City Of Cambodia Research Articles

Identifying Cambodian teachers' concerns about including students with disabilities in regular classrooms: Evidence from a nationwide survey

AbstractThis study examined teachers' concerns about including students with disabilities (SWDs) in regular classrooms and identified the background variables that were significantly associated with their concerns. A total of 1008 primary school teachers from 236 schools across all 25 provinces and cities in Cambodia participated in the study. The Concern about Inclusive Education Scale (CIES) was used as a research instrument. Descriptive statistics, a principal component analysis, reliability tests, Pearson correlation coefficients and a multiple regression analysis were used for data analysis. The result of the principal component analysis confirmed a four‐factor model for the CIES. The study found that Cambodian teachers had high levels of concern about including SWDs in regular classrooms. They expressed the deepest concerns about the inadequate availability of special education instructional materials and teaching aids, the lack of knowledge and skills required to teach SWDs, the increased workloads and the challenges of providing equal attention to all students. The experience of inclusive education training, years of teaching in regular classrooms, and experience of teaching SWDs were significantly associated with their concerns about inclusion. The findings were discussed with practical implications for improved policy and practice to address Cambodian teachers' concerns and promote their inclusive practices.

Are Teachers Adequately Prepared for Inclusive Classrooms in Cambodia? Knowledge and Experience for Inclusive Practices

This study examined Cambodian teachers’ knowledge and experience related to inclusive education and investigated differences in their knowledge and experience based on schools that implemented and did not implement inclusive education programmes. A survey was administered to 1,008 regular teachers from 236 primary schools of all 25 provinces and cities in Cambodia. Among the selected schools, 50% implemented inclusive education, while the other 50% did not. A four-part questionnaire was employed for data collection. Data analysis encompassed descriptive statistics, the Chi-Square analysis, and the independent sample t-tests. The study revealed that teachers had limited experience and knowledge in implementing inclusive practices. Teachers from schools with inclusive education programmes exhibited significantly higher levels of experience in inclusive education training ( = 0.21, p < 0.001), teaching students with disabilities ( = 0.21, p < 0.001), and collaborative efforts ( = 0.23, p < 0.001) than those from schools without such programmes. They also demonstrated significantly greater knowledge concerning policies, inclusive education (t = -8.29, p < 0.001), and disability (t = -3.12, p < 0.001) than their counterparts. The study provides various implications for improved policies and teacher training programmes to enhance teachers’ knowledge and experience for inclusive practices in Cambodia.

Topic modeling of the quality of guest’s experience using latent Dirichlet allocation: western versus eastern perspectives

PurposeThis study aims to understand the satisfaction and needs of eastern and western travelers as hotel guest, based on their experiences as seen in guest reviews and review topics.Design/methodology/approachConsidering 2,965 and 1,035 western and eastern traveler reviews, respectively, from 47 countries, obtained from TripAdvisor listed-hotel in Phnom Penh and Siem Reap city in Cambodia, this study investigates the differences in hotel guest satisfaction and needs by using topic modeling (i.e. latent Dirichlet allocation [LDA]).FindingsThe results reveal differences in the online preferences, experiences, expectations and behaviors of hotel guests from different cultural backgrounds. Though western and eastern travelers appear to place similar emphasis on service, location, room and destination. The westerners more likely focus on meal and online reservation, whereas the easterners focus on hotel facility.Research limitations/implicationsReviews were obtained from only two cities in Cambodia, which is not an adequate representation of the diverse travelers visiting the country.Practical implicationsThe comparison highlighting the similarities and dissimilarities between western and eastern traveler perspectives enable hoteliers to understand guests’ preferences and their hidden changes in (dis)satisfaction and leverage it to improve hotel service quality, increase occupancy and, thereby, maximize profits.Originality/valueThis study contributes to the literature on hotel guests’ experiences by presenting the difference in perceptions of service experience of western and eastern travelers, through topic modeling.

Transferring road safety knowledge from road safety specialists empowering peer influencers in Cambodia: turning adversity into success during the pandemic

During the global pandemic, an international road safety on-line collaboration between Australia and Cambodia was initiated to design, develop and deliver a virtual training course in June/July 2021. Ten highly experienced Australian and Cambodian road safety practitioners voluntarily combined with the enthusiasm and dedication of 53 committed Cambodian young peer influencers to achieve highly productive results. In the month following the training sessions, the youth syndicates produced promotional leaflets, banners, infographics and 10 short videos to deliver tailored messages to over 26,000 community members in villages and cities in Cambodia. The communications media included Facebook and TikTok as well as workshops and direct messaging at vaccination points. This program epitomises what can be achieved with the goodwill of road safety professionals using an international network to combine with enthusiastic, dedicated and committed youth peer influencers, all within a framework of voluntary community services. Actions, outcomes and the impact of this knowledge-transfer and youth empowerment initiative is presented as an example of a successful road safety intervention.

Performance Assessment for Increasing Connection Rates of Private Water Supply Operators in Cambodia

Private water supply operators (PWSOs) play an important role in extending piped water services in small cities in Cambodia. However, the connection rates to PWSOs are highly varied. Therefore, this study aimed to find the reasons for the low connection rates of PWSOs and to propose ways to increase the connection rates. The three PWSOs selected for this study supply water continuously, with sufficiently high pressure and good water quality except for the low concentration of residual chlorine, while the per capita supply volume varies significantly. Households with alternative water sources, namely rainwater and well water, consume less piped water than those without alternative water sources. Scattered service areas far away from water treatment plants had coverage rates that were lower than in compact service areas. The present connection costs and water tariffs are higher than those that non-connected households are willing to pay, though they pay high costs for bottled water. Due to the high variation in household income, connection fees and water tariffs are a financial burden for low-income households. Because the operating rates of the PWSOs are 21–47%, it is advised that PWSOs reduce their connection fees and water tariffs to obtain more connected households in their service areas.

The role of servant leadership, self-efficacy, high performance work systems, and work engagement in increasing service-oriented behavior

ABSTRACT By integrating job demand-resources and social learning theories, the mediation effects of work engagement between servant leadership and service-oriented behavior; and moderating effects of self-efficacy and high-performance work systems (HPWS) on the connection between servant leadership and work engagement were examined. Partial least squares was applied to analyze survey data of 381 customer-contact hotel employees from three cities in Cambodia. Servant leaders have a positive and significant influence on employee-level service-oriented behavior directly and indirectly via work engagement. Both HPWS and self-efficacy significantly and positively moderates the association of servant leadership and work engagement. Overall, findings indicated the importance of servant leadership, engaged employees, HPWS, and self-efficacy in fostering service-oriented behavior. The novelty of this study is the extension of job demand-resources and social learning theories by investigating the mediating role of work engagement and the combined moderating role of HPWS and self-efficacy. Practical and theoretical implications are described. 通过整合工作需求资源和社会学习理论, 研究了工作投入在服务型领导和服务型行为之间的中介作用; 此外, 还考察了自我效能感和高绩效工作系统(HPWS)对仆人领导与工作投入之间关系的调节作用. 偏最小二乘法用于分析柬埔寨三个城市381名顾客接触酒店员工的调查数据. 服务型领导通过工作投入直接或间接地对员工层面的服务导向行为产生积极而显著的影响. HPWS和自我效能感显著且积极地调节了仆人领导和工作投入的关联. 总的来说, 研究结果表明了仆人领导, 敬业的员工, HPW和自我效能感在培养服务导向行为方面的重要性.本研究的创新之处在于通过调查工作投入的中介作用以及HPWS和自我效能感的联合调节作用,扩展了工作需求学习描述.了实了实际和理论意义

Association between socioeconomic factors and soft drink consumption among adults in Cambodia: a cross-sectional study

Background: Soft drinks are an attractive and popular drink, consumed by many people to fulfill their energy. However, soft drink consumption is an important risk factor for non-communicable diseases. This study aimed to investigate the association between socioeconomic factors and soft drink consumption among adults in Cambodia. Methods: A cross-sectional analytical study with multi-stage random sampling was used to select 749 respondents from 12 communes across 5 districts in Phnom Penh, the capital city of Cambodia. A structured questionnaire was used to assess socioeconomic factors and soft drink consumption. Data were analyzed using bivariate and multivariable logistic regression. Crude odds ratios and adjusted odds ratios (AORs) with 95% confident intervals (CI) were calculated to show the strength of associations. Results: The overall prevalence of soft drink consumption was 44.73% (95%CI: 41.16-48.30%) across the sample population. The final model of multiple logistic regression showed only four factors to be significantly associated with soft drink consumption: gender, age, family size and income. Respondents most likely to consume soft drinks were men (AOR: 1.49, 95%CI: 1.10-2.00; p=0.009), those aged 31-59 years (AOR: 1.93, 95%CI: 1.98-4.62; p<0.001), those in a household of less than 5 individuals (AOR: 1.38, 95%CI: 1.44-3.19; p=0.036), and those earning <300$/month (AOR: 1.59, 95%CI: 1.10-2.31; p=0.003). Conclusion: The prevalence of soft drink consumption in Cambodia is a major concern for public health. The predictive factors significantly associated with soft drink consumption identified by this study were gender, age, household size and income. Therefore, all stakeholders should contribute to social marketing and intervention focusing on reducing the consumption of soft drinks through advertising on social media, television and other popular media platforms. Furthermore, additional taxation of soft drinks should be considered.

Socio-demographic and lifestyle factors associated with understanding fast food consumption among adults in Cambodia

Background: Over the past decades, fast food has been rapidly gaining popularity and availability worldwide. Its consequential impact on human health is among the highest in terms of non-communicable diseases. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the level of understanding of fast food consumption among adults in Phnom Penh, the capital city of Cambodia. Methods: A cross-sectional analytical study aimed to investigate the level of understanding of factors associated with fast food consumption, among adults in Phnom Penh. Multi-stage random sampling was used to select 749 respondents from 12 communes of five districts in Phnom Penh. A structured questionnaire was used to assess the level of understanding of fast food consumption, and associated factors. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, together with bivariate and multivariable logistic regression. Crude odds ratios (CORs) and adjusted odds ratios (AORs) with 95% confident intervals (CI) were calculated to show the strength of associations. Results: The understanding of factors associated with fast food consumption was poor in 52.07% (95% CI: 48.48-55.66), fair in 22.70% (95% CI: 19.69-25.70) and good in 25.23% (95% CI: 22.12-28.35) of those surveyed. After adjusting for other covariates, unsatisfactory levels of knowledge around fast food consumption were found to be significantly associated with not taking regular exercise (AOR = 1.53; 95% CI: 1.15-2.25; p<0.001) and sleeping less than eight hours per night (AOR = 1.64; 95% CI: 1.09-2.12; p=0.014). Conclusion: Health promotion and disease prevention should be conducted among at-risk populations in order to raise the level of understanding of factors around fast food consumption.

Association between socioeconomic factors and soft drink consumption among adults in Cambodia: a cross-sectional study

Background: Soft drinks are an attractive and popular drink, consumed by many people to fulfill their energy. However, soft drink consumption is an important risk factor for non-communicable diseases. This study aimed to investigate the association between socioeconomic factors and soft drink consumption among adults in Cambodia. Methods: A cross-sectional analytical study with multi-stage random sampling was used to select 749 respondents from 12 communes across 5 districts in Phnom Penh, the capital city of Cambodia. A structured questionnaire was used to assess socioeconomic factors and soft drink consumption. Data were analyzed using bivariate and multivariable logistic regression. Crude odds ratios and adjusted odds ratios (AORs) with 95% confident intervals (CI) were calculated to show the strength of associations. Results: The overall prevalence of soft drink consumption was 44.73% (95%CI: 41.16-48.30%) across the sample population. The final model of multiple logistic regression showed only four factors to be significantly associated with soft drink consumption: gender, age, family size and income. Respondents most likely to consume soft drinks were men (AOR: 1.49, 95%CI: 1.10-2.00; p=0.009), those aged 31-59 years (AOR: 1.93, 95%CI: 1.98-4.62; p<0.001), those in a household of less than 5 individuals (AOR: 1.38, 95%CI: 1.44-3.19; p=0.036), and those earning <300$/month (AOR: 1.59, 95%CI: 1.10-2.31; p=0.003). Conclusion: The prevalence of soft drink consumption in Cambodia is a major concern for public health. The predictive factors significantly associated with soft drink consumption identified by this study were gender, age, household size and income. Therefore, all stakeholders should contribute to social marketing and intervention focusing on reducing the consumption of soft drinks through advertising on social media, television and other popular media platforms. Furthermore, additional taxation of soft drinks should be considered.

Prioritizing Sustainable City Indicators for Cambodia

This research is based on our previous research that developed consensus sustainable city indicators for Cambodia through three-round Delphi panel surveys. That research developed indicators in the first round based on UN sustainable development goal 11, ASEAN environmentally sustainable city, Korean case study, and domestic green and clean city indicators, and validated the developed indicators in the last two rounds. After consensus analysis, that research obtained 32 assessment indicators categorized by nine criteria. However, these indicators are not prioritized yet due to the limitation of the Delphi technique. Hence, this research aims to prioritize these indicators by applying the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) technique and to confirm whether the levels of importance verified by Delphi can be used for prioritizing or ranking the indicators. This research surveyed potential respondents experienced and working in relevant fields both offline and online. Online surveys were processed through E-mail, Facebook, and LinkedIn. A total of 118 questionnaires were gathered from the surveys, and 16 were inconsistent (consistency ratio > 0.1). The results showed that the highest and lowest weights are 0.0557 and 0.086. The top ten indicators are slum population (0.0557), unemployment (0.0516), crime prevention (0.0470), water supply (0.0469), city’s migration (0.0462), low-income housing (0.0445), solid waste collection (0.0437), labor-force (0.0421), construction safety (0.0400), and traffic congestion (0.0398). The rank of all indicators based on their levels of importance is completely different from the rank of their weights. Therefore, this research confirms that the levels of importance verified by Delphi cannot be used for ranking or prioritizing the consensus indicators. The priority weights in this research would be useful to policymaking, strategic direction, and budget allocation for the development and management of sustainable cities in Cambodia.

Consumers’ preferences for rice attributes in Cambodia: a choice modeling approach

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine rice attributes that are valued by the urban consumers of Cambodia and identifies the factors that influence consumers’ decisions on a set of rice attributes. Design/methodology/approach The study uses incomplete ranking choice data, gathered from a stated preference survey conducted from 350 consumers of two cities in Cambodia, to model consumers’ alternative choices of rice traits in a setting of a random utility framework. Empirically, a rank-ordered logistic regression is fitted to identify the factors influencing consumers’ perception on a set of rice attributes. Findings The results suggest that the probability of choosing rice that is soft is highest for consumers in Cambodia. The second and third most preferred rice attributes are taste and aroma, respectively. The results also indicate that rice consumption is significantly affected by location, economic class of consumers, family size and educational attainment. Research limitations/implications The research was carried out using consumers in two urban cities in Cambodia as a case study; therefore, the findings might not represent all consumers’ preferences for rice traits in the country. Originality/value The present study contributes to the overall rice grain preference literature examining consumers’ perceptions on rice traits and the factors influencing their decision in choosing rice traits. The results originating from this study will help to guide rice breeders in developing new varieties with traits that will be acceptable to consumers and other value chain actors.

Estimating the size of the homeless adolescent population across seven cities in Cambodia

BackgroundThe Government of Cambodia has committed to supporting family care for vulnerable children, including homeless populations. Collecting baseline data on the numbers and characteristics of homeless adolescents was prioritized to illuminate the scope of the issue, mobilize resources and direct the response.MethodsAdministrative zones across seven cities were purposively selected to cover the main urban areas known to have homeless populations in Cambodia. A complete enumeration of homeless individuals between the ages of 13 and 17 was attempted in the selected areas. In addition, a second independent count was conducted to enable a statistical estimation of completeness based on overlap across counts. This technique is known as capture-recapture. Adolescents were also interviewed about their schooling, health and other circumstances.ResultsAfter adjustment by the capture-recapture corrective multipliers (range: 3.53 -27.08), the study yielded an estimate of 2,697 13–17 year old homeless adolescents across all seven cities. The total number of homeless boys counted was significantly greater than homeless girls, especially in older ages.ConclusionsTo the authors’ knowledge, this is the first time capture-recapture methods have been applied to a homeless estimation of this scale in a resource-limited setting. Findings suggest the number of homeless adolescents in Cambodia is much greater than one would expect if relying on single count data alone and that this population faces many hardships.

Comparison of GHG Emission from Municipal Solid Waste Management Technology in Selected Cities in Cambodia

The municipal solid waste management (MSWM) is one major concern in Cambodia due to complicated problems from waste sector. Until now, because of poor MSWM, solid wastes have produced high pollution, like methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and carbon dioxide (CO2), which are the substances of greenhouse gas affect to climate change. Therefore, this study was undertaken to estimate and compare the greenhouse gas (GHG) emission from municipal solid waste in different cities namely; Phnom Penh, Battambang, and Siem Reap of Cambodia. GHG emission was calculated through Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) calculator 2006 based on secondary data of 2009 for all cities. In order to reduce the GHG emission, four scenarios were proposed with different waste treatment technologies such as composting, anaerobic digestion, waste reduction at landfill by separating waste for recycling before disposal off in landfill, and landfill with gas recovery as well. Additionally, the multiple benefits of implementing the proposed scenarios may include reduction of GHG emission, promotion of energy saving for landfill operation, and promotion of the renewable energy concept like electricity.

Waste-to-Energy Technology Assessment for Household Cooking Fuel in Phnom Penh Capital City of Cambodia

Lack of energy, fire wood use, and deforestation problem are the main issues in Cambodia. In rural area, small biogasification plant project has been successfully conducted. However, it was not applied in urban area such as Phnom Penh city. This study is focused on the household cooking fuel in urban area and aims to find the alternative cooking fuel to wood in Phnom Penh city. With literature reviews, field survey and interviews, we reviewed small biogasification, central biogas plant, and solid refuse fuel as an applicable technology for supplying cooking fuel. We considered the procurement of raw materials, land use, odor problem, operation and maintenance difficulty, and health impact in using indoors. Consequently, solid refuse fuel from bagasse has the potential to supply alternative cooking fuel. Further researches on stakeholder interview and business potential are necessary. Through literature reviews and field survey, it was found there are many failure cases. It is the most necessary to reflect the regions characteristics and the local experts opinions for applying waste-to-energy technology successfully in developing countries.

カンボジア児童・生徒の体格と体力における首都と他の地区の違い

The primary purpose of the present study was to examine whether the residence area influenced physique and physical fitness in Cambodian children. Also, as a secondary purpose, the relationship between physique and physical fitness was examined.The research area included 8 locations(1 city and 7 provinces):Battambang(BTB), Kompong Cham(KCM), Kompon Chhnang(KCH), Kratie(KRT), Phnom Penh(PNH), Rattanakiri(RNK), Sihanoukville(SHV), and Svay Rieng(SVR)in Cambodia.The research subjects included school children aged 7 to 15(M:2747, F:2753).The study was carried out from December 2007 to March 2008.The research contents consisted of physique items(height, weight)and physical fitness items(sit-ups, trunk flexion, side-steps, 5-minute run, 50-meter dash, and long jump). In this study, we analyzed only the long jump among the physical fitness items.In this study, the results showed that metropolitan children tended to be bigger than children from other cities in terms of their physique. On the other hand, metropolitan children showed a lower physical fitness level than children from other cities. Thus, the growth status of metropolitan children(i. e., their larger size)did not necessarily lead to improved power output as evidenced by their long jump results.In addition, Cambodian children were similar to Japanese children in terms of the efficiency of their power output in the long jump. However, children from Phnom Penh exhibited a power output efficiency that was significantly different from those of other Cambodian and Japanese children. Children from Phnom Penh had the lowest power output efficiency in the long jump in 3 areas(Cambodian, Japanese, and Phnom Penh).Certainly, Phnom Penh is urbanizing more rapidly than other cities in Cambodia. Thus, we should think two ways cooperation that primary health care for rural area and lifestyle-related diseases for urbanized area.

Factors influencing the population structure of Aedes aegypti from the main cities in Cambodia

A population genetic analysis was conducted on 47 Aedes aegypti collections from Cambodia. Genetic differentiation at seven polymorphic isoenzyme loci was analysed by starch gel electrophoresis. Low (F(ST)=0.024) but significant (P<10(-6)) differentiation was found when all samples were considered. Whatever the grouping of samples tested, differentiation remained significant but low. The role of human activities (ie insecticide treatments or water storage practices) and environmental factors (ie rainfall) in shaping mosquito differentiation are discussed.

Mountains and cities in Cambodia: Temple architecture and divine vision

In an article in The New York times reporting on an exhibition of unbuilt mid career Frank Lloyd Wright projects?under a subheadline 'The designs of a genius-in-progress'?Herbert Muschamp writes that 'what's striking about all these projects is that Wright proceeded as if he, personally, had discovered America' (1997: 29). He goes on to say that 'Sybil Maholy-Nagy was not exaggerating when she observed that Wright was the first architect in history who felt obliged to design an entire continent.' How much more had the architects of sacred monuments in South and Southeast Asia undertaken in