p > 0.05). Ajowan, thyme, fennel, and cinnamon leaf exhibited antibiofilm activity at concentrations of 0.025 and 0.05%. Reduction of BVDV-1 replication in BT cells was observed with thyme (strong), and ajowan and citronella (moderate) at 0.0125% concentration. Accordingly, ajowan, thyme, fennel, cinnamon leaf, and citronella EOs were selected for further development as an intranasal EO spray to prevent and control of BRD pathogens in feedlot cattle.

Formulation and characteristics of skin cream with the addition of essential oil blend

The use of natural ingredients in cosmetics, such as essential oils, is gaining increasing attention today due to their perceived safety for health, attributed to their antioxidant properties. This research aims to determine the formulation of cream by adding an essential oil blend and analyzing physicochemical, microbiological and hedonic characteristics of the skin cream. The study comprises two phases: selecting the preferred essential oil blend by a panel of evaluators and preparing the skin cream with the addition of the chosen essential oil blend. The essential oils used in this study included clove, ginger, cinnamon, galangal, nutmeg, and citronella, with concentrations of 0.5%, 1%, and 1.5%. The research results reveal that the skin cream with the highest antioxidant activity is the one with the addition of a blend of clove and citronella essential oils. However, based on hedonic testing results, the most preferred skin cream formulation is the one with a mix of clove, citronella, and ginger essential oils. Physical characteristics and microbial contamination testing of the cream formulation with a blend of clove, citronella, and ginger essential oils show that the skin cream meets the viscosity and microbial contamination requirements set by SNI 16-4399-1996, with a spreading capacity of 5.07 cm.