Circuit Configuration Research Articles

Improved PID control of DC motor

Abstract. In this paper, the circuit optimization problem of precise control of DC motor through PID interface is studied. The main purpose of this research is to strategically coordinate resistance and capacitance elements in circuit design to explore and improve the speed of signal transmission and the accuracy of response. Additionally, by optimizing the interaction between these components, this paper attempts to achieve improved performance and efficiency in the motor control system, that is, changing different K_p and K_d to achieve the best fit parameters for the most system. The experimental approach employed in this study involves a collaboration between Tinkercad and Falstad software platforms to simulate and analyze the effects of various circuit configurations as well as coefficients. The effects of K_p and K_d on the system are obtained through systematic experiments and analysis. Meanwhile, it aim to verify the proposed optimization technique and evaluate its effectiveness in practical applications. The simulation results of Tinkercad and Falstad agree well with the expected theoretical results.

Approximate single precision floating point adder for low power applications

With an increasing demand for power-hungry data-intensive computing, design methodologies with low power consumption are increasingly gaining prominence in the industry. Most of the systems operate on critical and noncritical data both. An attempt to generate a precision result results in excessive power consumption and results in a slower system. For noncritical data, approximate computing circuits significantly reduce the circuit complexity and hence power consumption. In this paper, a novel approximate single precision floating point adder is proposed with an approximate mantissa adder. The mantissa adder is designed with three 8-bit full adder blocks. In this paper, a detailed mathematical background, and proposed design approach in terms of the circuit configuration and truth tables are discussed. Additionally, a concept of switching between exact computing and approximate computing is analysed considering an approximate carry look-ahead adder. The delay and power consumption for the exact operating mode and approximate operation mode considering varied window sizes is observed. Performance of the approximate computation is compared against exact computation and varied approximate computing approaches.

Modulation of Phase-Locking Characteristics of NbOx Memristor by Ag Doping.

Memristors based on niobium oxide have attracted wide interest due to their applications in artificial neural network. Phase-locking (PL) characteristics of NbOx newly explored roots in complex nonlinear dynamics and exhibits great potential in periodical signal handling because of its bioinspired nature. In this study, we fabricate a Pd/Nb/Ag-NbOx/Nb/Pd memristive structure and study the effects of Ag doping on the PL characteristics. We clearly see that the NbOx memristor responds to signal in three distinct patterns. For the low-frequency input, the memristor fires spike series and locks the phase near during the positive period of sinusoidal input, and it encodes the input features by the spike number per period. For the middle-frequency input, the memristor fires one spike per period at a definite phase. The output has the same frequency as the input. The locked phase is proportional to the input frequency. For the high-frequency input, the memristor transforms high frequency to low frequency signal and locks at a definite phase higher than 2π. We combined the microstructural analysis and chaos dynamics to know that Ag doping will lower the activation energy, enhance the responding rate, and enhance thermal conductivity, which extends the locked frequency to 1.7 times the value of the undoped NbOx memristor. We also obtained the locked frequency of even 40 MHz after modulating the elementary circuit configuration according to the material modification and chaos model. Our study proposes to handle a signal with high efficiency resembling auditory sense and inspires a novel artificial intelligent computation prototype.

A New Wide Range and High Voltage Conversion Bidirectional DC/DC Converter for DC Microgrid

ABSTRACTBidirectional DC/DC converters (BDCs) are crucial in energy storage integration with DC microgrid. In this article, a new wide‐range and high voltage conversion (VC) nonisolated BDC with simple structure having reasonable components (total 13) is proposed. The proposed BDC with symmetrical VC ratio delivers high conversion of voltage within the vicinity of 0.5 duty ratio in both boost and buck modes of operation. In addition, the proposed BDC has features of continuous currents at low and high voltage stages and reduced switch voltage stress. This article presents the proposed BDC with circuit configuration and its detailed steady‐state boost and buck mode analyses to verify achievable VC ratio and design consideration. With the designed practical model of the proposed BDC, loss analysis is exhibited to verify the conversion efficiency in boost and buck modes of operation. In real time, experimental prototype of the proposed BDC is operated with LAUNCHXL‐F28379D kit to realize switching pulse generation. The experimental response of the entire proposed BDC operation is captured at 200 W loading. The attained experimental results and discussions validate the proposed BDC operation with the mentioned features. Finally, a comparative analysis with existing BDCs is performed to prove the competence of the proposed BDC for DC microgrid.

Impact of electric circuit configurations on power generation in a photovoltaic and thermoelectric generator hybrid system

Energy harvesting using a thermoelectric generator (TEG) leverages the Seebeck effect to generate electricity from temperature differences. As the demand for electrical energy rises, especially in zero-energy buildings and building conversions, there is an increasing focus on recovering untapped energy sources within buildings. This study aims to analyze the thermal characteristics of a hybrid energy harvester that integrates a TEG with phase change materials (PCM), with the objective of recovering and generating power from wasted sunlight and heat within a building envelope. Additionally, we experimentally investigated the circuit configuration of the TEG to optimize energy harvesting. The experimental results highlighted distinct power generation patterns depending on the TEG's location. To achieve maximum power output, TEGs exhibiting similar power generation patterns should be configured in series to ensure optimal performance. Implementing the maximum power circuit configuration resulted in a 70 % increase in power generation compared to a non-optimized configuration. Moreover, configuring an equal number of TEGs in series yielded a 94.4 % increase in power generation compared to a scenario where all TEGs were connected in series on a single panel.

A Flyback Converter with a Simple Passive Circuit for Improving Power Efficiency

This paper proposes an effective method to improve the power efficiency of the flyback converter in the continuous conduction mode (CCM). The proposed converter uses a simple passive circuit to reduce the switching power losses. The current through the output diode can be shifted to a new branch where one diode, one inductor, and one auxiliary winding of the transformer are included. The output diode current can be reduced to zero for the zero-current switching of the output diode. The additional inductor is used to control the changing rate of the additional diode current to reduce the reverse-recovery current. Keeping the simplicity of the passive method, the proposed converter improves the power efficiency compared to the conventional converter. The circuit configuration and the operation principle are described. The design considerations are presented, including the simulation verification. The experimental results for a 45 W prototype are discussed to evaluate the performance of the proposed converter. The proposed converter has achieved a power efficiency of 93.5% for the rated load condition, improving the power efficiency. The applications of the proposed converter are also discussed for the future research directions.

Fine inductive VAR control with high power quality using thyristor controlled reactors and discontinuous phase control switching in power systems

The thyristor-controlled reactors (TCR) are widely employed to regulate the power system voltage and improve stability. However, TCR injects higher-order harmonics in the line current. For instance, in conventional TCR configurations, the total harmonic distortion (THD) is 78.5% at 10% of the fundamental current, and even it is 10% at 80% of the fundamental current. A previously reported control approach uses two reactors with a half-wave control design, which was only effective for the upper half of the control range. This paper proposes four new circuit configurations for reactive power regulation using discontinuous phase control (DPC). The new reactor design is also proposed for high-density magnetic flux perform well with double windings and three-inductor setups under the proposed approach. The proposed configuration of a multistage reactor with varying magnitudes provides extremely low total harmonic distortion (THD) across a near-complete control range. Even, the proposed design has achieved virtually zero THD for the reactor current. For THD to be less than 10%, a specific reactor pair is switched such that the control is only in the top half of the control range. The following configuration is based on reactors with the same magnitude. Like integral cycle control, the on-off control is employed for coarse action, whereas phase control is applied for fine control. All the proposed configurations are practically realized, and the performance is experimentally verified satisfactorily.

Unlocking Spatial Surface Energy in Porous Skeletons: a Pathway to Bridging Electronic Circuits from 2D to 3D Architectures.

Conventional approaches to creating high-resolution electric circuits face challenges such as the requirement for skilled personnel and expensive equipment. In response, we propose an innovative strategy that leverages a photochemically modified porous polymer skeleton for in-situ circuit fabrication. By developing maskless surface energy manipulation that guides PEDOT:PSS-based conductive ink deposition, electric circuits with high precision, density, stability and adaptability are effortlessly engineered within or atop the porous skeleton, enabling transitions between 2D and 3D circuit configurations. This process simplifies prototyping while significantly reducing costs and maintaining efficiency, promising advancements across various technological sectors.

Intrinsic Bipolar Head-Direction Cells in the Medial Entorhinal Cortex.

Head-direction (HD) cells are a fundamental component in the hippocampal-entorhinal circuit for spatial navigation and help maintain an internal sense of direction to anchor the orientation in space. A classical HD cell robustly increases its firing rate when the head is oriented toward a specific direction, with each cell tuned to only one direction. Although unidirectional HD cells are reported broadly across multiple brain regions, computation modelling has predicted the existence of multiple equilibrium states of HD network, which has yet to be proven. In this study, a novel HD variant of bipolar HD cells in the medial entorhinal cortex (MEC) are identified that exhibit stable double-peaked directional tuning properties. The bipolar patterns remain stable in the darkness and across environments of distinct geometric shapes. Moreover, bipolar HD cells co-rotate coherently with unipolar HD cells to anchor the external visual cue. The discovery reveals a new spatial cell type of bipolar HD cells, whose unique activity patterns may comprise a potential building block for a sophisticated local neural circuit configuration for the internal representation of direction. These findings may contribute to the understanding of how the brain processes spatial information by shedding light on the role of bipolar HD cells in this process.

Étude des stratégies alternatives à la ventilation mécanique invasive dans le traitement de l’insuffisance respiratoire chronique d’origine neuromusculaire

IntroductionHome mechanical ventilation has significantly improved survival in patients with slowly progressive neuromuscular diseases and chronic respiratory failure. Specifically, the development of non-invasive ventilation (NIV) has provided a genuine alternative to tracheostomy ventilation for patients requiring long-term mechanical ventilation. MethodsPhD thesis from the university Paris Saclay prepared in the ERPHAN research unit (université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ) under the supervision of Frédéric Lofaso, professeur des universités. ResultsIn this thesis, we have evidenced that during the initiation of NIV in patients with slowly progressive NMD, the intensity of ventilatory parameters does not significantly affect daytime carbon dioxide level, as opposed to adherence, which is its main determining factor. We have also shown that the algorithms for automatic adjustment of the main ventilatory parameters are currently very heterogeneous and all raise important concerns. Independently of the ventilatory parameters, we have also highlighted the major impact of the configuration of the ventilation circuits on the efficiency of NIV. Finally, in the most severely affected and ventilator-dependent patients, we identified that quality of life, the main target of long-term ventilation, is more likely to be explained by the social and material environment than by the ventilation technique itself (invasive or non-invasive). DiscussionTechnological innovations in the field of home ventilation are constantly opening up new possibilities, making their evaluation and optimization an ongoing and sustainable clinical challenge.

Design of Small-Size Lithium-Battery-Based Electromagnetic Induction Heating Control System

This paper presents the design and optimization of a small-size electromagnetic induction heating control system powered by a 3.7 V–900 mAh lithium battery and featuring an LC series resonant full-bridge inverter circuit, which can be used for small metal material heating applications, such as micro medical devices. The effects of the resonant capacitance, inductor wire diameter, heating tube material, and wall thickness were studied to maximize the heating rate of the workpiece and simultaneously reduce the temperature rise of the NMOS transistor. The optimal circuit configuration meeting the design requirements was finally identified by comparing the operational parameters and NMOS transistor loss under different circuit conditions. Validation experiments were conducted on designed electromagnetic induction smoking devices. The results indicate that under an output current of 4.6 A, the heating tube can reach the temperature target of 250 °C within 11 s, and all NMOS transistors stay below 50 °C in a 5 min heating process.

Redundant series cell voltage measurement circuit design of battery management system for functional safety

In most battery management system (BMS) circuit designs, the analog front end (AFE) chip is used to get the series cell voltage of the battery pack. However, it can lead to incorrect calculations by the BMS, causing errors in battery information, failures in protection control, and triggering a battery system fire accident if the AFE chip is abnormal. Unfortunately, the BMS will never know the correct of measured results if it is measured by a single AFE chip. This paper proposes a redundant series voltage measurement system (RSVMS) for the series cell voltage of the battery pack. The original AFE is referred to as the main AFE (m-AFE). The RSVMS can be regarded as redundant AFE (r-AFE). In this paper, the r-AFE consists of a series cell selector and an analog-to-digital (ADC) converter with an isolated communication function to transmit measurement results to the microcontroller unit (MCU) of the BMS. Due to the hardware requirements of functional safety, it does not allow using two identically designed hardware as redundant systems. To satisfy the hardware level of functional safety and to minimize the hardware cost and size, the series cell selector of r-AFE shares the same hardware circuit as the Active Hybrid Equalizer Circuit (A-HEC). The cell selector of A-HEC is composed of the back-to-back MOSFET switch array with a simple ON/OFF function. The MCU of BMS will identify the abnormal of voltage measurement results when the difference of m-AFE and r-AFE is over the threshold. In summary, r-AFE can ensure the accuracy of cell voltage measurement for m-AFE to avoid significant errors when estimating battery information and avoid disaster caused by failure or malfunction of protection functions. In addition, the m-AFE and r-AFE are two independent designs to avoid similar errors caused by identical circuit configurations.

Series/Parallel Switching for Increasing Power Extraction from Thermoelectric Power Generators.

We propose a method for increasing power extraction from a thermoelectric generator (TEG) by switching between series/parallel circuit configurations of thermoelectric elements, which can adjust the internal impedance of the TEG. The power characteristics of the TEG can be adjusted to the load characteristics of the connected device and the relevant ambient temperature. In this paper, we analyzed the change in the TEG characteristics with the series/parallel switching function. We evaluated the power supply to the connected devices at different ambient temperatures and different series/parallel configurations and confirmed that the extracted power could be increased. By theoretically analyzing the circuit configuration of the thermoelectric devices, the switching required to improve the power extraction, and the temperature difference at which switching occurred, we devised a design method for a TEG with circuit switching in order to increase power extraction with any device. We demonstrated the configuration of switching by using a system in which a TEG supplied power to an external wireless transmitter circuit. In this system, the optimal configuration differed at temperature differences of 3.0 K and 4.0 K. At a temperature difference of 3.0 K, the 2-series/1-parallel configuration provided 10% more power to the external circuit than the 1-series/2-parallel configuration. On the other hand, at the temperature difference of 4.0 K, the 1-series/2-parallel configuration provided 23% more power than the 2-series/1-parallel configuration.

Novel Transmission-Line Circuit Configuration of Cross-Coupled Filter With Negative Coupling

Novel Transmission-Line Circuit Configuration of Cross-Coupled Filter With Negative Coupling

Power quality and efficiency functionalities for a three-level Dynamic Voltage Restorer on low voltage grids

Back-to-back PWM inverter based bidirectional dynamic voltage restorers (DVR) may have worse efficiency than mechanical or SCR based solutions, but they are able to provide a continuously variable voltage in series with the grid. As the injected waveform does not need to be sinusoidal, additional features may also be implemented in software. In this paper it is shown that the compensation of voltage harmonics, flicker, and even voltage transients are all possible to some extent. The power required for the series voltage injection does not need to originate from the same phase where it is injected. Drawing power from the less problematic phases can also be used to increase the voltage symmetry on the unregulated side of the device. It is shown in the paper, that at partial load the complete deactivation of one phase in the active rectifier stage can not only help with asymmetry, but can also increase the efficiency of the system. A method is proposed for the seamless transfer in the active rectifier stage from 3-phase to 2-phase operation and back. It is also shown in the paper, that phase deactivation and electronic bypass of the injection transformer is possible in the output stage as well. The three level half bridge circuit configuration enables this without additional components.

Three-dimensional vibration analysis of multilayered composite and functionally graded piezoelectric plates and shells

In the present paper, a coupled 3D exact electro-elastic shell model for Functionally Graded (FG) and composite piezoelectric structures is proposed. Primary variables of the electro-elastic model are the electric potential and the three displacement components. The model allows to evaluate the piezoelectric effect in terms of frequencies and vibration modes. Both closed and open circuit configurations are analyzed and compared. The 3D equilibrium equations and the 3D divergence electric displacement equation for spherical shells give the set of partial differential equations for the electro-elastic problem. The proposed model for spherical shells automatically degenerates into simpler models for plates and cylindrical shells via properly considerations on radii of curvature along in-plane directions. The orthogonal mixed curvilinear coordinates α, β and z are employed. The partial differential governing equations have constant coefficients considering fictitious layers and they are solved using the Navier harmonic form and the exponential matrix method. These features lead to an exact solution for simply-supported boundary conditions. Free vibration analyses are conducted and circular frequencies for the first three thickness vibration modes are computed. After a global assessment phase to verify the correctness of the developed model, new benchmarks are proposed: different thickness ratios and material configurations are investigated. The present work can be intended as a reference general solution for those scientists interested in the study of piezoelectric structures via 2D analytical and numerical formulations.

A novel design of multiplexer based on the cellular interaction in quantum dot technology with energy dissipation analysis

This paper addresses the challenge of efficiently designing multiplexer structures in quantum-dot technology circuits. Specifically, it introduces a novel approach to constructing a 2-to-1 multiplexer through a unique gate design that relies on the interaction between cells. The key focus of this design is to minimize the utilization of cells, thereby conserving space and facilitating the creation of more complex combinational and sequential circuits. The methodology involves developing a gate structure that requires the least number of cells compared to existing designs. This reduction in cell usage not only optimizes space utilization but also enhances the scalability of the multiplexer for integration into larger circuits. The proposed gate structure demonstrates a significant improvement, achieving a 15% reduction in the number of cells compared to the previously best-known design. To further evaluate the effectiveness of this novel gate design, the study extends its analysis to include the implementation of various complex circuits such as a 4-to-1 multiplexer, D latch, and T latch. These structures are synthesized using the newly proposed gate design as a fundamental building block. To validate the functionality and performance of these circuits, simulations are conducted using the QCADesigner simulation tool. This comprehensive simulation enables a thorough assessment of the proposed structures across different circuit configurations, providing insights into their operational efficiency and suitability for practical applications in quantum-dot technology.

Ultra‐High Peak Power Generation for Rotational Triboelectric Nanogenerator via Simple Charge Control and Boosted Discharge Design

AbstractCurrently, enhancing the output power of rotational‐mode triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) using various complicated systems is a contentious issue; however, this is a challenging process owing to the inherent characteristics of TENGs, namely, low output currents as opposed to high voltages. Thus, this study proposes a simple and innovative strategy for ultra‐high output peak power generation of TENGs called a self‐boosted rotational electrostatic‐discharge TENG (SRE‐TENG). The SRE‐TENG mechanism is unique as it is based on charge control and boosted discharge design, thereby achieving a remarkable peak power of 1103.8 W, peak power density of 140.6 Kw m−2, low optimum resistance of 100 Ω, and broad peak power generation range of 10 Ω to 1 GΩ. Diligent measurements and analyses of the peak and root‐mean‐square voltage and current outputs of the SRE‐TENG are conducted for various design variables and circuit configurations. The proposed SRE‐TENG mechanism is validated using experimental and multiphysics simulation results. The high‐output performance of the SRE‐TENG is demonstrated via the lighting of 3,000 LEDs and a 60‐W lamp array, continuous driving of a commercial sensor array, and hydrogen/oxygen generation via water electrolysis.

Analog Implementation of a Spiking Neuron with Memristive Synapses for Deep Learning Processing

Analog neuromorphic prototyping is essential for designing and testing spiking neuron models that use memristive devices as synapses. These prototypes can have various circuit configurations, implying different response behaviors that custom silicon designs lack. The prototype’s behavior results can be optimized for a specific foundry node, which can be used to produce a customized on-chip parallel deep neural network. Spiking neurons mimic how the biological neurons in the brain communicate through electrical potentials. Doing so enables more powerful and efficient functionality than traditional artificial neural networks that run on von Neumann computers or graphic processing unit-based platforms. Therefore, on-chip parallel deep neural network technology can accelerate deep learning processing, aiming to exploit the brain’s unique features of asynchronous and event-driven processing by leveraging the neuromorphic hardware’s inherent parallelism and analog computation capabilities. This paper presents the design and implementation of a leaky integrate-and-fire (LIF) neuron prototype implemented with commercially available components on a PCB board. The simulations conducted in LTSpice agree well with the electrical test measurements. The results demonstrate that this design can be used to interconnect many boards to build layers of physical spiking neurons, with spike-timing-dependent plasticity as the primary learning algorithm, contributing to the realization of experiments in the early stage of adopting analog neuromorphic computing.

The Method of Elementary Solvers in SPICE

Circuit simulators are fundamentally used for solving electric circuit problems with different degrees of complexity in which node voltages and branch currents are the unknowns. This is fully understandable since they were originally created for this specific task. However, behind the curtains, powerful simulation engines based on a variety of numerical techniques operate so as to always comply with Kirchhoff’s current and voltage laws. In this paper, it is shown how a simple circuital configuration, referred to as the elementary solver, consistent in two behavioral current sources in series, can be used to solve mathematical problems that go beyond electronics. Of course, the intention is not to substitute mathematical packages with well-proven calculus capacity but to increase the scope of circuit simulators for their application in other areas of research or simply for educational purposes. It is worth mentioning that no special programming skills are required (except a basic knowledge of the available tools and language) and, furthermore, that the user can operate exclusively in a graphical environment. It is shown, throughout a series of selected examples, how the method of elementary solvers (MES) works, providing a new and practical dimension to the applicability of circuit simulators.