Accuracy Of Citations Research Articles

Bibliometric Analysis and a Call for Increased Rigor in Citing Scientific Literature: Folic Acid Fortification and Neural Tube Defect Risk as an Example.

The health benefits of vitamin B9 (folate) are well documented, particularly in regard to neural tube defects during pregnancy; however, much remains to be learned regarding the health effects and risks of consuming folic acid supplements and foods fortified with folic acid. In 2020, our laboratory conducted a population-based analysis of the Food Fortification Initiative (FFI) dataset to determine the strength of the evidence regarding the prevalence of neural tube defects (NTD) at the national level in response to mandatory fortification of cereal grains with folic acid. We found a very weak correlation between the prevalence of NTDs and the level of folic acid fortification irrespective of the cereal grain fortified (wheat, maize, or rice). We found a strong linear relationship between reduced NTDs and higher socioeconomic status (SES). Our paper incited a debate on the proper statistics to employ for population-level data. Subsequently, there has been a large number of erroneous citations to our original work. The objective here was to conduct a bibliometric analysis to quantitate the accuracy of citations to Murphy and Westmark's publication entitled, "Folic Acid Fortification and Neural Tube Defect Risk: Analysis of the Food Fortification Initiative Dataset". We found a 70% inaccuracy rate. These findings highlight the dire need for increased rigor in citing scientific literature, particularly in regard to biomedical research that directly impacts public health policy.

Are you aware of your citations? A cross-sectional survey on improper citations of retracted articles in assisted reproduction

Are authors aware when they have cited a retracted paper in their manuscripts in the medically assisted reproduction (MAR) field? A cross-sectional study based on an online survey was conducted to acquire information on the citation pattern from corresponding authors who had cited a retracted article. A dataset of retracted articles in the MAR field was collected from PubMed and Retraction Watch. A complete list of published articles that cited each retracted article was retrieved. The survey was distributed via e-mail to corresponding authors who had cited a retracted paper in their study. The survey revealed a significant lack of awareness among authors, with 78.7% unaware that they had cited retracted articles. This lack of awareness was attributed to insufficient notification mechanisms within research databases and journals, alongside a reliance on previously stored copies of manuscripts. A notable finding was that reference checks were typically performed by a single author, with no instances of retraction concerns raised during the peer-review process. Only a small fraction (17.8%) of respondents reported verifying retraction notices on both journal websites and scientific databases. Correcting publications that contain references which are subsequently retracted is significant for systematic reviews, meta-analyses and guidelines. Citations of retracted articles perpetuate erroneous scientific data, but assessing the accuracy of citations requires considerable effort. Proper notification of retraction status and cross-checking of citations can help to prevent errors.

Assessing citation integrity in biomedical publications: corpus annotation and NLP models.

Citations have a fundamental role in scholarly communication and assessment. Citation accuracy and transparency is crucial for the integrity of scientific evidence. In this work, we focus on quotation errors, errors in citation content that can distort the scientific evidence and that are hard to detect for humans. We construct a corpus and propose natural language processing (NLP) methods to identify such errors in biomedical publications. We manually annotated 100 highly-cited biomedical publications (reference articles) and citations to them. The annotation involved labeling citation context in the citing article, relevant evidence sentences in the reference article, and the accuracy of the citation. A total of 3063 citation instances were annotated (39.18% with accuracy errors). For NLP, we combined a sentence retriever with a fine-tuned claim verification model to label citations as ACCURATE, NOT_ACCURATE, or IRRELEVANT. We also explored few-shot in-context learning with generative large language models. The best performing model-which uses citation sentences as citation context, the BM25 model with MonoT5 reranker for retrieving top-20 sentences, and a fine-tuned MultiVerS model for accuracy label classification-yielded 0.59 micro-F1 and 0.52 macro-F1 score. GPT-4 in-context learning performed better in identifying accurate citations, but it lagged for erroneous citations (0.65 micro-F1, 0.45 macro-F1). Citation quotation errors are often subtle, and it is currently challenging for NLP models to identify erroneous citations. With further improvements, the models could serve to improve citation quality and accuracy. We make the corpus and the best-performing NLP model publicly available at https://github.com/ScienceNLP-Lab/Citation-Integrity/.

외국인 유학생의 학술글에 나타나는 서술 양상과 질적 제고를 위한 개선방안

This study is to analyze the academic writings of foreign students, identify is sues, and examine tasks to address and resolve them. Foreign students have progressed to the point of incorporating almost all the required content and components of academic writing. However, despite achieving this academic writing structure, critical issues need to be examined to qualitatively improve the writing. These issues remain to be addressed through classes, tutoring, and discussions. In particular, to develop the capability of a scholar, it is crucial to clearly express one's thoughts and argue coherently. This study discusses several important issues that need to be addressed, such as sharpening the focus of the subject, academic words used in titles and tables of contents, a smooth introduction and rich background discussion, appropriate data and argumentation in the body, and accurate citation and referencing. To address and improve the issues evident in the writing of foreign students, this study proposes tasks and activities to be implemented in future assignments and during class. This involves enabling students to practice argumentation by having a clear understanding of their own topics and providing assistance, such as lectures and writing corrections throughout this process. Moreover, it encourages students to familiarize themselves with tasks, such as finding sources and adhering to academic writing formats. Using this process, it is possible to contribute to the qualitative growth of academic writing produced by foreign students.

Relationship between doped structure and properties of zinc oxide film

Overview of relevant research fields: Introduce the basic concepts and background of oxidizing thin films and doped materials. Discuss the characteristics, applications, and effects of doping on the performance of oxidizing thin films. Types and effects of doping elements: Introduce commonly used doping elements in oxidizing thin films, such as Al, Ga, Sn, etc. Discuss the effects of different doping elements on the properties of thin films, such as electrical, optical, and magnetic properties. Temperature and concentration effects: Exploring the effects of doping temperature and concentration on the properties of oxidizing thin films. Analyze the mechanisms and patterns of the effects of temperature and concentration on lattice structure, defect morphology, and carrier concentration. Application Fields and Prospects: Review the research progress of oxidative thin film doping in various application fields, such as optoelectronic devices, catalysts, sensors, etc. Looking forward to the future development direction and potential application fields of doping in oxidizing thin films. When writing a review, ensure accurate citation of relevant literature and analyze and discuss from multiple perspectives. In addition, pay attention to using concise and clear language to make it easy for readers to understand and obtain information. The most important thing is to ensure that the literature review complies with academic integrity and ethical standards, and adheres to citation norms.

Evaluation of Large Language Model Performance and Reliability for Citations and References in Scholarly Writing: Cross-Disciplinary Study.

Large language models (LLMs) have gained prominence since the release of ChatGPT in late 2022. The aim of this study was to assess the accuracy of citations and references generated by ChatGPT (GPT-3.5) in two distinct academic domains: the natural sciences and humanities. Two researchers independently prompted ChatGPT to write an introduction section for a manuscript and include citations; they then evaluated the accuracy of the citations and Digital Object Identifiers (DOIs). Results were compared between the two disciplines. Ten topics were included, including 5 in the natural sciences and 5 in the humanities. A total of 102 citations were generated, with 55 in the natural sciences and 47 in the humanities. Among these, 40 citations (72.7%) in the natural sciences and 36 citations (76.6%) in the humanities were confirmed to exist (P=.42). There were significant disparities found in DOI presence in the natural sciences (39/55, 70.9%) and the humanities (18/47, 38.3%), along with significant differences in accuracy between the two disciplines (18/55, 32.7% vs 4/47, 8.5%). DOI hallucination was more prevalent in the humanities (42/55, 89.4%). The Levenshtein distance was significantly higher in the humanities than in the natural sciences, reflecting the lower DOI accuracy. ChatGPT's performance in generating citations and references varies across disciplines. Differences in DOI standards and disciplinary nuances contribute to performance variations. Researchers should consider the strengths and limitations of artificial intelligence writing tools with respect to citation accuracy. The use of domain-specific models may enhance accuracy.

Reference accuracy of primary studies about reference accuracy: A descriptive study

Reference accuracy is defined as the completeness and correctness of citation components such as author names, article title, journal name, volume designation, and page numbers. A representation of reference accuracy is often expressed as an error rate which is the percentage of citations with at least one error within a reference list. The purpose of this study was to describe the reference accuracy of peer-reviewed, primary studies about reference accuracy. The articles selected were a total of 105 studies included in a previously published scoping review about reference accuracy. A total of 1,486 references were verified across included studies. The overall error rate was 21.2%. Author names and article titles were the most common error types. The reported 21.2% error rate is lower than the 32.7% error rate of general reference accuracy literature reported in the scoping review. It remains unclear why authors who conduct empirical studies about reference accuracy still struggle with the issue. It is possible that all scholars, including those who study reference accuracy, are simply not good at creating accurate citations. Or, perhaps there are systemic reasons for this phenomenon that are an interaction of many factors or beyond anyone’s control. Future research is warranted to further understand the underlying factors that contribute to reference inaccuracy and explore the potential solutions to address the issue.

Beyond the Hype-The Actual Role and Risks of AI in Today's Medical Practice: Comparative-Approach Study.

The evolution of artificial intelligence (AI) has significantly impacted various sectors, with health care witnessing some of its most groundbreaking contributions. Contemporary models, such as ChatGPT-4 and Microsoft Bing, have showcased capabilities beyond just generating text, aiding in complex tasks like literature searches and refining web-based queries. This study explores a compelling query: can AI author an academic paper independently? Our assessment focuses on four core dimensions: relevance (to ensure that AI's response directly addresses the prompt), accuracy (to ascertain that AI's information is both factually correct and current), clarity (to examine AI's ability to present coherent and logical ideas), and tone and style (to evaluate whether AI can align with the formality expected in academic writings). Additionally, we will consider the ethical implications and practicality of integrating AI into academic writing. To assess the capabilities of ChatGPT-4 and Microsoft Bing in the context of academic paper assistance in general practice, we used a systematic approach. ChatGPT-4, an advanced AI language model by Open AI, excels in generating human-like text and adapting responses based on user interactions, though it has a knowledge cut-off in September 2021. Microsoft Bing's AI chatbot facilitates user navigation on the Bing search engine, offering tailored search. In terms of relevance, ChatGPT-4 delved deeply into AI's health care role, citing academic sources and discussing diverse applications and concerns, while Microsoft Bing provided a concise, less detailed overview. In terms of accuracy, ChatGPT-4 correctly cited 72% (23/32) of its peer-reviewed articles but included some nonexistent references. Microsoft Bing's accuracy stood at 46% (6/13), supplemented by relevant non-peer-reviewed articles. In terms of clarity, both models conveyed clear, coherent text. ChatGPT-4 was particularly adept at detailing technical concepts, while Microsoft Bing was more general. In terms of tone, both models maintained an academic tone, but ChatGPT-4 exhibited superior depth and breadth in content delivery. Comparing ChatGPT-4 and Microsoft Bing for academic assistance revealed strengths and limitations. ChatGPT-4 excels in depth and relevance but falters in citation accuracy. Microsoft Bing is concise but lacks robust detail. Though both models have potential, neither can independently handle comprehensive academic tasks. As AI evolves, combining ChatGPT-4's depth with Microsoft Bing's up-to-date referencing could optimize academic support. Researchers should critically assess AI outputs to maintain academic credibility.

Navigating the Pitfalls in Research: Avoiding Common Errors While Writing a Paper

As a concept and a practice, research is extremely nuanced and requires scientific understanding and precision. However, it is possible that minuscule mistakes made may reduce the credibility of the research paper. This article meticulously examines common errors in research, with the aim of creating awareness amongst researchers. Its objective is to assist in the avoidance of these pitfalls, ultimately enhancing the polish of research papers. Moreover, practical strategies for rectifying these errors are provided, along with a discussion on the potential repercussions associated with each mistake. This article delves into all integral aspects of a research paper and highlights prevalent errors associated with the same. It covers topics from scratch such as, choosing an appropriate research topic, establishing the balance between the acknowledgement of objectivity in quantitative research and subjectivity in qualitative research. Additionally, it addressed trivial but prominent errors such as formatting, grammatical errors, and citation accuracy. Furthermore, the article also explores key considerations in data collection, interpretation and results. Lastly, keeping in line with recent developments, the article elucidates guidelines for navigating the use of artificial intelligence while writing a research paper.

Editorial

Editorial

THE INFLUENCE OF ACADEMIC INTEGRITY ON THE PRACTICE OF SCIENTIFIC, EDUCATIONAL AND CREATIVE ACTIVITIES OF PRESCHOOL EDUCATION SPECIALISTS

The article presents a systematic examination of academic integrity as the basis of scientific research, educational, and creative activities of future preschool teachers of preschool educational institutions (PEI) in the context of the experience of preparing bachelors in the specialty 012 Preschool Education. Based on the analysis of the results of the survey among bachelor's degree seekers (educational program 012 Preschool Education), according to the developed questionnaire "Academic integrity", the students’ view on the problems of academic integrity has been highlighted; the experience of training future teachers of PEI within the framework of educational components that ensure the acquisition of research and creative competences has been released to the public, the means of forming students’ skills of sticking to the integrity approach, in particular during the work with scientific sources, their accurate citation, writing scientific texts based on the sources and producing creative products have been described.
 On this basis, the educational content related to issues of academic integrity, prevention of academic plagiarism within the framework of the educational components "Basics of scientific research", "Modern technologies of musical and aesthetic development of preschoolers", "Pedagogical guidance of visual art activities in PEI", "Methodology of teaching visual art in PEI and child development centers", "Fundamentals of visual art literacy", "Plot and thematic composition in modern painting", "Theatrical activity in PEI" has been improved and strengthened. Also, extensive outreach work on ensuring a climate of academic integrity in PEI, students’ compliance with the principles of academic integrity in order to increase the level of their conscious involvement in the process of obtaining a reliable result of the educational activity, which consists in mastering the professional competencies of a future teacher PEI, has been planned and is being implemented.

Development of a Comprehensive Food Data Citation Standard: A Surprising Gap in the Nutrition Research Literature

Currently, there is no standard for the citation of food composition data. This leads to the questions: how are food and nutrient data cited in research papers, and are they presented in a way that allows studies to be reproduced? To answer these questions, we performed a review of the literature and quantified the accuracy and completeness of data citations from publications (January to December 2020) in the top 5 nutrition journals as ranked by the Scimago Journal Rankings. We then performed a review of citation guidelines currently in place in other disciplines. Similar to the requirement of completing the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses checklist for systematic reviews, we have developed a comprehensive data citation checklist, the Comprehensive Food Data Citation (CFDC) checklist. The CFDC checklist was developed through a benchmarking assessment against established data citation standards. Its purpose is to establish a standardized, best-practice approach for reporting food composition data. The CFDC checklist has been designed to cater to both publishers and authors, ensuring consistency and accuracy in food composition data reporting. The CFDC checklist is also available as an interactive citation generator to facilitate the adoption of consistent and comprehensive citation of food composition data and is available at https://www.nutrientinstitute.org/cfdc. Despite general agreement that accurate data citation is paramount, this is the first citation standard specifically developed to capture food composition data. Because food composition data are the foundation of nutrition research, our proposed guidelines aim to provide the field with a much-needed foundation for acknowledging and sharing data in a way that fosters reproducibility.

Zero Draft: A First Step in Research Writing

The zero draft, often termed as the preliminary, unpolished version of a research paper, holds a pivotal role in the research process. Despite its initial status, this early draft offers myriad benefits to researchers. One crucial advantage is its ability to enhance clarity of thought. It compels authors to critically evaluate their research question, objectives, and methodologies, ensuring focused and purposeful work [1]. Additionally, it aids in identifying gaps in the research, shedding light on areas requiring further development or exploration. Furthermore, crafting a zero draft promotes efficiency in time management, providing authors with a clear blueprint for judicious resource allocation. Overcoming writer's block is another advantage, as this initial draft breaks down the task into manageable segments, facilitating the writing process. Moreover, a well-crafted zero draft can serve as a robust foundation for potential publication in academic journals or conferences [1]. To create an effective zero draft, researchers should follow a methodical approach. This involves defining the research question, establishing a comprehensive outline, presenting data or findings succinctly, providing detailed descriptions of research methods, summarising pertinent literature, highlighting contributions to the field, offering a preliminary analysis of discoveries, proposing potential avenues for future research, and ensuring accurate citation of all sources while actively seeking feedback from peers [2]. In conclusion, the zero draft, though initially raw, plays a pivotal role in the research process. It fosters clarity of thought, aids in identifying research gaps, promotes collaboration, streamlines time management, assists in overcoming writer's block, and lays the groundwork for potential publication. By adhering to a systematic approach, researchers can fully harness the potential of their zero drafts to advance their research endeavors effectively.

An online sequential training package to teach citation formatting: Within and across participant analyses

AbstractWhen teaching complex skills in higher education settings, different individuals may require different levels of instruction to achieve mastery. The current study replicated and extended Parry‐Cruwys et al. (2022) by evaluating the effects of an online sequential training package on accuracy of APA citations with graduate students in behavior analysis. The intervention consisted of (a) a checklist of APA citation criteria, (b) online modules based on principles of behavioral instruction, and (c) email feedback. All components were delivered remotely through course management software and introduced sequentially such that participants experienced only the intervention necessary to meet the mastery criterion. Of 13 participants, seven required the checklist only, two required the checklist and online modules, and four required the checklist, modules, and feedback. An across participant acquisition analysis revealed additional response patterns that could inform the refinement of future training materials. This evaluation demonstrates an efficient mechanism for assessing skill acquisition at the level of the individual learner in the context of higher education.

Navigating the Landscape of Personalized Medicine: The Relevance of ChatGPT, BingChat, and Bard AI in Nephrology Literature Searches.

Literature reviews are foundational to understanding medical evidence. With AI tools like ChatGPT, Bing Chat and Bard AI emerging as potential aids in this domain, this study aimed to individually assess their citation accuracy within Nephrology, comparing their performance in providing precise. We generated the prompt to solicit 20 references in Vancouver style in each 12 Nephrology topics, using ChatGPT, Bing Chat and Bard. We verified the existence and accuracy of the provided references using PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Science. We categorized the validity of the references from the AI chatbot into (1) incomplete, (2) fabricated, (3) inaccurate, and (4) accurate. A total of 199 (83%), 158 (66%) and 112 (47%) unique references were provided from ChatGPT, Bing Chat and Bard, respectively. ChatGPT provided 76 (38%) accurate, 82 (41%) inaccurate, 32 (16%) fabricated and 9 (5%) incomplete references. Bing Chat provided 47 (30%) accurate, 77 (49%) inaccurate, 21 (13%) fabricated and 13 (8%) incomplete references. In contrast, Bard provided 3 (3%) accurate, 26 (23%) inaccurate, 71 (63%) fabricated and 12 (11%) incomplete references. The most common error type across platforms was incorrect DOIs. In the field of medicine, the necessity for faultless adherence to research integrity is highlighted, asserting that even small errors cannot be tolerated. The outcomes of this investigation draw attention to inconsistent citation accuracy across the different AI tools evaluated. Despite some promising results, the discrepancies identified call for a cautious and rigorous vetting of AI-sourced references in medicine. Such chatbots, before becoming standard tools, need substantial refinements to assure unwavering precision in their outputs.

WORKSHOP PENYUSUNAN SKRIPSI, PUBLIKASI ILMIAH DAN PEMBUATAN POSTER ILMIAH BAGI MAHASISWA TINGKAT AKHIR JAKARTA GLOBAL UNIVERSITY

Enhancing the academic capabilities of senior-level students in higher education involves a series of pivotal tasks such as completing a thesis, publishing scholarly works, and creating scientific posters. However, the execution of these tasks still encounters several challenges, including limitations in academic writing skills, a restricted understanding of enhancing writing quality, as well as a deficiency in comprehending ethical writing aspects, such as avoiding plagiarism and employing proper citation methods. Moreover, there are challenges in embarking on the path toward publication and within the overall writing process. In this context, the purpose of organizing the workshop is to provide an in-depth understanding of essential elements within these three areas. This encompasses enhancing writing skills, enriching the understanding of ethical writing to mitigate instances of plagiarism, and ensuring accurate citation practices. Furthermore, it aids participants in grasping research requisites and guidelines, while elevating awareness of academic norms. Crafting a thesis necessitates an understanding of fundamental principles and established regulations, while scholarly writing involves formulating strategies and meticulously presenting research outcomes. The creation of scientific posters also plays a crucial role in effectively conveying research findings visually. This workshop offers practical guidance and training in these aspects, including elucidating formats, arranging layouts, and employing tools such as the Canva application. The outcomes of this workshop materialize in the form of attraction, enthusiasm, and a profound understanding among participants regarding thesis writing methods, scholarly work composition, and research poster presentations. Participants have mastered the use of the citation tool Mendeley, as well as the implementation of Canva in designing research posters. This workshop has been successfully conducted and serves as a platform to advance the academic careers of participants. The workshop is deemed successful to sharpen the skills and self-confidence of participants in thesis writing, precise citation utilization, and crafting scholarly writing effectively.

Creating Accurate Citations in Academic Writing by Using Endnote X9

With the development of information technology, today’s scholars can store references in their library and use it to format citations in academic writing. This phenomenological paper describes how I modified the Endnote X9 reference types and the APA 7th output style; and how I entered the components of citation into the fields for each of the basic reference types in the reference window of the Endnote library to create accurate in-text and end-text citations focusing on the latter one. For this, I utilized my lived experience of using the software for the purpose as a practitioner, trainer, and teacher of it as the data. I present the findings under two global themes of modification of the reference types and the APA 7th output style, and the management of sources in the library for the purpose of their accurate citations in word document. On the findings of this study, it has been drawn that the EndNote X9, with slight modification of some of the reference types and the APA 7th output style, creates accurate citations of various sources if we assign the accurate reference types to them and enter the data appropriately in each relevant reference fields in the Endnote library. This paper is expected to be useful to the academic writers for systematizing citation in their work.

P-385 Are you completely aware of your citations? A cross-sectional study on improper citations of retracted articles in medically assisted reproduction

Abstract Study question Are authors aware that they have cited a retracted paper in their manuscripts in medically assisted reproduction (MAR)? Summary answer Most corresponding authors were unaware of their own inappropriate retracted citations, mainly due to improper notification of retraction status. What is known already Retraction is a severe penalty in scientific research for various reasons, ranging from honest mistakes made in good faith to deliberate misbehaviour. Scientific publications with compromised integrity should be retracted and, once retracted, only be cited in the context of that retraction. However, it has long been recognized that large numbers of citations of retracted papers occur, usually without mentioning the retraction. Concern about the study of inappropriate citation of retracted articles has been gaining momentum in recent years. However, this topic has yet to be considered in medically assisted reproduction. Study design, size, duration From December 23, 2022 to January 29, 2023, a cross-sectional study based on an online survey was conducted to acquire information on the irregular citation pattern from corresponding authors who cited a retracted article. The survey was set up in Google Forms and included seven questions. The survey was distributed via e-mail to corresponding authors who cited a retracted paper in their study using the Mailchimp platform. Three reminders were sent about ten days apart. Participants/materials, setting, methods A dataset of retracted articles in MAR published up to July 2022 was collected from PubMed and Retraction Watch, according to our systematic review (registered with PROSPERO, CRD42020185769). For each retracted article, a complete list of cited articles published was retrieved from PubMed and Google Scholar. Search, and screening were performed independently by two authors, and any disagreement about the eligibility of a study was resolved through discussion with a third author. Main results and the role of chance Forty-three MAR retracted articles were selected, of which 36 were included. Specifically, manuscripts that cited a retracted article in the year of publication of the retraction notice or the following year were excluded from this analysis (n = 7) to reduce instances of citation by authors potentially unaware of the retraction of the cited article. The survey was sent to 267 corresponding authors and 39 filled out the survey (participation rate 14.6%). Most respondents (79.5%) were unaware of the retraction status of the cited articles, mainly due to inadequate notification of retraction status in the research database (33.3%), inadequate notification of retraction status in the journal (24.2%), or use of stored copies of the retracted manuscript (15.2%). Regarding bibliography building, 48.7% of respondents declared that they use both online databases and previously printed copies to search scientific manuscripts. Notably, the majority of authors (61.5%) declared that references were entered and checked by only one author before submission and that, during the review process, no one received concerns from editors and/or reviewers about the retracted references. Finally, according to 53.8% of participants, no check of retraction notices is performed, while only 12.8% check both the journal website and scientific databases. Limitations, reasons for caution This online survey on citation inappropriateness provided some insight into the justifications correlated with it. Despite the approach used to identify retracted articles in the context of MAR and citations, some may have been missed. In addition, incorrect or disused e-mail addresses constituted a limitation for this study. Wider implications of the findings Correcting publications containing references that are subsequently retracted is significant for systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and guidelines. Citations of retracted articles perpetuate erroneous scientific data, even though assessing the accuracy of citations requires considerable effort. Proper notification of retraction status and cross-checking of citations can help prevent errors. Trial registration number N/A

“The Gloss of History”: A Historical Analysis of U.S. Supreme Court Justices’ Framing of First Amendment Press Rights to Cover and Access Court Proceedings

Originalism explores the intentions for, or understandings of, constitutional rights held by drafters of the Constitution or founders of the United States. This qualitative historical analysis evaluates the accuracy and adequacy of U.S. Supreme Court justices’ citations of founders’ intentions for, or understandings of, free press rights in opinions addressing journalists’ rights to cover and access court proceedings. Our research found that justices some times have accurately and adequately cited founders’ writings. Yet, justices too often have cited court opinions and other documents from the 1800s or 1900s to support their assertions about original intentions for or understandings of freedom of speech or of the press and First Amendment values. When referencing writings by founders, justices sometimes provided inadequate context. Such practices have harmed the accuracy of legal and historical records. To improve accuracy in future opinions, justices need to stop citing sections of previous opinions that lack accurate citation, adequate citation, or proper context.

Where did this come from? When (not how) to cite sources in scientific publications

The scientific literature makes science possible. But to be useful, this literature must be organized and retrievable; activities that in turn are made possible by assigning reference information to a source. The source can then be cited in a publication, allowing readers to verify the cited information against its source document. In fact, accurate citation and reference information is the glue that holds science together. Although thousands of style manuals provide extensive details on how to format references, researchers are not always taught when to cite the literature or to appreciate the critical importance of verifying the accuracy of the cited text and its reference information. Here, I consider the when, what, and why of citing sources and review some common problems with citations and their references. In doing so, I also raise some questions that can, should, or must be raised at the “sight of a cite and its site.”