Citizens Of Host Countries Research Articles

Does the Presence of Immigrants Increase Perceived Threat? An Examination through Experimental Games

Perceived threats from immigrants have been associated with heightened anti-immigrant attitudes among host country citizens (Esses et al., 2001, 1998). However, most studies have focused on assessing attitudes using scales, with few investigating behavioral responses. This study developed a new experimental game based on the Preemptive Strike Game (Simunovic et al., 2013) to measure reactions to perceived threats of immigrant attacks. A sample of Japanese participants (N = 1,153; pre-registered) was divided into two groups: one group faced a Japanese opponent (Japanese condition), whereas the other faced an immigrant opponent (Immigrant condition). The results did not show a significant increase in defensive behaviors toward immigrants. However, at a descriptive level, the findings suggest the potential for defensive behaviors to arise from perceived threats. The study discusses the implications for future research including the need to accurately identify threat-induced behaviors.

The moderating effect of Social Support on the Relationship between Cultural Intelligence and Cross-Cultural Adjustment of Chinese Expatriates in Ghana

Literature shows that not all individuals are equally suited to embark on a new life in another country, and self-initiated expatriates (SIEs) could be particularly susceptible to failure since they have no support from a home organization. The study sought to examine the moderation role of Social Support in relation to Cultural intelligence (CQ) Cross-Cultural Adjustment of Chinese Self-initiated Expatriates (SIEs) in Ghana. A sample of 400 respondents was selected for the study. Questionnaires were used to collect data via an online survey. Data was analyzed using PLS-SEM for the analysis, PLS algorithms and Bootstrapping tests were performed. Findings suggested that social support acquired by Chinese SIEs from host country citizens had no moderating influence on the relationship between their CQ and their capacity to adapt cross culturally to Ghanaian cultural situations. The study's findings will help SIEs, human resource practitioners, and cross-cultural managers who work with SIEs to understand the requirements for effective cross-cultural management towards reducing expats failure.

Translation as a cultural tool for mediating conflict in queer and feminist grassroots democratic coalitions in Denmark, Germany and Sweden

In this article, I present the findings of a three-year qualitative research project studying feminist and queer activist groups that support refugees in Denmark, Germany and Sweden. My findings show how multilingual activists volunteered as linguistic interpreters to enable inclusive dialogue between refugees and host-country citizens in joint grassroots democratic coalition meetings. Based on interviews with different groups, I show that their linguistic-broker position gave these activists the leverage to challenge and bring to the attention of white-majority citizens the exclusionary dynamics of structural inequality and civic-status hierarchies that create tensions within supposedly open and inclusive joint meetings. By highlighting the critical, counter-hegemonic positionality of activist-translators in coalitions working on gender, the central contribution of my case study is to connect theories of translation and conflict mediation in transnational social movements with research that focuses on the dynamics of inclusion and exclusion in intersectional coalitions.

They sell Shawarma and pain: How do refugee entrepreneurs include host-country citizens? Evidence from a non-Western country

The aim of this paper is to explore how Syrian entrepreneurs in Egypt might ensure the inclusion of Egyptian employees in their restaurants in return for gratitude for the good treatment they receive from that country. The empirical sample comprises 54 semi-structured interviews with employees working full-time in restaurants owned by Syrians in Egypt. The findings showed that the previous disappointments and hardships of the refugees shape their way of thinking and behaving. The interviews indicated that Syrian refugees in Egypt return the gratitude they receive from their host country with long working hours, low financial incentives, and second-class treatment for their Egyptian employees. Moreover, the findings also indicated that guaranteeing Syrian entrepreneurs ongoing action resources (access to education, health, the labour market), emancipative values (ongoing tolerance from the host-country citizens) and civic entitlement (laws to secure freedom for Syrian refugees) might result in him or her feeling like the master that the citizens of the host country should please because he has suffered a lot in his country of origin.

Refugee Belonging: How Values and Value Consensus Between Refugees and German Citizens Are Associated with Feeling Welcome and Spending Time Together

This article expands on the discussion of social and cultural factors for refugees’ feelings of belonging in the receiving society and assesses democratic, civic, and moral values as predictors of belonging. On the one hand, existing research considers shared values between refugees and the receiving society as hallmarks of integration. From this perspective, shared values (or value consensus) are considered predictors of refugees’ feelings of belonging and the formation of social bonds with host-country citizens. On the other hand, values are seen as part of refugees’ cultural capital. From this perspective, liberal and civic value contents, in particular, may promote feelings of belonging, irrespective of whether these values are widely shared with citizens of the host society. This article investigates these contrasting hypotheses, using data from a representative panel of refugees in Germany. Results show that refugees holding liberal democratic values are more likely to experience feelings of welcome in the receiving society. When operationalizing belonging also in terms of refugees spending time with host-country citizens, shared democratic and secular values become more important. Finally, this article suggests that the effect of value consensus on refugees’ feelings of welcome is mediated by how much time refugees spend with host-country citizens members. Taken together, our findings emphasize that in the context of international migration, values are important hallmarks of social integration, although this should not be reduced to popular calls for shared values between immigrants and host-country citizens.

The Moral Argument for Migration

This inquiry hopes to develop the moral argument for migration rights. It begins with the historical context of world poverty, that is, the unequitable distribution of global resources which is rooted in the economic as well as the structural injustices in the world. While weak internal structures are a determinant in the lack of human development in the Third World, political exclusion and economic domination are actually to be blamed for extreme poverty. The theoretical attempt to solve this problem through Rawls and the Capability Approach is also examined. Gaps are present. It is noted that Thomas Pogge’s argument for a global difference principle is inadequate. The study distinguishes between economic migrants and refugees. The first should be dealt with from an economic point of view and the latter from a political vantage point. It is argued that economic and moral justifications exist in order to accommodate both. Migrant workers contribute to the economies of developed countries. Refugees, in contrast, may be allowed entry as a matter of negative duty to protect them from violence. The fear of the citizens of host countries that migrants are a security concern may be due to the unfair bias against people who are considered as outsiders. Justice, however, is a matter of fair treatment that all human beings deserve.

Sense of belonging and its association with health among people of foreign background in Finland

Abstract Background Sense of belonging is recognized as an important determinant of health. There is little research on the association between sense of belonging and health of people of foreign background (PFB) in Finland. In this study we examined: 1) to which extent PFB feel they belong to the Finnish society and citizens of their country of origin (CCO) and 2) if sense of belonging is associated with self-perceived health. Methods Data from a cross-sectional survey FinMONIK conducted in Finland 2018 was used. The random sample consisted of PFB (N = 12 877, response rate 53%). Identity was assessed by using the question “Which of the following areas or groups you feel you belong to?” with response options “My local municipality”, “Finns”, “the citizens of my country of birth or origin”. Based on this, we constructed a variable to group respondents belonging 1) only to the Finnish society, 2) only to CCO and 3) to both Finnish society and CCO (bicultural identity). Self-perceived health was measured by using a 5-point-scale and merging good and fairly good as a good perceived health factor. Logistic regression was used to test the association between perceived health and sense of belonging, adjusted for age, sex and country of origin. Results Majority of the respondents (39%) reported a bicultural identity, whereas 21% felt they belonged only to the Finnish society and 23% only to CCO. Self-perceived health was significantly associated with sense of belonging (p < 0.001). Good perceived health was more common among those with bicultural identity (73%) than among those who felt belonging only to the Finnish society (66%) and CCO (63%). Conclusions Bicultural identity was most common and also associated with better perceived health. Key messages Sense of belonging to both host country citizens and CCO is likely to benefit individual’s health. Identifying with host country citizens and maintaining sense of self as a member of CCO should be supported.

The Impact of UN Peacekeeping Operations on Human Trafficking

AbstractWhile United Nations (UN) peacekeeping operations (PKOs) are generally considered to reduce the likelihood of civil war recurrence, attention in recent years has shifted to understanding the dynamics unique to post‐Cold War peacekeeping, including the changing makeup and mandate of PKOs, and associated patterns of peacekeeper misconduct. While several studies of misconduct emphasize peacekeepers’ implication in sexual exploitation and abuse of host country citizens, this study goes the next step by assessing peacekeeping’s relationship to human trafficking more broadly—a perennial concern in post‐conflict states. Though UN PKOs are not always directly responsible for increases in human trafficking in mission host countries, this paper considers how the attributes of UN peacekeeping missions may create the conditions where trafficking is likely to flourish or flounder.

Tripwires and free-riders: Do forward-deployed U.S. troops reduce the willingness of host-country citizens to fight for their country?

ABSTRACTThis article investigates the relationship between U.S. overseas troops and the willingness of the citizens of host states to fight for their country. The study joins the long-running debate about burden-sharing and free-riding among U.S. allies. Unlike most previous empirical studies, we focus on non-material or intangible measures of the underlying concepts. Our dependent variable estimates the proportion of citizens expressing a willingness to fight for their country. Scores at the aggregate-national as well as the individual level are shaped by the presence of U.S. military forces, which act as a “tripwire” signaling credible security commitments. This increases opportunities of (non-material) free-riding. We present both bivariate and multivariate analyses covering the period 1981–2014 to test this supposition. Findings indicate that once U.S. troop levels reach a certain threshold (between 100 and 500 troops), citizens’ willingness to fight drops significantly. This likely reflects non-material free-riding.

Costs, needs, and integration efforts shape helping behavior toward refugees

Recent political instabilities and conflicts around the world have drastically increased the number of people seeking refuge. The challenges associated with the large number of arriving refugees have revealed a deep divide among the citizens of host countries: one group welcomes refugees, whereas another rejects them. Our research aim is to identify factors that help us understand host citizens' (un)willingness to help refugees. We devise an economic game that captures the basic structural properties of the refugee situation. We use it to investigate both economic and psychological determinants of citizens' prosocial behavior toward refugees. In three controlled laboratory studies, we find that helping refugees becomes less likely when it is individually costly to the citizens. At the same time, helping becomes more likely with the refugees' neediness: helping increases when it prevents a loss rather than generates a gain for the refugees. Moreover, particularly citizens with higher degrees of prosocial orientation are willing to provide help at a personal cost. When refugees have to exert a minimum level of effort to be eligible for support by the citizens, these mandatory "integration efforts" further increase prosocial citizens' willingness to help. Our results underscore that economic factors play a key role in shaping individual refugee helping behavior but also show that psychological factors modulate how individuals respond to them. Moreover, our economic game is a useful complement to correlational survey measures and can be used for pretesting policy measures aimed at promoting prosocial behavior toward refugees.

Citizenship Status, Warm Glow, and Prosocial Behavior: A Quasi-Experiment on Giving Behavior by Host-Country Citizens and Asylum Seekers

Abstract This paper is concerned with the question of whether and how social class and status affect prosocial behavior among status groups.We conducted dictator games in which both host-country citizens (high social status) as well as asylum seekers (low social status) make monetary donations towards their respective in- and out-groups. As a novelty, we varied the number of recipients in the dictator game (i.e. one, two or three recipients). Our results indicate that host-country citizens donate significantly more than asylum seekers and that asylum seekers receive significantly higher donations than host-country citizens. Donations vary only marginally with the number of recipients. These findings and answers to a follow-up questionnaire show that prosocial behavior among status groups, and in particular prosocial behavior from high-status towards low-status actors, might be instances of impure altruism, i.e., motivated by a warm glow of giving or a purchase of moral satisfaction.

The Perceived Threats from Migrants and their Effects on Government Service Equality

ABSTRACTGovernments market policies like “products,” hoping that they will receive public support. With the increasing opposition to migrants in many countries, governments face more pressure to enact laws that favor citizens over migrants, assuming that citizens desire preferential treatment. We challenge that assumption by investigating antecedents of Government Service Equality (GSE), which captures the extent to which citizens believe that migrants are entitled to the same level of quality when using government services. Utilizing the justification-suppression model of prejudice and acculturation theory as theoretical underpinning, the article highlights the role of perceived threat in legitimizing discrimination against migrants. The conceptual model distinguishes between two types of threats: symbolic and realistic. Furthermore, the article investigates the role of cosmopolitanism and tradition in driving both types of threats. Results obtained through SEM using 428 surveys collected from host country citizens indicate that both realistic threat (e.g., economy) and symbolic threat (e.g., culture) influence equality perceptions negatively. However, our results reveal that citizens could be divided into two segments: cosmopolitans and traditionalists. Traditionalists, unlike cosmopolitans, do perceive migrants as threatening. In addition, cosmopolitanism has a direct positive influence on GSE. We conclude with a discussion and agenda for future research.

A cross-national examination of prejudice toward immigrants: the role of education and political ideology

Purpose More than ever before, people from around the world are migrating away from their country of birth. Yet citizens of host countries do not always welcome these immigrants – instead, citizens sometimes express prejudice toward them. The purpose of this paper is to examine the factors that influence attitudes toward immigrants cross-nationally. Design/methodology/approach Secondary data from the International Social Survey Programme, which includes data from 30 countries across two time points, were analyzed. Findings Findings indicate that people with higher level of education tend to have more favorable attitudes toward immigrants, while those with more politically conservative leanings and those with a greater sense of national identity tend to hold more prejudicial attitudes toward immigrants. At the country/regional level, education is consistent in its relationship with more favorable attitudes. However, political conservatism is less consistent in predicting prejudice – the relationship is strong in western democracies, but is largely negligible in other parts of the world. Originality/value The present analyses carry implications for improving anti-immigrant prejudice throughout the world.

Social cost benefit analysis for deep sea minerals mining

Many countries in the Pacific Island Region have significant mineral deposits on the seafloor within their national jurisdiction. Emerging technology has considerably increased the probability that these deposits could be mined profitably. However, to date no one has attempted to determine if such activity is likely to improve the well-being of host country citizens. This paper uses a cost-benefit analysis framework to formally assess the social costs and benefits of mining deep-sea minerals in the Pacific Island Region. Since this type of mining has yet to occur anywhere in the world, the analyses are based on realistic yet hypothetical mining scenarios developed for three mineral deposits thought to have a high potential for economic viability: seafloor massive sulphides deposits in Papua New Guinea, manganese nodules in the Cook Islands, and cobalt rich crusts in the Republic of Marshall Islands. In each scenario, costs and benefits are based on the operation of a single optimized mine site. The results indicate that deep-sea mining has the potential to increase the well-being of the people of Papua New Guinea and the Cook Islands. In contrast, given current technology and commodity prices, the mining of cobalt rich crusts is unlikely to improve the well-being of Republic of the Marshall Islands residents.

Attitudes toward Post-Trial Access to Medical Interventions: A Review of Academic Literature, Legislation, and International Guidelines.

There is currently no international consensus around post-trial obligations toward research participants, community members, and host countries. This literature review investigates arguments and attitudes toward post-trial access. The literature review found that academic discussions focused on the rights of research participants, but offered few practical recommendations for addressing or improving current practices. Similarly, there are few regulations or legislation pertaining to post-trial access. If regulatory changes are necessary, we need to understand the current arguments, legislation, and attitudes towards post-trial access and participants and community members. Given that clinical trials conducted in low-income countries will likely continue, there is an urgent need for consideration of post-trial benefits for participants, communities, and citizens of host countries. While this issue may not be as pressing in countries where participants have access to healthcare and medicines through public schemes, it is particularly important in regions where this may not be available.

Исход: как миграция изменяет наш мир

In his book Exodus: How Migration is Changing Our World, Prof. Collier continues economic research on the poorest nations in the contemporary world. The author focuses on consequences of immigration flows from poor developing countries to rich developed ones. To study migration, Collier raises three questions: (1) why do migrants decide to move from one country to another? (2) does emigration benefit or harm people who decide not to leave their home country? (3) what impact do migrants produce on host country citizens? In his search for answers to these questions, Professor Collier summarizes original research and case studies. Journal of Economic Sociology presents Chapter 1, “The Migration Taboo,” in which Professor Collier defines the research problem and argues that scholars tend to avoid migration issues related to movements of people from poorer countries to richer ones as a focal point of their research. The reason for such avoidance is that this topic is strongly associated with socially explosive issues related to nationalism and racism. However, the author points out one possible way to deal with migration issues, implying reconsideration of the key question for research on migration, namely - not to think of migration in terms of good or bad but to aim at defining the optimality of migration flows for both sending countries and receiving countries.

A Study of Haitian Immigrant’s Assimilation to Western Practices of Using the Telephony and Internet Technologies / Proučavanje Asimilacije Imigranata Sa Haitija Na Zapadnjačku Praksu Korišćenja Telefonskih I Internet Tehnologija

Abstract This study examines the relationship between the use of technology to stay connected with home country and culture while adapting and integrating into the host culture. Through a survey the authors probe into how Haitian immigrants living in South Florida with varying levels of contact with their home country acculturate into the receiving society, exploring an increasingly salient experience of contemporary global migrants. Immigration is the experience of acculturation by individuals and the emergence of culturally plural societies, where both immigrants and host country citizens can live together in a positive environment. In this study, we report our exploratory findings and insights from a survey conducted among Haitian immigrants in South Florida area, studying the relationship between the scope of their electronic communication, and their level of integration into the mainstream American culture. Considerable research has been devoted to the understanding of immigration, acculturation and adaptation of adults, but much less has addressed these phenomena among Haitian population in reference to the use of communication technologies to keep in touch with their loved ones overseas and being fully adapted to their host country at the same time, asserting both identities. In other words, to what extend Haitians who wish to have contact with American culture, while maintaining their cultural attributes do so through the Internet and telecommunication technologies. The objective of this study is to explore the correlation between cultural integration process and the level of Internet and telephony technologies usage among Haitians living in South Florida. The Internet and telephones are a necessity becoming central for one’s knowledge of environment, for the retention of one’s social contacts but also for the organization of one’s life. This is especially true for immigrants who often rely on their new and old social networks in order to adjust to the host country. This study looks at five well understood measures or indicators of the acculturation process, namely language proficiency, language use, length of time in the host culture, age, and peer contact. It also looks at the preferences of Internet related tools to contact friends and relatives both in Haiti and the USA by email, text messaging, and social sites. In our study, highly integrated Haitian immigrants are those who are young, have lived here for a long time, are proficient in Creole and English, speak to friends and relatives in both languages, and spend their free time with both Americans and other Haitians.

A study of Haitian immigrant's assimilation to western practices of using the telephony and internet technologies

This study examines the relationship between the use of technology to stay connected with home country and culture while adapting and integrating into the host culture. Through a survey the authors probe into how Haitian immigrants living in South Florida with varying levels of contact with their home country acculturate into the receiving society, exploring an increasingly salient experience of contemporary global migrants. Immigration is the experience of acculturation by individuals and the emergence of culturally plural societies, where both immigrants and host country citizens can live together in a positive environment. In this study, we report our exploratory findings and insights from a survey conducted among Haitian immigrants in South Florida area, studying the relationship between the scope of their electronic communication, and their level of integration into the mainstream American culture. Considerable research has been devoted to the understanding of immigration, acculturation and adaptation of adults, but much less has addressed these phenomena among Haitian population in reference to the use of communication technologies to keep in touch with their loved ones overseas and being fully adapted to their host country at the same time, asserting both identities. In other words, to what extend Haitians who wish to have contact with American culture, while maintaining their cultural attributes do so through the Internet and telecommunication technologies. The objective of this study is to explore the correlation between cultural integration process and the level of Internet and telephony technologies usage among Haitians living in South Florida. The Internet and telephones are a necessity becoming central for one's knowledge of environment, for the retention of one's social contacts but also for the organization of one's life. This is especially true for immigrants who often rely on their new and old social networks in order to adjust to the host country. This study looks at five well understood measures or indicators of the acculturation process, namely language proficiency, language use, length of time in the host culture, age, and peer contact. It also looks at the preferences of Internet related tools to contact friends and relatives both in Haiti and the USA by email, text messaging, and social sites. In our study, highly integrated Haitian immigrants are those who are young, have lived here for a long time, are proficient in Creole and English, speak to friends and relatives in both languages, and spend their free time with both Americans and other Haitians.

Influence of the Weak: The Role of Foreigners, Activism, and NGO Networks in Democratizing Northeast Asia1

Political life in modern Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan is commonly characterized by a strong central government, influential economic elites, and a relatively homogeneous society. In such settings, we would not expect to find much impact by foreigners and small NGO actors on policy changes, but the cases in these countries challenge this assessment. Relatively unskilled foreign workers in present-day Northeast Asia face a range of hardships, and existing government programs have provided little support until recently. Media portrayals of foreign workers—as in several other industrialized democracies—reinforce popular suspicions and fear of these foreigners. Yet, citizens of host countries themselves have formed numerous voluntary associations aimed at assisting foreign workers. I call the activities of these groups “associative activism.” My account of associative activism makes explicit the process through which some activists, who initially work in concert chiefly to solve specific problems, eventually form broader political ambitions as they exert pressure on dominant features of the public sphere, especially processes of governance, political representation, and opinion formation. I identify three domains of associative activism through which political influence is exerted by immigrant rights groups: legislative , juridical , and municipal . These efforts illustrate how civil society groups can play an increasing role in protecting foreigners’ rights and advancing democratization in Northeast Asia.

Employees' attitudes towards diversity in a non‐western context

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine attitudes towards diversity in an emerging Gulf economy whose workforce is dominated by expatriates and is under significant pressure to accommodate host country citizens. It seeks to examine employees' attitudes towards workforce diversity in the banking sector in the United Arab Emirates (UAE).Design/methodology/approachA total of 100 employees from 11 banks are chosen randomly from banks operating in the UAE. Those employees are asked to answer a questionnaire containing various questions that cover the applauded benefits of diversity as identified in the related literature.FindingsAll banks have a diverse workforce, with nationals representing a minority in all of them. However, banks differ on the various indicators of diversity with some being more religiously diverse while others more diverse in terms of nationalities or languages. Overall, Islamic banks are the least diverse on all dimensions of diversity.Research limitations/implicationsSeveral obstacles are faced during the course of this study including limitations on access to employees, sampling limitations preventing more in‐depth analysis of certain aspects, lack of regional studies on diversity and the timing of the survey itself which coincide with the summer exodus of expatriates.Originality/valueThis paper provides useful information on attitudes toward diversity in an emerging Gulf economy, dominated by expatriates.