Circular Sphere Research Articles

Detection Swell Situation using LED by Pulse Changing-state of Porous Matter on Skin

Changes in fluid within the vitreous chamber were examined using a non-invasive technique using LED. The vitreous chamber was irradiated with a certain amount of LED as an elliptical circular sphere to confirm the acute-angle vitreous chamber status with continuous pulsation transition. Dazzling-divergence knowledge level (DDKL) was determined as the number generated by pulsation knowledge figuration by receiving the scattered signal generated from the irradiated LED for a certain number of seconds. The knowledge level was configured as a system that converts pulsation generated in a vitreous chamber, and the uneven conveyance technique was used to confirm the experimental conditions of dazzling halftone-free-vector-dot. The degree of scattering around micro-vessels and foreign substances was found to occur at a halftone-free-vector-dot level within the vitreous chamber. The maximum average value of DDKL was calculated as the result of the tide-beating status as a result of the output formed in the vitreous chamber status. In Pu-KF-FA-αAVG-MIN, the pulsation far transformation due to pulsation halftone-free-vector-dot beating was shown as 10.90±12.69 units. In pulsation convenient transformation value, Pu-KF-CO-αAVG-MIN was found to be 4.08±3.45. In pulsation flank transformation value, Pu-KF-PU-αAVG-MIN was found to be 0.85±0.76 units. In pulsation vicinage transformation value, Pu-KF-VI-αAVG-MIN was found to be 0.19±0.17 units. By expanding the knowledge level in DDKL, a vitreous chamber status was formed and halftone-free-vector-dot was developed, and the pulsation knowledge figuration ability was evaluated by scattering the vitreous chamber figuration according to the acute-angle. Examining the vitreous chamber using the uneven conveyance technique as a non-invasive technique confirmed that dazzling-divergence figuration, which requires a knowledge level system, appeared due to uneven conveyance. These physical findings enable the functional peculiarity of pulsation knowledge figuration in a vitreous chamber and provide a data base that can be utilized at the vitreous chamber level in a tide knowledge system.

Life after the Pandemic and Nature

In the circular sphere around the Pacific Ocean many volcanos have erupted, and, because of tectonic plates, numerous earthquakes have occurred. In Tonga, especially, the resulting devastation has been beyond our wildest imagination. Regarding such natural phenomena, we could not predict anything. Likewise, the Covid-19 pandemic appeared suddenly, and no one can say when its destruction will end. Protective measures against infection have affected the nature of our social interactions: masking has changed our spatial consciousness; observing social distancing has made us less dependent on one another and has influenced us to seek solitude. As a result, inter-subjectivity—the foundation of ethics—has been broken. All of these effects on our interpersonal relationships have instilled in us a new attitude towards nature, because the human being is a part of nature. This new attitude with nature opens up a new paradigm: dialogues with nature and their co-operative activities must be demanded, and we must wait for nature’s movement and ask for its help. It is, in a way, the traditional artistic attitude toward nature.

Composite structural batteries with Co3O4/CNT modified carbon fibers as anode: Computational insights on the interfacial behavior

Interface is vital for high-performance composites. We report energy-storage structural composites with Co3O4/CNT modified carbon fiber as anodes, aiming at enhancing their electrochemical and interfacial stability simultaneously. The interfacial failure is readily to occur at fiber/matrix interface as volume of Co3O4 active particles expands during charging, and thus carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are incorporated surrounding active particles. The interfacial failure mechanism is investigated using a cohesive zone model (CZM). Effects of CNT addition, CNT density, particle geometry and patterns, and failure criterion parameters of polymer electrolyte on the interfacial behavior are all discussed. After CNT addition, failure will initiate at CNT/matrix interface instead of CF/matrix interface for anode without CNT. Also, particle patterns with nonuniform density that can decrease stress near CF interface and enable deformation outward (or absorb deformation) will ensure excellent interfacial performance. Polygonal particles infinitely close to a circular sphere shape possessing small gap/voids between CNTs will be ideal. The findings in this work will provide novel pathways for the design and fabrication of composite structural batteries with high interfacial stability.

An immersed boundary formulation incorporating a two-layer wall model approach for RANS simulations with complex geometry

We propose an immersed boundary (IB) formulation incorporating a two-layer wall model approach for Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) simulations with complex geometry. The main objective of the present study is to broaden the capability of the IB method to high-Reynolds number turbulent flows with non-equilibrium effects. A two-layer wall model is applied to the IB method by considering a thin boundary layer approximation near the wall in order to reduce the computational cost of resolving the turbulent boundary layer. Tangential pressure gradient and convective terms are included in the thin boundary layer equation to make the wall model suitable for non-equilibrium flows, in which cross-derivative terms are modeled along the wall-normal direction to maintain the ordinary differential form of the equation. Turbulent viscosity in the inner layer is determined using a simplified k−ϵ−fμ model, that performs better than the typical mixing-length model in the separation and reattachment regions, where the friction velocity uτ becomes zero. To impose the mass conservation constraint near the IB surface with marginal computational cost, the IB approximated domain method is applied. The proposed IB formulation is validated using numerical simulations of two-dimensional turbulent channel flow, backward-facing step flow, turbulent flow around a circular cylinder, and three-dimensional turbulent flow over a wall-mounted circular sphere with a relatively coarse grid near the IB surface. The results demonstrate that the proposed IB formulation captures the flow patterns well and accurately predicts wall shear stress for both equilibrium and non-equilibrium flows, even with a relatively coarse grid near the wall.

Cylindrical Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics Simulations of Water Entry

This paper presents a smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) modeling technique based on the cylindrical coordinates for axisymmetrical hydrodynamic applications, thus to avoid a full three-dimensional (3D) numerical scheme as required in the Cartesian coordinates. In this model, the governing equations are solved in an axisymmetric form and the SPH approximations are modified into a two-dimensional cylindrical space. The proposed SPH model is first validated by a dam-break flow induced by the collapse of a cylindrical column of water with different water height to semi-base ratios. Then, the model is used to two benchmark water entry problems, i.e., cylindrical disk and circular sphere entry. In both cases, the model results are favorably compared with the experimental data. The convergence of model is demonstrated by comparing with the different particle resolutions. Besides, the accuracy and efficiency of the present cylindrical SPH are also compared with a fully 3D SPH computation. Extensive discussions are made on the water surface, velocity, and pressure fields to demonstrate the robust modeling results of the cylindrical SPH.

Circular Sphere Decoding: A Low Complexity Detection for MIMO Systems With General Two-dimensional Signal Constellations

We propose a low complexity complex valued Sphere Decoding (CV-SD) algorithm, referred to as Circular Sphere Decoding (CSD) which is applicable to multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems with arbitrary two dimensional (2D) constellations. CSD provides a new constraint test. This constraint test is carefully designed so that the element-wise dependency is removed in the metric computation for the test. As a result, the constraint test becomes simple to perform without restriction on its constellation structure. By additionally employing this simple test as a prescreening test, CSD reduces the complexity of the CV-SD search. We show that the complexity reduction is significant while its maximum-likelihood (ML) performance is not compromised. We also provide a powerful tool to estimate the pruning capacity of any particular search tree. Using this tool, we propose the Predict-And-Change strategy which leads to a further complexity reduction in CSD. Extension of the proposed methods to soft output SD is also presented.

The effect of brain hematoma location on volumetric inductive phase shift spectroscopy of the brain with circular and magnetron sensor coils: a numerical simulation study

This numerical simulation study addressed the effects of the location of a discrete brain hematoma on the volumetric inductive phase shift of the brain measured with an induction circular sensor coil and an induction magnetron sensor coil. The theoretical study simulates the brain cavity as a circular sphere transversely centered with respect to the circular and magnetron sensor coils. As a case study for the effects of hematoma location, we employed similar size simulated spherical hematomas placed at three different positions from the center of the brain outward. A three-dimensional finite element analysis of the field equations in the frequency range from 100 kHz to 100 MHz revealed a substantial effect of hematoma location on the ability of both the circular and magnetron sensors to detect the hematomas. In particular it was found that there are frequencies, which may be related to resonance, at which the occurrence of the hematomas has no effect on the volumetric inductive phase shift of the brain. Furthermore it was found that the relative sensitivity of circular and magnetron sensor coils with respect to the occurrence of hematoma varies with the location of the hematoma.