Circumstances Of Birth Research Articles

НЕНЕЦКИЕ ПЕСНИ НЮКУБЦ: СТРУКТУРА И ОБРАЗЫ

Nenets nyukubts songs can be referred to the genres of maternal folklore, – they are performed for children, starting from the very young age. The specificity of the genre does not allow singing other kids’ nyukubts to a child – it is necessary to create a song specially for a particular child. This responsibility usually falls on one of the child’s closest relatives: mother, father, brother or sister, grandmother or grandfather. In terms of structure, nyukubts songs repeat the “parental” genre of individual songs – in nyukubts, as in adult individual songs, one can distinguish elements indicating the “master”, “owner” of the song and elements describing this child, his life and his accomplishments. The motifs characteristic of nyukubts songs form a number of “clusters”: description of the child’s present features and actions, appeals to external forces for help, praising of the child, affirmation of sleep, description of the circumstances of birth, and affirmation of the child’s future features and occupations. The expressions of these motifs vary from song to song and it is almost impossible to find repetitions, which may be due to the importance of individualism in general for the genre of individual songs. Nevertheless, it is possible to trace quite clearly the division of songs according to the gender of their addressee: semantically nyukubts for boys and for girls will differ.

Healthcare organizational factors associated with delayed therapeutic hypothermia in neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy: the LyTONEPAL cohort.

Initiation of therapeutic hypothermia (TH) within 6h of life is a major concern for treating neonatal hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE). We aimed to determine clinical and healthcare organizational factors associated with delayed TH in a French population-based cohort of neonates with moderate/severe HIE. Time to reach a rectal temperature of 34°C defines optimal and delayed (within and over 6h, respectively) TH. Clinical and healthcare organizational factors associated with delayed TH were analysed among neonates born in cooling centres (CCs) and non-cooling centres (non-CCs). Among 629 neonates eligible for TH, 574 received treatment (91.3%). TH was delayed in 29.8% neonates and in 20.3% and 36.2% of those born in CCs and non-CCs, respectively. Neonates with moderate HIE were more exposed to delayed TH in both CCs and non-CCs. After adjustment for HIE severity, maternal and neonatal characteristics and circumstances of birth were not associated with increased risk of delayed TH. However, this risk was 2 to 5 times higher in maternities with < 1999 annual births, when the delay between birth and call for transfer (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 2.47, 95% confidence interval [CI] [1.03 to 5.96]) or between call for transfer and admission (aOR 6.06, 95%CI [2.60 to 14.12]) was > 3h and when an undesirable event occurred during transfer (aOR 2.66, 95%CI [1.11 to 6.37]. Conclusion: Increasing early identification of neonates who could benefit from TH and access to TH in non-CCs before transfer are modifiable factors that could improve care of neonates with HIE. Trial registration: The trial was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02676063). What is Known: • International recommendations are to initiate therapeutic hypothermia before 6 h of life in neonates with moderate or severe hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy. What is New: •In this French population-based cohort of infants with hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy, nearly one-third of neonates eligible for treatment did not have access to hypothermia in the therapeutic window of 6 h of life. . • Among infants born in non-cooling centres, healthcare organizational factors involved in delayed care were the small size of maternities (1999 annual births), a time interval of more than 3 h between birth and call for transfer and between call for transfer and admission in neonatology, and the occurrence of an undesirable event during transfer.

Effect of Exposure to Paternal Smoking on Overweight and Obesity in Children: Findings from the Children Lifeway Cohort in Shenzhen, Southern China

Introduction: Paternal smoking associated with childhood overweight and obesity has been a concern, but studies have not investigated smoking exposure and smoking details. We investigated the association of exposures from paternal smoking as well as smoking details on offspring overweight/obesity. Methods: A total of 4,513 children (aged 7–8 years) in Shenzhen were enrolled. Four different exposures from paternal smoking as well as smoking quantity, duration of smoking, and age of starting smoking details were the exposure variables and demographic characteristics, and circumstances of birth, dietary intake, lifestyle, and nonpaternal-smoking exposure were covariates in the logistic regression analysis to determine the effect of paternal smoking on childhood overweight/obesity, estimating odds ratios (ORs), and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results: Paternal smoking was positively associated with childhood overweight/obesity (p < 0.05). Moreover, only preconception exposure, and both pre- and postconception exposure were significantly associated with childhood overweight/obesity (OR 1.54 [95% CI: 1.14–2.08] and OR 1.73 [95% CI: 1.14–2.61], respectively), restricted to boys but not girls. Furthermore, for children with only preconception paternal-smoking exposure, the dose-response relation was positive between smoking quantity, duration of smoking, age at starting, and overweight/obesity for boy offspring (p trend <0.001). We did not find any significant association between only postnatal exposure to paternal smoking and childhood overweight/obesity (p > 0.05). Conclusions: Our findings suggest that paternal smoking is associated with boys’ overweight/obesity, and this association may be due to the paternal-smoking exposure before conception rather than the postnatal exposure to paternal smoking. Reducing paternal-smoking exposure before conception might help reduce overweight/obesity in boys.

HISTORY OF POLITOLOGY OF RELIGION IN POLAND. А RESEARCH OVERVIEW

The aim of the article is to show the circumstances of birth and the development of research in the field of politology of religion in Poland. The presentation of this process includes information about researchers, research centers, publications, as well as scientific events - congresses and conferences, which formed the sub-discipline of religiology and political science to the greatest extent. Apart from factography, the article contains comments on the dominant trends and tendencies in research. In this context, the ways of explaining the politology of religion and its definitions are also presented.

Point-of-Care Diagnostics: Molecularly Imprinted Polymers and Nanomaterials for Enhanced Biosensor Selectivity and Transduction

Abstract Significant healthcare disparities resulting from personal wealth, circumstances of birth, education level, and more are internationally prevalent. As such, advances in biomedical science overwhelmingly benefit a minority of the global population. Point-of-Care Testing (POCT) can contribute to societal equilibrium by making medical diagnostics affordable, convenient, and fast. Unfortunately, conventional POCT appears stagnant in terms of achieving significant advances. This is attributed to the high cost and instability associated with conventional biorecognition: primarily antibodies, but nucleic acids, cells, enzymes, and aptamers have also been used. Instead, state-of-the-art biosensor researchers are increasingly leveraging molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) for their high selectivity, excellent stability, and amenability to a variety of physical and chemical manipulations. Besides the elimination of conventional bioreceptors, the incorporation of nanomaterials has further improved the sensitivity of biosensors. Herein, modern nanobiosensors employing MIPs for selectivity and nanomaterials for improved transduction are systematically reviewed. First, a brief synopsis of fabrication and wide-spread challenges with selectivity demonstration are presented. Afterward, the discussion turns to an analysis of relevant case studies published in the last five years. The analysis is given through two lenses: MIP-based biosensors employing specific nanomaterials and those adopting particular transduction strategies. Finally, conclusions are presented along with a look to the future through recommendations for advancing the field. It is hoped that this work will accelerate successful efforts in the field, orient new researchers, and contribute to equitable health care for all.

From Violence to Life: Children Born of War and Constructions of Victimhood

Despite all the attention given to sexual and gender-based violence, the reality of stigma, victimization, violence and socio-economic marginalisation of children born of war (CBW) has largely remained unexamined. Although CBW consider themselves as victims, domestic and international actors largely have failed to include them within legal conceptions of victimhood. Whether a child born of harmful behaviour should be seen as a victim has been significantly explored in law only in relation to so-called ‘wrongful life’ and ‘wrongful birth’ cases in the law of private responsibility. On the whole, courts have been extremely reluctant to accept claims of that nature because of a perceived tension between what has been refereed to as the “gift of life” and any harm associated with the circumstances of birth. In criminal law, with the exception of international criminal law, the concept of the victim has remained under-theorised. The announced shift to a ‘victim-centred’ approach with the adoption of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court has led to the elaboration of a more nuanced legal understanding of who should be considered a victim. Drawing from elements of the concept of victimhood as articulated in international criminal law leads us to conclude that CBW should indeed be considered as victims. This important finding challenges the policies and practices of domestic and international actors that have failed to recognise CBW as victims in post-conflict transition.

Democracy and Challenges of Participation and Exclusion in Nigeria

Democracy is cherished because of the opportunities it offers people to contribute to issues affecting their lives. This reasoning accounts for the celebration when this form of government was restored in Nigeria in 1999 after protracted military dictatorships. In 2019 there were further jubilations over 20 unbroken years of democracy, the first since independence in 1960; issues of inclusion and exclusion were not mentioned. Yet, there are widespread exclusion of ethnic minorities and women through which their participation in running for office is circumscribed by circumstances of birth. Experiences in Plateau and Benue States are used as illustrations. It is here contended that until more deliberate efforts are made to include everyone, Nigeria’s brand of democracy will continue to exclude ethnic minorities and women. The dominant mantra of ‘majority carries the vote’ only aggravates the problem, a deliberate policy to resolve exclusion is necessary. Rwanda has led the way in gender inclusion, just as the USA had also shown that through policy reforms such as universal suffrage and affirmative action, African Americans and other minorities can become part of the mainstream, even producing a President and recently, 2021, the Vice President.

A Message of Welcome from SSA to Our International Colleagues

Editor’s note: The following was delivered at the SSA Annual Meeting Luncheon, 18 April 2017, in Denver, Colorado . Good afternoon, friends and colleagues. I speak today on behalf of those who have no voice, because they were not allowed to join us here. I am referring to the travel ban that has prohibited many of our colleagues from attending the Annual Meeting of the Seismological Society of America. I have no intention of preaching to the choir. Those in this room know that none of us chose our place or circumstances of birth, and thus discrimination on these grounds is indefensible and disgraceful. This is not entirely a new or short‐term issue. In recent …

"Voice of Jacob, Body of Esau": A Nigerian Writer's Dilemma in Communicating the Postcolonial in the Colonial Language

In a pluralistic state like Nigeria, the choice of language for the creative writer is important both as a function of the literary imagination and as a reflection of the choice of political ideology. In a sense, and in more cases, choice of language is imposed on the writer by circumstances of birth and teh geographical environment he finds himself in. This may be no choice at all. Yet, how language is deployed helps to define the trajectory of a writer's work. Often the writer in a postcolonial state has both his mother tongue and the language of the colonial conqueror at his disposal. Through the foreign language, he can reach millions of his own people and beyond. However, the inscribed meanings and cultures embedded in that language are alien, even injurious to the survival of the conquered.

Avaliação do crescimento em longo prazo no recém‑nascido pré‑termo egresso de unidade de terapia intensiva neonatal

Objetivos: Avaliar a recuperação do crescimento em crianças que foram prematuras, nascidas com idade gestacional (IG) menor ou igual a 34 semanas, com idade entre 16 e 24 meses, egressas de unidade de terapia intensiva neonatal (UTIN) com tempo de internação maior ou igual a 4 semanas. Buscou-se também relacionar a recuperação do crescimento à história materna, às condições de nascimento, à alimentação e à intervenção terapêutica utilizada durante a internação em UTIN. Metodologia: O cenário de realização da pesquisa foi o Ambulatório de Prematuridade do Ambulatório de Especialidades “Dr. Nelson da Costa Chaves”, do Conjunto Hospitalar de Sorocaba (CHS), no período de agosto de 2014 a abril de 2015, identificando o lactente e, posteriormente, analisando diretamente os prontuários. Foi utilizado um formulário composto de cinco partes: história materna, condições de nascimento, intervenção terapêutica do recém-nascido (RN), alimentação e avaliação do crescimento da criança. Resultados: Dos 11 participantes, 2 não recuperaram o crescimento esperado, 2 não recuperaram o perímetro cefálico e apenas um não recuperou o peso mínimo esperado. Conclusão: Maior atenção deve ser dada ao acompanhamento pré-natal, principalmente devido às patologias que podem resultar em uma restrição de crescimento intrauterino e no trabalho de parto prematuro, gerando prejuízos muitas vezes irreparáveis aos RNs.

Interest of early management of children with cerebral palsy within a specialized network

To show the superiority of early specialized management of children with cerebral palsy (CP) in specific structures. This was a prospective study including 100 newborns with risk of PC recognized on clinical and radiological criteria and followed since the age of 4 months. They were divided into 2 groups according to the type of management and the place of habitat: G1 included children who received a specialized management since an early age in specialized centers and G2 included children with an external and irregular management. All these children have been regularly assessed, especially at 2 years old. The diagnosis of PC was retained in 62 children who were divided into 30 children in G1 and 32 children in the G2. These two groups were comparable according to the different risk factors: the gestational age, follow-up and complications of pregnancy, circumstances of birth, postnatal complications and clinical assessment at output of service. Evaluation at 2 years old showed that the number of walking children in G1 was more important with a younger age of walk acquisition. These differences were not significant. The language development was better in G1 ( P = 0.01). The absence of language was 13.4% in G1 versus 28.1% in G2. The number of children with difficulties in cognitive development was higher in G2 ( P = 0.02). Behavior problems were more frequent in G2 with a significant difference for hyperactivity ( P = 0.014). The management of children with risk of neurosensory impairments remains today an ethical and public health priority. Early interventions take a special place. According to the European Academy for Childhood Disability, although its effectiveness is not scientifically proven and the appropriate assessment methods are lacking, it is now accepted as a right [1] . The results of this study confirm clearly the interest of early treatment in a specialized structure.

Bastard Immigrants: Asylum Seekers Who Arrive by Boat and the Illegitimate Fear of the Other

Bastard Immigrants: Asylum Seekers Who Arrive by Boat and the Illegitimate Fear of the Other

Discriminatory Property Inheritance Rights Under The Yoruba And Igbo Customary Law In Nigeria: The Need For Reforms *

Intestate succession under customary law among the Yoruba and Igbo people in Nigeria is full of discrimination, especially to female, adopted child, illegitimate child among others. This paper highlights some of these forms of discrimination and the dangers inherent in them. The paper discovers that some of these forms of discrimination are against Fundamental Human Rights which frown against discrimination to any persons irrespective of their gender, circumstances of birth or age. The paper suggests necessary reforms to curb some of these identified discrimination.

Immigration Restrictions as Employment Discrimination

In this paper, I analyze restrictions on immigration to the United States as a form of government-mandated employment discrimination against aliens. Through our immigration laws, we deny aliens access to valuable employment opportunities that are open to natives. Under our immigration and nationality laws, we base this discrimination explicitly on circumstances of birth beyond the control of the alien. I argue that immigration restrictions thereby violate our liberal ideals of equality, which require a cosmopolitan perspective that extends equal concern to all individuals. Furthermore, even if we assume a less demanding moral theory that allows us to give the interests of natives priority over the interests of aliens, it remains difficult to justify the employment discrimination required by our laws as ideal policies unless we consider the satisfaction of segregationist preferences to be a justification. The role of intolerance in supporting the adoption of immigration restrictions underscores a second sense in which the discrimination they embody violates our liberal ideals. We may promote the interests of natives, however, by restricting the access of unskilled alien workers to public benefits and to citizenship, which suggests liberalized guest-worker programs as a component of immigration reform. From the cosmopolitan liberal perspective, such programs would represent only a second-best improvement over the status quo, but worth supporting given constraints that make more ideal policies politically infeasible.

Oldfield Responds to Candler and Others Arguing Against His Proposal for Affirmative-Action Based on Socio-Economic Status in Public Administration Faculty Hires

Academic public administration claims to be "cutting edge" and committed to egalitarian values. Prior publications have shown the field to be either a late arrival or no show on major equity issues, including gender, race, sexual orientation, and social class. The neglect of this last category has been especially glaring, particularly how the socioeconomic circumstances of birth affect significant life outcomes. While countless studies have shown that children born of poor or working class conditions are less likely than their middle and upper class counterparts to finish high school, attend college (and where), receive a diploma, or become a university professor, academic public administration has yet to include social class background among its diversity and affirmative action accreditation criteria. An article in an earlier Administration and Society challenged our discipline to prove it is avant garde by being the first to recruit and hire more professors who were raised in poverty or working class settings. This paper refutes arguments subsequently lodged against that idea.

Oldfield Responds to Candler and Others Arguing Against His Proposal for Affirmative-Action Based on Socio-Economic Status in Public Administration Faculty Hires

Academic public administration claims to be "cutting edge" and committed to egalitarian values. Prior publications have shown the field to be either a late arrival or no show on major equity issues, including gender, race, sexual orientation, and social class. The neglect of this last category has been especially glaring, particularly how the socioeconomic circumstances of birth affect significant life outcomes. While countless studies have shown that children born of poor or working class conditions are less likely than their middle and upper class counterparts to finish high school, attend college (and where), receive a diploma, or become a university professor, academic public administration has yet to include social class background among its diversity and affirmative action accreditation criteria. An article in an earlier Administration and Society challenged our discipline to prove it is avant garde by being the first to recruit and hire more professors who were raised in poverty or working class settings. This paper refutes arguments subsequently lodged against that idea.

Bruce Robbins, Upward Mobility and the Common Good: Toward a Literary History of the Welfare StateUpward Mobility and the Common Good: Toward a Literary History of the Welfare State. Bruce Robbins . Princeton, NJ, and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2007. Pp. xviii+304.

<i>Bruce Robbins,</i> Upward Mobility and the Common Good: Toward a Literary History of the Welfare State<i>Upward Mobility and the Common Good: Toward a Literary History of the Welfare State</i>. Bruce Robbins . Princeton, NJ, and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2007. Pp. xviii+304.

The Fundamental Disagreement between Luck Egalitarians and Relational Egalitarians

Much contemporary egalitarian theorizing is broadly divided between luck egalitarians, such as G. A. Cohen, Richard Arneson, and John Roemer, and relational egalitarians, such as John Rawls, Samuel Scheffler, Josh Cohen, and me. The two camps disagree about how to conceive of equality: as an equal distribution of non-relational goods among individuals, or as a kind of social relation between persons - an equality of authority, status, or standing (Anderson 1999).This disagreement generates a second, about when unequal distributions of non-relational goods are unjust. Luck egalitarians claim that inequality is unjust when it is accidental: when it is caused by morally arbitrary factors such as circumstances of birth. Relational egalitarians claim that inequality is unjust when it disadvantages people: when it reflects, embodies, or causes inequality of authority, status, or standing.

Kenneth Oldfield's Responds to Two Critics of His 'Why Public Administration Should Be the First Discipline to Implement a Social Class-Based Affirmative Action Plan for Hiring Professors'

Despite heralding its commitment to egalitarian values and ‎being avant-garde, previously published research shows academic public administration has either been a no-show or a latecomer to several major social equity issues, including race, gender, sexual orientation, and socioeconomic class. This failure to fulfill its stated ideals has been especially apparent for the last category, social class. Notwithstanding its many proclamations, the discipline has mostly ignored one class-related topic in particular: how the socioeconomic circumstances of birth profoundly affect an individual's major life outcomes, above all educational achievement. Children born of higher socioeconomic families are more likely to finish high school, attend and complete college, finish an advanced degree, or become faculty members/academic administrators. A previously published paper challenged public administration to prove its self-proclaimed commitment to affirmative action, diversity, and being a cutting edge discipline by recruiting and hiring more professors of poverty and working class origins. This paper rebuts arguments presented by two authors who opposed the idea.

Genomics-Based Medicine May Drive Health Care Reform

Genomics-Based Medicine May Drive Health Care Reform