City Of Campinas Research Articles

Children and adolescents deaths from trauma-related causes in a Brazilian City

IntroductionInjury is the first cause of death worldwide in the population aged 1 to 44. In developed countries, the most common trauma-related injuries resulting in death during childhood are traffic accidents, followed by drowning.MethodsThis retrospective study based on autopsy examinations describes the epidemiology profile of deaths by trauma-related causes in individuals younger than 18 years from 2001 to 2008 in the city of Campinas. The aim is to identify epidemiology changes throughout the years in order to develop strategies of prevention.ResultsThere were 2,170 deaths from all causes in children < 18 years old, 530 of which were due to trauma-related causes, with a male predominance of 3.4:1. The age distribution revealed that 76% of deaths occurred in the 10-17 age group. The most predominant trauma cause was firearm injury (47%). Other frequent causes were transport-related injuries (138 cases-26%; pedestrians were struck in 57.2% of these cases) and drowning (55 cases-10.4%). Asphyxia/suffocation was the cause of death in 72% of cases in children < 1 year old; drowning (30.8%) was predominant in the 1-4 age group; transport-related deaths were frequent in the 5-9 age group (56%) and the 10-14 age group (40.4%). Gun-related deaths were predominant (68%) in the 14-17 age group. 51% of deaths occurred at the scene.ConclusionsThere was a predominance of deaths in children and adolescents males, between 15-17 years old, mainly from gun-related homicides, and the frequency has decreased since 2004 after the disarmament statute and the combating of violence.

Desempenho escolar: análise comparativa em função do sexo e percepção dos estudantes

O presente artigo investigou o desempenho escolar em função do sexo e a percepção de alunos em relação às expectativas de seu professor. Participaram da pesquisa 120 alunos do 5º ano do ensino fundamental de escolas públicas municipais da região metropolitana de Campinas, dos quais 60 alunos têm desempenho escolar satisfatório e 60 têm desempenho insatisfatório. Foi utilizada uma escala de percepção de alunos acerca das expectativas dos professores; já para medir o desempenho escolar foi considerado o conceito atribuído pelo professor ao aluno. Os resultados revelaram diferenças significativas entre meninos e meninas do grupo de alunos com desempenho insatisfatório, pois a maioria (83,3%) era do sexo masculino. Por outro lado, não se verificaram diferenças estatisticamente significantes quando comparados meninos e meninas do grupo com desempenho escolar satisfatório, embora a média de desempenho escolar das meninas tenha sido maior. Em relação à percepção de seus professores, foram observadas diferenças nos dois grupos. Alunos com desempenho satisfatório se percebem mais elogiados e são escolhidos como ajudantes na sala de aula, enquanto alunos com desempenho insatisfatório acreditam receber mais críticas de seus professores e são vistos como mais indisciplinados. Os dados permitem discutir as relações vinculares entre alunos e professores, as influências das vivências e experiências no momento da aprendizagem e como essas influenciam o interesse e a motivação dos estudantes.

Assessment of the viability and sustainability of an integrated waste management system for the city of Campinas (Brazil), by means of ecological cost accounting

The population growth of cities increases the generation of construction building waste (CBW) and wastewater and, respectively, their environmental impacts. The present study shows a new technology to manage of the sewage and construction wastes from Campinas city, Brazil, based on the ecological cost accounting theory. In this way, the treatment of the crude sewage from Anhumas Wastewater Treatment Plant was made by decantation using the construction building waste. The organic amendment was obtained from the decanted sludge, which has been used in the recovery of a poor soil. From the supernatant liquid was obtained the reusing water, which has been tested in irrigation process. The efficiencies of the organic amendment and reusing water have been assessed by the quantity of the germinated bean seeds on the poor soil. Results show that the best condition to organic amendment production was the one in which a total soil layer of 2 cm and 100 mL/L of CBW were used, which yielded a gain in soil fertility of 11.11%. It was verified that 85% of bean seeds have been germinated on soil, when it irrigated these seeds with the reusing water, being 6% larger than control water. All parameters of lower water quality were reduced above of 90%, keeping the water in according to Brazilian standards. The cost evaluation of reusing water and organic amendment production shows a saving of US$ 81.1 million, indicating the social, ecological and economical viabilities of the new technology developed and demonstrated in this work. In that sense, this work provided a possible environmental solver based on the ecological cost accounting theory for the city of Campinas, Brazil.

Justificativa e proposta de indicador de sustentabilidade financeira

This study proposes an indicator model of financial sustainability, that is, an indicator which is capable to measure the capacity of an economic entity to auto provide financial resources. This is so in order to face current setbacks of its economic exploration that is articulated on the financial autonomy, on the balance of the growth and on the business level. The present study is a new proposal in the field of Financial Demonstrations analysis. The suitability of the indicator was tested with a sample of 41 accountant-structured companies in Campinas city area (in the state of São Paulo-SP). The tests showed significant differences in relation to their financial autonomy.

Use of Open Source Software for the Development of Web GIS for Accessibility to Tourist Attractions

Based on the concepts of social inclusion, universal design and accessibility, this paper aims to describe the stages of the development and implementation of a Web GIS (geographic information system for the internet) based on OS (open source) software. The Web GIS developed is called to Campinas tourist attractions, which provides information about cultural and natural attractions in Campinas/SP-Brazil, especially for people with disabilities or reduced mobility that prevents access these sites via public and private transportation. The verification of the existence or lack of accessibility equipment at bus stops and parking areas close to tourist attractions relies on current legislation (NBR 9050/1994) that establishes the right to accessibility for disabled people to transportation, local culture and leisure. An application that facilitates this recognition with low operating costs and high performance was developed using the OS software Quantum GIS 1.0.2, Apache 2.2.4, Mapserver 5.0.2, I3GEO 4.0, PostgreSQL 8.3 and PostGIS 1.3.5. This software is able to integrate the management of tourist areas and the advertisement of tourist information regarding accessibility devices at sights recognized as tourist attractions by Campinas city hall.

Numerical methods integrated with fuzzy logic and stochastic method for solving PDEs: An application to dengue

Currently dengue epidemics are of great relevance in Brazil and other countries of tropical and subtropical climates, because it is a disease that infects a large number of people and in its most severe form can lead to death. In this work we proposed an integrated mathematical model (SIR-type: susceptible, infected, recovered) to study the evolution both in space and time of dengue disease. The model is given by partial differential equations (PDEs) whose numerical solutions are obtained by hybrid schemes, fuzzy logic and stochastic methods. We use the hybrid explicit numerical schemes WENO-5 (weighted essentially non-oscillatory schemes, fifth order) for regions not smooth of the map and centered finite difference schemes of high order for the regions smooth in space discretization. Also a lifting scheme was made to define smoothness or not in the regions. For the time evolution, we have chosen the third order Runge–Kutta TVD (Total Variation Diminishing). The uncertain parameters related to the behavior of Aedes aegypti are extremely important for development and/or disease control. In this way for incorporating this information into the model, the parameters were estimated using fuzzy rule-based systems and information provided by specialists. Such parameters depend on the people, who provide breeding sites and blood for the maturation of the female's eggs and they depend on rain events, too. This variable, rainfall, presents stochastic dependence on the sampled values and for this reason, we chose the Markov chain method (order 2). Information on the behavior of the disease and the conditions for the proliferation of vectors in the region south of the city of Campinas were researched in the Health Department, Agronomic Institute and with experts of the Medical Sciences Faculty of UNICAMP. Simulations of many situations were performed to obtain scenarios regarding the spread of the disease, considering the characteristics of the region studied.

Contribution of Recycling of Municipal Solid Waste to the Social Inclusion in Brazil

This paper proposes the selective collection and recycling as alternative ways to promote the social inclusion in Brazil and help the country to eradicate extreme poverty and misery and achieve the first of the Millennium Development Goals (MDG1) of the UN. This work is based on the data from a Brazilian metropolitan city of Campinas and is extended to Brazil. The results show that the municipality of Campinas collects monthly 8000 tons of recyclables which if recycled can avail jobs to nearly 13,000 waste collectors with a minimum national salary of R$ 622/month or alternatively can create 40,280 Family Grants of R$ 200/month. In Brazil, the collected recyclables potential is about 2.4 million tons per month which can avail jobs to 2,350945 waste collectors or alternatively create about 7.3 millions Family Grants.

Elderly outpatient profile and predictors of falls

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVES Falls are a serious public health problem and are one of the biggest reasons for hospitalization, morbidity and mortality among elderly people. Moreover, few studies on predictors of falls have been conducted in low and middle income countries. The aim here was to identify elderly outpatient profiles according to sociodemographic, clinical, physical and functional variables and correlate them with occurrences of falls among these subjects. DESIGN AND SETTING Cross-sectional descriptive study forming part of the project "Quality of Life of Frail Elderly People", carried out in Campinas, Brazil. METHODS The subjects were 145 elderly individuals (76.3 ± 7.8 years old), of whom 65% were women, who were living in the city of Campinas or nearby and were attended at the geriatric outpatient clinic of a University Hospital. Sociodemographic, clinical, physical and functional data, as well as fall occurrence data, were gathered. Cluster analyses and comparisons between groups were carried out. RESULTS Cluster analysis identified two distinct groups related to the study variables, and the determinants for this distinction were: gender, marital status, physical performance, handgrip strength and functional independence. These groups were compared according to occurrences of falls over the last year, and significant differences between them were found. CONCLUSIONS The results showed that greater occurrences of falls were associated with a profile of elderly people comprising female gender, single status, lower muscle strength and physical performance regarding balance and gait, and lower independence in motor tasks for activities of daily living.

Maturation of Eugenia pyriformis seeds under different hydric and thermal conditions

This study aims to analyze the maturation and dispersal of Eugenia pyriformis Cambess. seeds produced in different years, and the influence of variation in thermal and hydric environment on seed physical and physiological characteristics at dispersal. Fruits at different developmental stages were harvested in the city of São Paulo between 2003 and 2010, as well as in the cities of Campinas and Lavras, in 2009 and 2010 and analyzed for size and color. The seeds were extracted from the fruits and their dry mass, water content, germination and vigor were assessed. Results showed that seed maturation is unsynchronized to the maturation of the fruit, taking 45 days on average (430 growing degree-days), longer in rainy times or lower temperatures. Seeds with higher physiological quality were produced in rainy years and when the temperature range was larger. We concluded therefore that hydric and thermal environmental variations during development influence the maturation of Eugenia pyriformis seeds and are able to determine the formation cycle and the final seed quality.

Analyses of heavy metals in sewage and sludge from treatment plants in the cities of Campinas and Jaguariúna, using synchrotron radiation total reflection X-rayfluorescence

A major consequence of accelerated urban and industrial development in the last decades is water pollution. In particular, metal contamination is a significant problem, causing serious changes to the environment and adversely affecting human health. The cities of Campinas and Jaguariúna are inserted in the Campinas Metropolitan Region (CMR), one of the most dynamic regions in the Brazilian economy, accounting for 2.7% of Gross National Product (GNP) and 7.83% of São Paulo State Product—or approximately $ 70.7 billion per year. Besides having a strong economy, the region also presents an infrastructure that provides the development of the entire metropolitan area. Therefore, to study the anthropogenic influences of the cities, the evaluation of the quality of raw and treated effluent and, the sludge generated in sewage treatment plants (STP), especially with regard to heavy metals was performed by Total Reflection X-Ray Fluorescence with Synchrotron Radiation technique. The results were compared with the allowed values established by Brazilian Legislation. For raw and treated effluents collected in Jaguariúna and Campinas city in the Stations of Treatment of Sewage (Camanducaia and Anhumas), Cr presented higher concentrations than the maximum allowed values established by CONAMA 357. However, it is necessary to do other studies to define the fraction of Cr+3 and Cr+6 to compare to the new legislation. The other elements were in agreement with established regulations. For sludge sampled in the same locations, the concentrations of Cr, Cu, Pb, Ni and Zn were compared with the CONAMA 375 and showed values smaller than the maximum allowed values, indicating the possibility to re-use the sludge.

Infectivity of Giardia duodenalis Cysts from UV Light-Disinfected Wastewater Effluent Using a Nude BALB/c Mouse Model.

Giardia duodenalis is a protozoan of public health interest that causes gastroenteritis in humans and other animals. In the city of Campinas in southeast Brazil, giardiasis is endemic, and this pathogen is detected at high concentrations in wastewater effluents, which are potential reservoirs for transmission. The Samambaia wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in the city of Campinas employs an activated sludge system for sewage treatment and ultraviolet (UV) light for disinfection of effluents. To evaluate this disinfection process with respect to inactivating G. duodenalis cysts, two sample types were investigated: (i) effluent without UV disinfection (EFL) and (ii) effluent with UV disinfection (EFL+UV). Nude immunodeficient BALB/c mice were intragastrically inoculated with a mean dose of 14 cysts of G. duodenalis recovered from effluent from this WWTP, EFL, or EFL+UV. All animals inoculated with G. duodenalis cysts developed the infection, but animals inoculated with UV-exposed cysts released a lower average concentration of cysts in their faeces than animals inoculated with cysts that were not UV disinfected. Trophozoites were also observed in both groups of animals. These findings suggest that G. duodenalis cysts exposed to UV light were damaged but were still able to cause infection.

Evaluation of the potential of recycling for the reduction of energy and CO2 emissions in Brazil

Abstract The climatic changes provoked by the emissions of the greenhouse effect gases urged the United Nations to create a document containing eight goals called “Millennium Development Goals” to be achieved until 2015. One of these goals is the MDG7, refers to the sustainability of the planet. Recycling the household solid waste is an additional effort in this direction. This paper presents the environmental and energy impacts of case study of recycling the household solid waste from the City of Campinas based upon official data and reports. It was found that the energy economy due to recycling is 7.59 MW and 1.21 GW for Campinas and Brazil, respectively. The avoided CO2 emissions to the atmosphere in the case of Campinas and Brazil are found to be 936.9 tCO2/month or 247 CERs/month and 200,775.7 tCO2/month or 51,167.8 CERs/month, respectively. Two sceneries are presented to estimate the potential of recycling all the household solid waste in Brazil. The total economized energy predicted from the two sceneries are 15.44 GW and 14.18 GW respectively, while the amounts of CERs predicted from the two sceneries are found to be 6.561 × 105 and 6.026 × 105 respectively. These results indicate good agreement and hence validate the calculation procedure and the adopted assumptions.

Evaluation of Larval Development of Dirofilaria immitis in Different Populations of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus

Dirofilaria immitis is an important nematode parasite commonly known as heartworm. This filarioid is transmitted by culicid vectors and primarily affects dogs, but other animals may also become infected, such as wild carnivores, cats and humans. The aim of the present study was to assess the development of D. immitis larvae in different culicid populations under laboratory conditions. Adult females of populations of Aedes aegypti from the city of Recife (P1), the city of Campinas (P2) and the Rockefeller strain from the Centers for Disease Control (P3) and one population of Aedes albopictus from Recife (P4) were fed for two hours with infected dog blood containing 2,000 microfilariae/ml of D. immitis. After artificial feeding, the specimens were maintained under controlled conditions. Ten females from each population were dissected daily over 14 days. The infection ratio and vector efficiency index were calculated and D. immitis development from L1 to L3 was assessed. The larvae in P1, P2, P3 and P4 reached the third stage in 11, 10, 14 and 9 days, respectively. The vector efficiency index was 53.8%, 20.0%, 7.4% and 25.2% in P1, P2, P3 and P4, respectively. The findings demonstrate that D. immitis larvae develop in all culicid populations studied herein. Based on mosquito mortality, development time and VEI the A. albopictus population from Recife (P4) demonstrated the best performance as vector. This is the second report of D. immitis development in A. albopictus from Brazil. The present data reinforce the role of this species as vector of D. immitis in an area where greater importance has long been given to A. aegypti.

MSW recycling as a mechanism for the social inclusion in Brazil

This paper presents an evaluation of the recycling as a mechanism that can promote the social inclusion in Brazil. The analysis is based on the data from a Brazilian metropolitan, city of Campinas and is extended to Brazil. The results show that the municipality of Campinas collects monthly 8000 tons of recyclables, which if recycled can avail jobs to nearly 5000 waste collectors each receiving a minimum national salary of R$ 500/month, or alternatively can create 12,500 Family Grants at the value of R$ 200/month. In Brazil, the collected recyclables potential is about 1.2 million tons per month, which can avail jobs to 733,594 waste collectors or alternatively creates 1.8 million Family Grants. For these reasons, the authors propose the programme of selective collection and recycling as an alternative way to achieve the objective of the recommendation MDG1 of the UN.

Radioactivity and gamma-dose rates observed at the Morungaba granites, Southeastern Brazil

A ground gamma-ray survey was conducted over part of a large granitic body located near the city of Campinas, eastern São Paulo State, Brazil. The dominant rock types are K-feldspar porphyries-rich granites, porphyritic biotite and hornblend-bearing granites, fine to medium-grained monzogranites and medium to gross grained, biotite and muscovite-bearing monzogranites. The radioactive element distribution reflects local geology, in part re-worked by weathering, and the most radioactive rocks are the K-feldspar-rich granites. The rate of the absorbed dose by the air reflects the integrated effects of the radioactive elements distribution. Most of the observed values vary between 67 and 130 nGy h(-1) and with localised spots with the absorbed dose rate values up to 193 nGy h(-1) and low values of ∼25 nGy h(-1). The mean air absorbed dose rate for the studied area is 77 nGy h(-1).

Factors involved in dentistry absenteeism since the foundation of the Labor Court from 1986 to 2008

Aim: To identify the most important factors involved in dentistry absenteeism since the foundation of the Labor Court in Campinas, SP, Brazil, until December 2008; to verify if there was a decrease in dentistry absenteeism after the introduction of the dental service in the headquarters of the Court; to verify if dentistry absenteeism is greater in the others cities of the region compared with the city of Campinas. Methods: The information was collected from the dental statements of the archives of the Health Department of the Labor Court. Collected information included: International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10), gender, age, function, origin of the statements, period of the absenteeism and year when the absence occurred. Results: 3,084 health files from server group (2,741) and judges (343) were reviewed. The results indicated: higher prevalence of female gender, higher frequency in the age group from 30 to 40 years old and the smallest frequency in the age group upper from 60 years old. It was found an average sick-leave period of 1.93 days. According to the International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-10, the most prevalent dental problems found in this study were: K01 (25.78%), K04 (10.57%) and K05 (6.37%). Conclusions: The results of this study pointed to lower rates of absenteeism than the results found in the literature. The introduction of the dental service did not have influence on the rates of absenteeism of the area; however it influenced the absenteeism rates in the city of Campinas (headquarters of the Court).

Laptops Educacionais em Escolas Públicas: Primeiros Resultados de uma Abordagem Socio-técnica

Projects around the world have focused efforts in integrating laptops into schools to be used by children in a 1-1 model. In this paper we present a methodology for this integration based on Organizational Semiotics concepts and artifacts, explored in participatory workshops. We describe a project underway with the active participation of the school community of an urban school in the city of Campinas (state of Sao Paulo), focused on fomenting contextualized solutions and processes. The results of the initial five semio-participatory workshops conducted in the school demonstrate the viability of the methods used to negotiate the integration of XO laptops in the school. The results indicate that the methodology contributes to anticipate issues specific to the school context, and think solutions shared among those more directly involved with the technology in the school practices; potentially promoting transformations in these practices.

Reflexões teóricas, políticas e metodológicas sobre um morrer, virar e nascer travesti na adolescência

A partir de uma pesquisa com adolescentes travestis da cidade de Campinas, este texto procura refletir a respeito de questões teóricas, políticas e metodológicas que envolvem a temática do gênero e da sexualidade na contemporaneidade. Procura valorizar a necessidade de se estudarem mais as convenções e as normas sociais do que focar no indivíduo em si. Pensa a questão subjetiva e corporal do/da pesquisador/a em contato com os/as interlocutores/as e problematiza a neutralidade científica em etnografias que envolvem experiências trans. Além disso, contextualiza a reflexão queer e os dilemas que envolvem a produção do conhecimento situado.

Development of a scale to measure consumer perception of the risks involved in consuming raw vegetable salad in full-service restaurants

The importance of the number of meals taken away-from-home represents an opportunity to promote consumption of vegetables in this context. However, the perception of risk may interfere with the food consumption behavior. The objective of this research was to develop a scale to measure consumer perception of the risks involved in consuming raw vegetable salad in full-service restaurants. The following research steps were carried out: item elaboration; content validity; scale purification (item-total correlation, internal consistency and exploratory factor analysis); and construct validity (confirmatory factor analysis). Non-probabilistic samples of consumers were interviewed (a total of 672 individuals) in the city of Campinas, Brazil. Several analyses were carried out using the Predictive Analytics Software 18.0 and LISREL 8.80. The final scale contained 26 items with an adequate content validity index (0.97) and Cronbach’s alpha coefficient (0.93). The confirmatory factor analysis validates a six risk type factor model: physical, psychological, social, time, financial and performance (chi-square/degrees of freedom=2.29, root mean square error of approximation – RMSEA=0.060 and comparative fit index – CFI=0.98). The scale developed presented satisfactory reliability and validity results and could therefore be employed in further studies.

CORPO E MOVIMENTO: PRODUZINDO DIFERENÇAS DE GÊNERO NA EDUCAÇÃO INFANTIL

This paper analyzes the relations between gender and movement in the early childhood education through of two researches realized in institutions of early childhood education of distinct São Paulo cities State. At both it was done look out ethnographical and interview. The first, realized at Campinas city, search into how the body and movement`s child was deal during at scholar routine. The second, realized at Vinhedo city, searched the gender`s relationship in the physical education classes. We analyzing here, how the contrast interventions form of the teachers, fetch differents gender relationship during their classes. We conclude that different forms or intervention can incite or not the segregation between girls and boys this places.Keywords: Early Childhood Education. Gender. Movement. Physical Education.