Circumstances Of Incident Research Articles

Evolution of Firearm Violence over 20 Years: Integrating Law Enforcement and Clinical Data

Data linking ballistics to injury are lacking. To address this data chasm, a partnership with law enforcement was developed to describe clinical outcomes from specific firearms. A random sample of patients with gunshot wounds over a 20-year period ending in 2015, was identified. Circumstances of incident, firearm type, and/or caliber were extracted from police reports. Data on demographics, mortality, injury severity, and clinical outcomes were collected from the trauma registry, and these datasets were linked. Firearms were stratified by velocity (high > 2,500 ft/sec; low < 1,200 ft/sec) and caliber (large= .40 and .45; small=.20 and .25) and compared over time. Police reports were obtained on 366 patients who had a gun type or caliber documented. The majority were male (82%) with a median age of 28 years. Twenty-one percent of patients had an Injury Severity Score > 25, 60% required immediate operative intervention, and overall mortality was 13%. The use of large caliber firearms increased from 4% (1996 to 2000) to 33% (2011 to 2015); small caliber guns decreased from 33% to 7% over the same time period (p < 0.0001). High velocity firearm usage significantly increased (p= 0.0320). Recovered shell casings doubled from the first decade to the second (2 vs 4; p= 0.0006). Both median New Injury Severity Score (p= 0.0488) and hospital days (p= 0.0321) increased from 1996 to2015. Larger caliber and higher velocity firearms have significantly increased over the past 20 years in conjunction with injury severity, hospital days, and mean number of gun-related homicides per year (112 in 1996 to 2000 vs 143 in 2011 to 2015). Robust data sharing partnerships can be built between police and trauma centers to address the dearth of data on firearm crime and resulting injury.

SA98GENETIC ANALYSIS OF CADM2, A POSSIBLE LINK BETWEEN MENTAL AND PHYSICAL HEALTH

Data linking ballistics to injury are lacking. To address this data chasm, a partnership with law enforcement was developed to describe clinical outcomes from specific firearms.A random sample of patients with gunshot wounds over a 20-year period ending in 2015, was identified. Circumstances of incident, firearm type, and/or caliber were extracted from police reports. Data on demographics, mortality, injury severity, and clinical outcomes were collected from the trauma registry, and these datasets were linked. Firearms were stratified by velocity (high > 2,500 ft/sec; low < 1,200 ft/sec) and caliber (large = .40 and .45; small = .20 and .25) and compared over time.Police reports were obtained on 366 patients who had a gun type or caliber documented. The majority were male (82%) with a median age of 28 years. Twenty-one percent of patients had an Injury Severity Score > 25, 60% required immediate operative intervention, and overall mortality was 13%. The use of large caliber firearms increased from 4% (1996 to 2000) to 33% (2011 to 2015); small caliber guns decreased from 33% to 7% over the same time period (p < 0.0001). High velocity firearm usage significantly increased (p = 0.0320). Recovered shell casings doubled from the first decade to the second (2 vs 4; p = 0.0006). Both median New Injury Severity Score (p = 0.0488) and hospital days (p = 0.0321) increased from 1996 to 2015.Larger caliber and higher velocity firearms have significantly increased over the past 20 years in conjunction with injury severity, hospital days, and mean number of gun-related homicides per year (112 in 1996 to 2000 vs 143 in 2011 to 2015). Robust data sharing partnerships can be built between police and trauma centers to address the dearth of data on firearm crime and resulting injury.

Environmental and Economic Model of an Aircraft Accident Evaluation

Advantages of air transportation in the transport system of Russia are emphasized. An analysis of the environmental consequences of negative aircraft accidents with civil aviation aircrafts against the background of trends of the changing volume of air transportation is presented. It is shown that Russian civil aviation is described by a significant growth in traffic volumes with a slight deterioration in flight safety indicators today. It is alleged that the trend of significant growth in the volume of works is expected to continue in the future. With the obvious relevance of measures to improve flight safety, a need to significantly improve the environmental protection activities in the territory of the aircraft accident site is stated. Classification of the consequences as direct and indirect is proposed, as well as a model of the dynamics of negative impact factors. It is proposed to carry out the analysis of environmental consequences taking into consideration the theories of physical, chemical and geotechnical systems. Aircraft accidents are accompanied by the following activities: works on investigation of the causes and circumstances of the incident; works on the search and rescue of an aircraft in distress; works on rectification of the consequences, and others. It is proposed to determine the magnitude of the total damage from pollution as the size of a complex index of environmental impact, which takes the chemical, physical, biological and information components into consideration. It is found that decline in the volume of environmental costs can be achieved through carrying out the proposed preventive adjustments, which exclude the negative development of the situation to the forced critical adjustments. A methodology for calculating the necessary preventive adjustments is proposed and justified.

Expert assessment of the term "crossroad"and the definition of its boundaries

Traffic police statistics show that the most common types of road accidents began hitting vehicles, most of which occur at crossroads of roads. An objective investigation of circumstances traffic incidents and identification the true culprit of the accident is the main task of the persons investigating of the circumstances of the accident. However, the investigation into circumstances of incident is inextricably linked to a clear understanding where, in what place there was a traffic accident and who of the participants used a preferential right to movement. The solution of these issues is often hampered due to insufficiently precise wording of the terms used in the Rules of the road Russian Federation. In particular, this disadvantage concerns the term In the various literature devoted to the issues of traffic safety, examples are given that allow to determine the configuration and boundaries of the crossroad. However, the vast majority of the examples based on the simplest form of three - or four-way crossroad. In this work, the authors analyzed requirements and came to the conclusions that the necessity of changing the existing term crossroad.lwe

Predation by a Golden Eagle on a Brown Bear Cub

During spring 2004 an adult female brown bear (Ursus arctos) and her 3 cubs-of-the-year were observed outside their den on a south-facing low-alpine slope in central Norway. They remained near the den for 8–10 days and were, except for one day, observed daily by Totsås and other wardens of the Norwegian Nature Inspectorate. On 25 April, as the family was moving along the edge of a steep, treeless slope and down a snowdrift, the smallest cub, at the back of the group, was attacked by a golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos). The cub vocalized loudly as it was lifted off the ground and carried away. The eagle was still carrying the cub when it flew into cloud cover and was lost from view. Although no remains were found, it is probable that the eagle killed the cub. This paper describes the circumstances of the incident and relates it to other observations of attacks by eagles on young bears in Europe and North America.