Citation Style Research Articles

Preparation of a scientific presentation

AbstractThis article provides a guide to creating a scientific presentation. It outlines the tasks a presenter has to perform before creating a presentation, gives tips for preparing a successful presentation, and provides techniques the presenter can use when giving the presentation. When preparing a presentation, the speaker must consider the aim of the presentation and the audience. Therefore, this article provides tips regarding layout, speaking time, language, citation style, structure, and how to increase the audience’s attention. Through a clear structure, visual support, and interaction with the audience, the presenter can convince the audience and successfully convey his scientific message. Finally, a checklist is provided to help researchers with finalizing their presentations.

A Critical Analysis of Void Agreement Under Indian Contract Act and Navigating Its Implications

This research paper goes into the complexities of contract law, with a primary focus on Void Agreements under the Indian Contract Act of 1872. It covers the idea, legal context, and effects of void agreements, as well as how to navigate legal challenges and current legislative modifications. This study attempts to give a nuanced knowledge of void agreements and their repercussions on contractual relationships by conducting a complete examination of literature, case studies, and comparative studies with international contract law. The introduction of the article provides a summary of the Indian Contracts Act of 1872, as well as the basic definitions and features of Contracts, Void Agreements, and so on. The study design focuses on providing a concise description of the research purpose, objectives, methodology, research questions, scope, and limits. The Review of Literature analyses and describes the various websites, articles, and blogs that were used in this research to delve into the various perspectives and aspects of the main topic. It includes the key contents of each website, as well as the possible conclusion and key findings. Beginning with a review of contract law in India, it dives into the fundamentals of valid contracts, types of contracts, and invalid agreements, illuminating their definition, features, and major legal clauses. This research provides practical insights into contract nullification, restitution, and the impact on concerned parties by thoroughly examining numerous grounds for voidability and conducting individual case analyses. Furthermore, it addresses legal issues related to void agreements and offers a comparison analysis with foreign contract law frameworks. This study intends to contribute to a more sophisticated understanding of void agreements and their implications in contractual partnerships by reviewing recent legislative revisions and making relevant proposals for future legal reforms. The conclusion highlights the research's primary results and ideas, as well as all of the subsections written throughout the study. The report concludes with some recommendations for future legislative revisions regarding void agreements based on the research findings. The last section, which includes the bibliography and references, gives a list of all sources cited throughout the work, using the relevant citation style requirements.

Awareness and adoption of anti-plagiarism software in India: A case study of ShodhShuddhi

Background Academic writing is essential for researchers to present the research output in a legitimate manner with a precise and clear representation of research data, but few have mastered the art of writing well. Research and researchers are responsible for upholding academic honesty, integrity, and ethics. Needless to say, plagiarism has been around since antiquity, but it has never been as pervasive as it is now. Plagiarism is gradually ingraining itself into our educational system. Pupils are increasingly using the Internet and ICT-based tools to find quick “shortcuts” to the worthwhile but time-consuming task of preparing research papers. Being the third-largest publishing nation, it is the duty of the stakeholders to uphold and work for publication excellence with research ethics and honesty. Since there are so many research articles being published, it is important to understand publishing ethics and anti-plagiarism software in the research domain. If authors are taking ideas from previously published documents or other authors’ works, it is important to ensure acknowledgment and credit in terms of citations, bibliographical references, providing in-text citations, footnotes, and quoting them in any standard citation style. Plagiarism can also be defined as the paraphrasing and text recycling of documents. The challenges in research, which compromise ethics, are also from different stages of research, which include fabrication and falsification of data, AI-based text-generating tools, test recycling, ghostwriting, image plagiarism, audio-to-text-converting tools, etc. A one-stop solution to address all these issues on a single platform is not feasible as it involves multi-level checks and proper policy blended to be implemented at many levels. Objectivity In this paper, analysis and study examine the national awareness of anti-plagiarism software. The primary objectives of the study are to raise awareness and investigate the current state and status of the use of anti-plagiarism software in Bharat (PDS). Methodology The data was collected through the portals and websites of ShodhShuddhi, Shodhganga, and the INFLIBNET Centre. Initiated with 200 universities in the year 2015, about 1086 higher education institutions (HEIs) are provided with PDS under ShodhShuddhi, out of which 894 institutions are active in using software for checking similarities. Three years of usage by active institutions are taken for analysis and study by 1.3 lakh faculty members and research scholars. The increase in usage, even during COVID time, shows that awareness is created in the nation, and the percentage of similarity in first document submission is also coming down gradually in the nation. Character building in academic matters and innovations are key outcomes that can be achieved by addressing plagiarism to strive for a knowledge-based nation.

Image thieves: A study of university library research guides on image use and citation

Librarians are frequently consulted on various topics, a central one being the proper citation of sources. Information literacy sessions, taught by librarians, are usually taught in less than an hour and may not cover the use of visual resources. To support teaching and research, outside the classroom, librarians develop research guides to provide scholarly resources and guidance on how to properly cite them. Often, the use of visual resources and proper citation for them are absent from research guides dealing with citation styles. This paper presents a study of research guides on image use and citation by determining which U.S. libraries in the Association of Research Libraries (ARL) currently maintain guides on the legalities of citing copyrighted works, provide citation guidance, as well as examples.

An In-depth Inquiry into the Complexities of Composition Writing Among Higher Education Students in Oman

This study digs into the specific writing challenges faced by higher education students in Oman, employing a mixed-methods approach including surveys, focus group interviews, and class observations. The research uncovers key difficulties in idea generation, such as students struggling to brainstorm topics, and issues with transitions, where many find it challenging to connect paragraphs coherently. It also reveals common problems in word choice, with students frequently using inappropriate or repetitive language, and in referencing, where inconsistencies and inaccuracies in citation styles are noted. Furthermore, the study identifies frequent spelling errors and grammatical inaccuracies, impacting the overall clarity of students' writing. The findings underscore the necessity for targeted writing instruction that focuses on these specific areas. The study advocates for the integration of comprehensive writing instruction into the curriculum and the implementation of support systems like online writing platforms and dedicated writing centers. These interventions aim to enhance students' writing skills, thereby preparing them better for academic and professional endeavors. The research offers valuable insights for refining curriculum design and teaching practices in Oman's higher education system, with a focus on improving students' composition writing abilities.

Analysis on the Problems in Writing References of Undergraduate Students’ Research Proposal

As a fundamental skill of academic writing, academic writers are supposed to be able to acknowledge all authors cited in their references. However, undergraduate students find it difficult. This research aimed at finding and describing problems in writing references done by undergraduate students. This research was carried out at Tanjungpura University, Pontianak, in the English Language Education Study Program, Teacher Training and Education Faculty. This research involved 16 undergraduate students academic year 2015. The objects of this research were the research proposals written by 16 undergraduate students. This was a descriptive qualitative study. Document analysis was used to gather the 161 references taken from the research proposals. Content analysis was the analysis instrument. The data denoted that problems arouse mainly from 5 major problems: 1). Improper way of writing in- text citation, 2). Improper way of writing reference list, 3). Not including page information in direct quotation, 4). Citation style inconsistency, 5). Indication of plagiarism. From these research findings, it can be concluded that commonly, the students of English Education of English Study Program, Teacher Training and Education Faculty, Tanjungpura University still have problems in writing citation and reference list.Keywords: Reference problems, Academic writing

Experimental investigation and numeric modelling of the impact performance of basalt fiber reinforced geopolymer concrete

Geopolymer concrete (GC) has been found to have better results than Portland cement concrete (PCC), including lower carbon dioxide emissions, higher compressive strength, and greater durability. The study aims to determine the effects of basalt fiber on GC due to the impact caused by the sudden loading effect. Samples were prepared with different mixing ratios for the experimental process, with PCC used as the control sample. Basalt fibers were added to the samples in three different ratios based on optimal mixing ratios determined through physical and mechanical tests, such as UPV (Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity), compressive strength, and flexural strength. Subsequently, fibrous samples were analyzed using SEM (scanning electron microscopy) and EDS (energy dispersive spectroscopy). A drop-weight experiment was conducted on GC plates measuring 50×50×5 cm, which contained two different fiber ratios that yielded the best mechanical and physical properties. The results were analyzed using numerical modeling methods. No changes in content were made. The sample with the highest impact resistance was found to be the 2% basalt fiber-reinforced GC, with a displacement value 21.21% lower than PCC. The language used is clear, concise, and objective, with a formal register and precise word choice. The text follows a logical structure with causal connections between statements and adheres to conventional academic formatting and citation styles. The ANSYS modeling results indicated an 89.63% similarity with the experimental data regarding the displacement values. Additionally, the study demonstrated that the inclusion of basalt fiber additives enhances the impact resistance of geopolymer concrete. Furthermore, numerical modeling can predict the impact behavior of concrete to a significant extent, eliminating the need for experimental processes.

The Role of Temporal and Spectral Cues in Non-native Speech Production:

This study investigated the role of durational and spectral cues in second language tense and lax vowel contrasts produced by non-native speakers. To test previous claims that speakers primarily rely on durational cues over spectral cues to distinguish L2 tense and lax vowel pairs, citation style speech data were collected from 16 native speakers of Bangla; participants were all undergraduate students. The data were collected via a shadowing task where participants listened to a carefully constructed list of English words in random order and repeated each word immediately after they heard them. The utterances were recorded via a Zoom H1n voice recorder. Collected speech data were annotated and processed using the phonetic analysis software Praat and the semi-automatic annotation toolkit DARLA; statistical analyses were performed using R statistical computing software. Results indicate that Bangla speakers do not emphasize on durational cues to differentiate English tense-lax vowel pairs, contrary to the general patterns reported from other languages; rather, they prefer the spectral cues over the durational cues.

Writing English Thesis in The Habitus New Normal Post Covid-19: Obstacles and Challenges from The Students’ Perspective

The majority of learning and teaching activities during the COVID-19 era were distributed to remote learners. The ineffectiveness of face-to-face instruction was subsequently put aside as students felt comfortable learning online. Policymakers in the education system had to adjust to a new normal or habit once the COVID-19 cases started to decline. The aim of this research is to identify the challenges faced by final year students in completing thesis during the Post-Covid-19 New Normal Habitus period and to find out how final year students can complete their thesis guidance during the Post-Covid-19 New Normal Habitus period. There were 15 English students joining the interview and the research was conducted within the State Islamic campus in Jambi City. Coding system was implemented to get credible data. The result shows that Completing studies in the New Normal Era has several obstacles. One of the most significant problems is the communication problem between students and supervisors which involves internal and external factors. Internal factors focus on difficulties caused by students' lack of understanding of thesis components, references and citation styles. Meanwhile, external factors focus on students' difficulties in the thesis writing process which depends on the direction of the supervisor, where some lecturers still provide online thesis guidance, where students agree that online counseling is not effective.

Pendidikan Islam Di Madrasah: Sejarah dan Kontribusinya

Pendidikan as a process of lifelong learning. Education plays a crucial role in preparing people for today's world because it can change the way the general public thinks about a variety of issues. Many people view education as a foundation for improving and developing human character and morality. Madrasah is one of the important Islamic educational institutions with the mission of preparing the next generation of Muslims to build mosques and bangsas in the distant past. This article is written using an appropriate citation style based on existing procedures and a variety of source materials, including relevant research articles, books, journals, and study results. The presence of Islamic education in madrasas is expected to enhance and strengthen students' keimanan through education and experience of Islamic subjects, making Muslims more resilient and self-assured.

Successful chatbot design for polytechnic students in Singapore

ABSTRACT In Temasek Polytechnic, Singapore, several AI chatbots acting as digital teaching assistants were trialed between July 2021 and August 2022. As these were developed for different purposes, it is important to learn if these AI chatbots help achieve the desired learning outcomes. This paper focuses on lessons learnt from three chatbots designed for different learning experiences: the independent learning of EXCEL, the correction of errors in the application of APA citation style, and the provision of supplementary theoretical support for software usage for Social Media Analytics. The research team studied the students’ reaction to these educational chatbots, their motivation to use them, as well as the efficacy of the chatbot features to support specific purposes. This paper offers a design model that describes the three-stage approach for learning with an AI chatbot, with examples elucidating them. These sequential stages are foundational in the chatbot design to provide focused, personalised, student-controlled online learning environment. The application of this model is detailed in a fourth AI chatbot designed for the subject, Airline Management.

Academic Writing in Teaching Research Integrity

The primary aim of this paper is to present the key elements that characterise online course design, addressing the process of designing, implementing, and evaluating an online course for Bachelor’s degree students that focuses on developing their academic writing skills. These skills are essential for university students as they provide the knowledge necessary to express themselves effectively, analyse texts, think critically, cite correctly, and avoid plagiarism. Academic writing is also the foundation for responsible research practice. The Research Integrity Competency Profile Model, which includes four main areas, namely values and principles, research practice, publication and dissemination, and violations, was createdprior to the design of the course and the skills students need to acquire at the Bachelor’s level for successful academic writing were identified. A small private online course was carefully designed in 2020. It consisted of a variety of assignments, including interactive elements such as quizzes, videos, and work in international interdisciplinary groups. The participants of the course were 36 students from Slovenia, the Netherlands, and the Czech Republic. The course lasted four weeks and covered topics such as literature analysis, writing a research paper, avoiding plagiarism, paraphrasing, and citation styles, among others. The course was launched in 2021 for two consecutive instances. The participating students evaluated the course positively, describing the assignments as motivating, useful, and well-structured. However, they concluded that they need more practice in this area, and we suggest that a university course be established to provide all students with the necessary academic writing skills.

“Chicago Manual of Style” (Bibliographic References and Bibliographic Indices Presentation in the English-Speaking World)

The article deals with the styling of bibliographical data in the English-Speaking world, mainly with the rules of the ISBD and of the Chicago Manual of Style. Special attention is paid to the styling of bibliographic references in scholarly papers and of bibliographic indices. The author comes to the conclusion that the conceptual framework of Anglo-American bibliographic standards and styles is quite different from their Russian equivalents, including a wide variety of citation styles instead of a single standard, styling bibliographic references according to the common rules of English punctuation and typography, providing full names instead of surname and initials etc. The English bibliographic terminology is also quite different from the Russian one; for example, the meaning of the term “bibliographic reference” in English is wider than in Russian. As a consequence, bibliographic lists and bibliographic indices in English are usually styled according to the same rules as those used in bibliographic references, in sharp contrast to the Russian practice.

TEACHING METHODS OF CREATING SCIENTIFIC STYLE TEXTS FOR MASTER AND PHD STUDENTS

Academic writing is an obligatory discipline of study in master's and doctoral studies. The assimilation of this subject should develop the student's skills to create analytical and scientific texts.
 Therefore, studying academic writing is part of the study of rules of the scientific community. These rules are learned step by step, by writing texts and discussing them with different readers, giving and receiving feedback.
 Collaborative peer-review, as a learning approach, is also useful as it strengthens feedback and collaboration skills. In many academic communities, texts are written by collaboration, and scientific publications go through a peer-review process in which experts in the field read and comment on manuscripts.
 Academic writing requires a review of previously done research. When searching for existing articles based on existing research, students should understand the methods of finding scientific works and be able to critically evaluate sources of information. The subject of the study and discipline largely determine which sources students should use in their work.
 The aim of teaching academic writing at the master's or doctoral level is to achieve a high quality of research papers submitted for the defense of the degree.
 The main task of the programs is also the development of research skills in students, teaching them to search for the information they need, such as:
 a) Viewing new literature on the subject (limiting the search to novelties) or visiting the library and locating the theme of interest in the catalogue;
 b) Performing a search for information related to the subject in the databases of libraries;
 c) Selection of interesting sources of information from references in the research literature that were found in databases;
 d) Acquaintance with the style of citation adopted in a particular program.
 Different topics may have their own citation practices, for which students receive guidance from program or librarians. It is recommended that you familiarize yourself with the practice of citing sources early in the writing process.
 Thus, the library is an indispensable resource for the formation of skills and training of students to create scientific texts.
 The Ilia State University used two teaching methods for master and PHD Students: Project method and Peer review method.
 The proposed article details the results of a study that compares the two teaching methods, their effectiveness and preference, as well as a comparison of the quality of written papers submitted for defense of the degree, after the training phase of both methods.

Street-Level Pedagogy: Fostering and Communicating Social Equity Through Course Syllabi

This article examines frontline educators as street-level bureaucrats and their pedagogical philosophies, approaches, and choices—what we are calling “street-level pedagogy” to prepare current and future public servants and nonprofit leaders. This provides crucial insight into how (or if) social equity is incorporated into syllabi through a critical reflection on what materials and perspectives are assigned and how they are communicated. Our findings show that gender diversity is more visible, largely through authors of assigned readings, but that visibility is dependent upon presentation method (i.e., citation style). The gender of the professor is linked to gendered patterns in selection of authors of assigned readings. Other types of diversity and intersectionality were visible in course topics and readings, which are discussed along with implications for communicating social equity in graduate nonprofit curricula.

Consequences of antiphospholipid syndrome in pregnancy - A review

Background and objectives. Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) in the blood. Antiphospholipid syndrome is defined by the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies, including lupus anticoagulant, anticardiolipin antibodies, and anti-beta-2 glycoprotein I antibodies. These antibodies target phospholipids-binding proteins and can leading to various clinical manifestations and complications of thromboembolic nature. Also, the antiphospholipid syndrome is strongly linked to adverse pregnancy outcomes, including recurrent miscarriages, fetal growth restriction, preeclampsia, and preterm birth. Placental dysfunction, impaired blood flow to the fetus, and thrombotic events within the placenta contribute to these complications. The purpose of this review was the research of consequences of antiphospholipid syndrome in pregnancy. Materials and methods. This research involves systematically reviewing and analyzing existing literature on consequences of antiphospholipid syndrome in pregnancy. For relevant literature, academic databases like Pub Med, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar were used. Search terms and keywords that were used to search for relevant literature in databases was: antiphospholipid syndrome; pregnancy; consequences, and Boolean operator (AND, OR). The criteria used to include literature in this review were; publication date, language, study objectives, study design, research methodology, key findings, and relevance to my research question. For citation and referencing were used the appropriate citation style (e.g., APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard and Vancouver). Results. The main findings in this review were that antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) of characterizing by dysregulation of the immune system and the production of autoantibodies. These autoantibodies can target various cells and proteins, leading to inflammation, tissue damage, and disrupted physiological processes. This syndrome is associated with a prothrombotic state, increasing the risk of blood clots in veins and arteries. Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) can affect multiple organs and systems, including the skin, kidneys, heart, and central nervous system. Thrombotic events can occur in various organs, leading to deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, strokes, and other thromboembolic complications. Also, the antiphospholipid syndrome is strongly linked to adverse pregnancy outcomes, including recurrent miscarriages, fetal growth restriction, preeclampsia, and preterm birth. Placental dysfunction, impaired blood flow to the fetus, and thrombotic events within the placenta contribute to these complications. Manifestations may include skin rashes (livedo reticularis), kidney involvement (glomerulonephritis), heart valve abnormalities, and neurological symptoms etc. Conclusions. We come to the conclusion that it is essential for the pregnant women with antiphospholipid syndrome to receive close monitoring and appropriate management to reduce the risk and severity of these pregnancy complications. This may include interventions such as anticoagulation therapy, regular prenatal care, monitoring of fetal growth and wellbeing, and prompt management of complications. A multidisciplinary approach involving obstetricians, rheumatologists, and other healthcare professionals is often necessary to optimize outcomes for both the mother and the baby.

Repercussion of Using Internet Sources: Dilemma for Research Communities

Objectives – Consultation of internet sources for educational and research purposes is the new normal. As a result of information communication technology, information creation and access are more convenient. The current study was carried out to investigate the proportion of use of internet sources for research purposes by research scholars of three central universities of North East India, namely Tezpur University, Mizoram University, and Rajiv Gandhi University. Methods – The researchers collected data from 123 respondents through an online questionnaire that was distributed through different social media platforms. The study was conducted among Research Scholars (PhD and M.Phil) of Mizoram University, Rajiv Gandhi University, and Tezpur University. Results – The research results show that research communities are moving toward digital platforms for searching and consulting their required resources. Most of the respondents consult internet sources for writing their research reports, but they do not format the references properly. Some research scholars do not follow any referencing style for citing web documents, and respondents do not have much awareness about the differences between URLs and DOIs. Research communities also face problems due to the inaccessibility of online documents cited by former researchers. Conclusion – Since most of the respondents are not familiar with the use of web archives, the current study suggests that higher education institutions should arrange awareness programs on the use of web archives. Research communities should follow the proper referencing formats to acknowledge others’ works. Publishers should mandate a citation style for authors and verify the accuracy of the references before publishing articles or other works.

Textual Similarity Patterns and Citation Style Errors in Literature Review Chapters of LIS Theses of South Indian Universities: A Study

Textual Similarity Patterns and Citation Style Errors in Literature Review Chapters of LIS Theses of South Indian Universities: A Study

Referencing behaviours across disciplines: publication types and common metadata for defining bibliographic references

In this work, we investigate existing citation practices by analysing a huge set of articles published in journals to measure which metadata are used across the various scholarly disciplines, independently from the particular citation style adopted, for defining bibliographic reference. We selected the most cited journals in each of the 27 subject areas listed in the SCImago Journal Rank in the 2015–2017 triennium according to the SCImago total cites ranking. Each journal in the sample was represented by five articles (in PDF format) published in the most recent issue published in October 2019, for a total of 729 articles. We extracted all 34,140 bibliographic references in the bibliographic references lists of these articles. Finally, we detected the types of cited works in each discipline and the structure of bibliographic references and in-text reference pointers for each type of cited work. By analysing the data gathered, we observed that the bibliographic references in our sample referenced 36 different types of cited works. Such a considerable variety of publications revealed the existence of particular citing behaviours in scientific articles that varied from subject area to subject area.

Swedish dental students’ clinical notes and reflections as part of a case-based examination – challenges for undergraduate education

Clinical records are the basis for clinical reasoning, diagnostics, treatment planning, and management as well as for management of the patient and the outcome of the treatment, and therefore an important aspect of health professionals’ work. Several articles emphasize the importance of adequate and correct content in these records. Previous research shows that even health professionals need to improve the content and structure of their clinical records, for them to give the information needed for various needs. The focus of this article are the clinical records of undergraduate dental students. The aim of the study was to explore patterns of adequate and inadequate content in clinical notes of undergraduate dental students in their final year of education. Secondly, whether these results could provide insights for development of health professions education. Data comprised of 33 cased-based examinations collected during January 2020 at the University Dental Clinic, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, in Huddinge Sweden. Also, data included teachers’ assessment of these examinations. The texts were analyzed with thematic analysis. Analytical results showed three themes. The first theme, (i) Professional content knowledge, concerned information in patient history, status, diagnostics and treatment plan, and an information ambiguity. The theme also included the students' use of professional terminology and the choice of articles to support reflections. The second theme (ii) incomplete method of investigation involved the actual patient interview, but also students’ various misunderstandings of the template. The third theme was (iii) Academic formalities. This theme concerned students' understanding of the purpose of referencing and its function, but also a non-use of references, the use of irrelevant references, errors in the given citation style, and an incorrect structure of the text according to the template. In conclusion, results showed the need for continuous training in clinical note-taking and reflections during dental students' professional education. In this training, teachers’ assessment is important for students' development of professional literacy and professional judgment. Also, a continuous reminder of science and proven experience as the basis for the profession which is also made visible through academic formalities.