Circuit Closure Research Articles

Modelling effluent reuse in the pulp and paper industry to predict consequences on conductivity.

The objective of this study was to assess, through simulation, conductivity variations in pulp and paper circuits when recycling waste water treatment plant (WWTP) effluent with a view to reducing fresh water use in a tissue mill. WWTP effluent was recycled in the process for different uses. A PS2000 digital model coupled with the PHREEQC chemical simulation engine was used to identify and quantify the main sources of conductivity: caustic soda, sodium bisulphite and acetate production through anaerobic microbial activity. Recycling WWTP effluent enables fresh water uptake to be reduced by 50% when used for pulp dilution or white water, by 81% when used in paper machine showers, and up to 96% for all uses combined. As fresh water use decreases, circuit closure increases along with, consequently, COD and conductivity. COD build-up can be controlled by best available techniques application. Recycling WWTP effluent has a strong impact on conductivity. However, the impact of high conductivity levels on additives performance is limited in the case of the mill studied. Acetate concentration could be controlled by better agitation of tanks or the introduction of air by pumps. Furthermore, limiting acetate production can reduce the need for caustic soda to control the pH.

МЕТОДИЧЕСКИЕ ОСОБЕННОСТИ ПРИМЕНЕНИЯ ИНЕРТНОГО ГАЗА КСЕНОНА С ЦЕЛЬЮ КОРРЕКЦИИ СТРЕССОРНЫХ РАССТРОЙСТВ У ЛИЦ ОПАСНЫХ ПРОФЕССИЙ

The authors made analysis of different aspects of using xenon and associated medical equipment as part of complex therapy and functional rehab of people working in dangerous occupations. Specifically, they examined the procedure safety depending on the breathing circuit closure level (open, semi-closed or closed) and formulated requirements to the inhalation monitoring process. The authors present the results of clinical observation of 60 patients at the age of 30 to 42 years with the history of stress-induced neurotic disorders such as anxiety, panic attacks, slight or moderate depression, and asthenic syndrome for periods from 3 months to 2 years.

A case study on the treatment and recycling of the effluent generated from a thermo-mechanical pulp mill in Brazil after the installation of a new bleaching process

A Brazilian thermo-mechanical pulp mill (TMP) was evaluating the installation of a proposed bleaching process, with changes in the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the wastewaters and the Effluent Treatment Plant (ETP). The objectives of this research were to evaluate the treatment plant configuration for the future industrial effluent, consisting of a flotation unit followed by an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor (UASB), an activated sludge process and nanofiltration (NF) using polymeric membranes, and to study the technical feasibility of recycling the treated effluents in the industrial process. The possible options for recycling the treated effluent were determined through a water balance of the mill. The pulp quality was evaluated in laboratory bleaching assays, based on brightness and brightness reversion tests after the recycling of 50%, 75% and 100% of the treated effluent. The buildup of the non-process elements (NPE) in the industrial water cycle after each effluent recycling proportion was evaluated through computer simulation, using the Aspen Plus® simulator software. The future mill effluent, considering the implementation of a proposed bleaching stage with hydrogen peroxide, was generated in the laboratory and treated in a bench-scale effluent plant, simulating the future configuration. The treatment plant removed 99.8%, 99.2% and 61.6% of soluble COD, BOD5 and color, respectively. The water consumption was highest in the bleaching plant and, therefore, the recycling of 50%, 75% and 100% of the treated effluent for washing the pulp was simulated. The brightness and brightness reversion of the pulp, with 100% of the treated effluent used in the bleaching process, were similar to those provided by fresh water. The recycling of 100% of the treated effluent in the proposed treatment plant was possible in the TMP pulp mill without decreasing the pulp quality.

Partial circuit closure of filtrate in an ECF bleaching plant

Abstract The bleaching sector of the wood pulp industry is its largest effluent generator. The aim of this study was to reuse the bleaching filtrate in order to reduce water consumption. The experiment was conducted by simulating the D0(EP)D1 bleaching sequence and recirculating different amounts of filtrate from the oxidation stage to control the pulp consistency of the delignification stage (pre-O). Physical, mechanical, chemical and optical properties of the pulp were studied. The accumulation of the non-process elements (NPE) and their effects were evaluated with the Aspen-Plus® computer simulator. The results of the computational modeling were satisfactory. The recirculation of filtrates increased the saturation index of the system by 19 %, but remained at sub-saturation levels. The pulp viscosity and elongation remained statistically stable. Recirculation of up to 50 % of the filtrate did not produce differences in pulp brightness; however, there were slight losses in the pulp resistances. In order to maintain 84 % ISO brightness, there was a higher consumption of the bleaching reagents. Up to 50 % of recirculation of the filtrates was accomplished without jeopardizing the system and the pulp quality and resulted in a savings of 55 m3 h−1 of water – 7 % of the consumption of the entire mill.

Algorithms of test diagnostics of valve circuits

Problem. Valve circuits are a special case of electric circuits. The concepts of the electric circuit and the set of its forming elements do not differ from the conventional ones, that is, its elements are ordinary electrical elements and so-called valves - transistors, thyristors. This article explores the ways to solve problems such as checking the status and finding the failing electrical components. The verification task can be considered as a separate case of electric circuit identification. Therefore, the evaluation of the performance of the valve circuits, the compilation of algorithms for their diagnosis is quite an urgent task. Solving this problem will allow more efficient and qualitative use of complex valve circuits, which exist in various electrical systems used in various sectors of the economy and industry. Goal. The goal is analysis and study of basic algorithms for diagnosing electrical circuits of different types. Methodology . The article deals with some algorithms for the diagnosis of valve circuits, namely: the algorithm for the diagnosis of valve circuits in the absence of restrictions on the choice of reaction sensors, the algorithm of diagnosis based on the information criterion, the algorithm of diagnosis by the method of separation. In addition, the use of current sensors for compiling a test diagnosis algorithm is considered. Results. Diagnosis of parameters can be used to detect gradual failures, to predict the state of an object, and to detect sudden failures, including those that cause a change in the structure of the circle: breakage or circuit closure. Originality . Separation of the electric circuit is proposed, which allows to reduce the information capacity of the algorithm and to simplify the analysis of states. Separation of the object of diagnosis allows to reduce the solution of complex multifactor problem to the solution of several simpler ones. In addition, the division of the circle into separate links allows to reduce the number of built-in sensors. Practical value. Diagnosis algorithms using inductive dividers allow maximum depth of defect detection without the use of built-in sensors. In addition to the influence of parallel circles on each other, the split-diagnostics algorithm is reduced for sequential check of the status of the links from the elements included in series, or each element separately. Key words: algorithm; diagnosis; method; valve; valve circle; sensor; test; failure; check; reactions of the working and faulty circle.

Synapse-Selective Control of Cortical Maturation and Plasticity by Parvalbumin-Autonomous Action of SynCAM 1

SUMMARYCortical plasticity peaks early in life and tapers in adulthood, as exemplified in the primary visual cortex (V1), wherein brief loss of vision in one eye reduces cortical responses to inputs from that eye during the critical period but not in adulthood. The synaptic locus of cortical plasticity and the cellautonomous synaptic factors determining critical periods remain unclear. We here demonstrate that the immunoglobulin protein Synaptic Cell Adhesion Molecule 1 (SynCAM 1/Cadm1) is regulated by visual experience and limits V1 plasticity. Loss of SynCAM 1 selectively reduces the number of thalamocortical inputs onto parvalbumin (PV+) interneurons, impairing the maturation of feedforward inhibition in V1. SynCAM 1 acts in PV+ interneurons to actively restrict cortical plasticity, and brief PV+-specific knockdown of SynCAM 1 in adult visual cortex restores juvenile-like plasticity. These results identify a synapse-specific, cell-autonomous mechanism for thalamocortical visual circuit maturation and closure of the visual critical period.

THE EFFECTS OF ALKALINE FILTRATE RECIRCULATION TOWARDS THE PROPERTIES OF LONG FIBER PULPS WITH OD(EPO)DED BLEACHING SEQUENCE

ABSTRACT Circuit closure can reduce water consumption, but negative effects on pulp quality and equipment wear may make it unfeasible. This study aimed to evaluate how the alkaline filtrate of the recirculation stage (EP) affects bleaching, pulp quality and characteristics of the filtrates produced. Pre-delignified cellulose pulp from a mixture of three coniferous woods was used. Bleaching followed the D(EPO)DED sequence, with the addition of 5, 10 and 15 kg.odt-1 of the alkaline filtrate (EP) to the pre-O2 pulp. The physical and mechanical cellulosic pulp properties were evaluated in the control and with 10 kg.odt-1 of the alkaline filtrate. The inorganic compound accumulation in the system was evaluated in the control pulp and with 15 kg.odt-1 of the alkaline filtrate. The filtrate use increased the ClO2 consumption for bleaching and sulfuric acid and NaOH to adjust the pH of the stages. The pulp tensile index was higher and the tear index lower with the filtrate use in pulp without refinement, however the properties of refined pulp were similar between treatments. The filtrate increased the calcium, chloride, sodium and sulfate levels in the D stage and that of sodium and sulfate after the (EPO) stage. Filtrate recirculation can reduce water use, but it increases bleaching costs and metal accumulation in the system.

Effects of Volar Tilt, Wrist Extension, and Plate Position on Contact Between Flexor Pollicis Longus Tendon and Volar Plate.

Volar plates positioned at, or distal to, the watershed line have been shown to have a higher incidence of attritional rupture of the flexor pollicis longus (FPL). In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effect of wrist extension and volar tilt on the contact between the plate and the FPL tendon in a cadaver model. We hypothesized that, following volar plate application, loss of native volar tilt increases the contact between the FPL and the plate at lower degrees of wrist extension. A volar locking plate was applied on 6 fresh-frozen cadavers. To determine the contact between the plate and the FPL tendon, both structures were wrapped with copper wire and circuit conductivity was monitored throughout wrist motion. A lateral wrist radiograph was obtained at each circuit closure, indicating tendon-plate contact. Baseline measurements were obtained with plate positioned at Soong grades 0, 1, and 2. An extra-articular osteotomy was made and contact was recorded at various volar tilt angles (+5°, 0°, -5°, -10°, -15°, and -20°) in 3 different plate positions. A blinded observer measured the degree of wrist extension on all lateral radiographs. Data were analyzed using linear mixed-effects regression model. Plates placed distal to the watershed line had the most contact throughout wrist range of motion. Significantly, less wrist extension was required for contact in wrists with neutral or dorsal tilt and in distally placed volar plates. Volar tilt, wrist extension, and plate position were 3 independent risk factors determining contact between plate and tendon. Loss of volar tilt, increased wrist extension, and higher Soong grade plate position result in greater contact between wire-wrapped FPL tendon and plate. The FPL/plate contact chart generated in this study may be used to assess the risk of rupture in the clinical setting.

Insight into the Eastern Margin of Africa from a new tectonic model of the Indian Ocean

Abstract We present a new plate tectonic model for the breakup and dispersal of East and West Gondwana and subsequent formation of the Indian Ocean, focussed on the early evolution of the Eastern Margin of Africa. We start from a tight reconstruction of all the Precambrian pieces. Using primarily ocean-floor fracture zone data, the development of the ocean between India and Antarctica is resolved into four distinct spreading regimes and that between Antarctica and Africa into seven distinct regimes. The movement of Madagascar against Africa is then investigated as part of the plate–circuit closure between Africa and India in the Madagascar–Africa–Antarctica–India–Madagascar system. We conclude that a distinct change in plate tectonic regime off East Africa occurred at about 153 Ma (Kimmeridgian) when transforms were first activated offshore. Before this time, East and West Gondwana were separated by a rift, propagating from NE to SW and starting between 188 and 170 Ma. The model is defined by Euler interval poles, published here for the first time, and a refined global animation that may be inspected and copied from the URL www.reeves.nl/Gondwana . The analysis points to a small number of disruptive events in the otherwise inexorable growth of the oceans.

Axisymmetric force-free magnetosphere of a pulsar – I. The structure close to the magnetic axis

The stationary axisymmetric force-free magnetosphere of a pulsar is studied analytically. The pulsar equation is solved in the region close to the magnetic axis. Proceeding from the linearization of the current function in the axial region, we find an axial magnetic flux function valid at any altitude above the neutron star. This function is used as a starting approximation to develop series for the non-linear pulsar equation in the polar region. Taking into account the quasi-monopolar character of the pulsar magnetic flux at infinity, we obtain unique asymptotic series for the flux and current functions. At infinity, both functions are close but not equivalent to those known for the case of a force-free monopole. The flux function at the top of the polar gap is found to differ from the dipolar one at the neutron star surface. With our results, the transverse current sheet closing the pulsar circuit at the neutron star surface is consistently incorporated into the global magnetospheric structure, backward particle flow at small polar angles can be excluded and the stationary cascade scenario looks admissible. The present paper is the first step towards a complete analytic description of the pulsar force-free magnetosphere allowing for plasma-producing gaps and pulsar current circuit closure.

Monazite (monoclinic LaPO4) slip systems at room temperature

Polycrystalline monazite (monoclinic LaPO4) was deformed by spherical indentation at room temperature. Slip systems were identified using TEM of thin sections prepared parallel and close to the indented surface. Dislocation Burgers vectors (b) were identified by Burgers circuit closure in high resolution TEM images, supplemented by diffraction contrast where possible. A total of 441 b determinations were made in 97 grains. The most common slip systems were [001]/(010), [100]/(010) and [010]/(100). Slip on (001) was less common. Many other less common slip systems and Burgers vectors were also identified, including b = [101], [101], [011], [110] and [111]. b = [101] dislocations dissociate into ½[101] partials, and b = [101] dislocations are inferred to dissociate to ½[101] partials, with a low energy stacking fault of ∼30 mJ/m2. b = [100] dislocations may dissociate into ¼[210] + ¼[210] partials. b = [010] may sometimes dissociate to ½[010] + ½[010] partials. Other types of partial dislocations were also observed and discussed. All partial dislocations were climb dissociated. The line energies of monazite dislocations and their partials were calculated, and stacking fault structures for partial dislocations are analyzed. Satisfaction of the Von Mises criterion for full ductility most likely involves [101]/(111) and ⟨011⟩/{011} or {111} slip, but other combinations that require both b = [101] and ⟨011⟩ or ⟨110⟩ are possible. If deformation twinning is active, slip systems with b = ⟨011⟩ or ⟨110⟩ may not be necessary for full ductility.

Role of Superconducting Shields in Electrodynamic Propulsion

DOI: 10.2514/1.30433 An electrodynamic tether can propel a spacecraft through a planetary magnetized plasma without using propellant. In the classical embodiment of an electrodynamic tether, the ambient magnetic field exerts a Lorentz force on the current along the tether, the ambient plasma providing circuit closure for the current. A suggested propulsion scheme would hypothetically eliminate tether performance dependence on the plasma density by using a full wire loop to close the current circuit, and a superconductor to shield a loop segment from the external uniform magnetic field and cancel the Lorentz force on that segment. Here, we use basic electromagnetic laws to explain how such a scheme cannot produce a net force. Because there is no net current in the superconducting shield, the circulation of the magnetic field alonga closedline outside the full cross section, in its plane, isjust dueto the current flowing in the loop segment. The presence of the superconducting shield simply moves the Lorentz force from the shielded loop segment to the shield itself and, as a result, the total magnetic force, acting on full loop plus shield, remains zero.

Eocene to Miocene geometry of the West Antarctic Rift System

Tectonic models for the Late Cretaceous/Tertiary evolution of the West Antarctic Rift System range from hundreds of kilometres of extension to negligible strike-slip displacement and are based on a variety of observations, as well as kinematic and geodynamic models. Most data constraining these models originate from the Ross Sea/Adare Trough area and the Transantarctic Mountains. We use a new Antarctic continental crustal-thinning grid, combined with a revised plate-kinematic model based on East Antarctic – Australia – Pacific – West Antarctic plate circuit closure, to trace the geometry and extensional style of the Eocene – Oligocene West Antarctic Rift from the Ross Sea to the South Shetland Trench. The combined data suggest that from chron 21 (48 Ma) to chron 8 (26 Ma), the West Antarctic Rift System was characterised by extension in the west to dextral strike-slip in the east, where it was connected to the Pacific – Phoenix – East Antarctic triple junction via the Byrd Subglacial Basin and the Bentley Subglacial Trench, interpreted as pullapart basins. Seismic-reflection profiles crossing the De Gerlache Gravity Anomaly, a tectonic scar from a former spreading ridge jump in the Bellingshausen Sea, suggest Late Tertiary reactivation in a dextral strike-slip mode. This is supported by seismic-reflection profiles crossing the De Gerlache Gravity Anomaly in the Bellingshausen Sea, which show incised narrow sediment troughs and vertical faults indicating strike-slip movement along a north – south direction. Using pre-48 Ma plate circuit closure, we test the hypothesis that the Lord Howe Rise was attached to the Pacific Plate during the opening of the Tasman Sea. We show that this plate geometry may be plausible at least between 74 and 48 Ma, but further work especially on Australian – Antarctic relative plate motions is required to test this hypothesis.

Major Australian-Antarctic Plate Reorganization at Hawaiian-Emperor Bend Time

A marked bend in the Hawaiian-Emperor seamount chain supposedly resulted from a recent major reorganization of the plate-mantle system there 50 million years ago. Although alternative mantle-driven and plate-shifting hypotheses have been proposed, no contemporaneous circum-Pacific plate events have been identified. We report reconstructions for Australia and Antarctica that reveal a major plate reorganization between 50 and 53 million years ago. Revised Pacific Ocean sea-floor reconstructions suggest that subduction of the Pacific-Izanagi spreading ridge and subsequent Marianas/Tonga-Kermadec subduction initiation may have been the ultimate causes of these events. Thus, these plate reconstructions solve long-standing continental fit problems and improve constraints on the motion between East and West Antarctica and global plate circuit closure.

Plate kinematic evidence for the existence of a distinct plate between the Nubian and Somalian plates along the Southwest Indian Ridge

Previously, we estimated the angular velocity of the Nubian plate relative to the Somalian plate from an updated set of spreading rates and transform fault azimuths. We found that the Nubia‐Somalia plate boundary intersects the Southwest Indian Ridge (SWIR) between ≈26°E and ≈32°E if both the Nubian and Somalian plates are rigid and if the boundary between them is narrow. These prior results are not completely satisfactory mainly for two reasons: (1) The four‐plate circuit Somalia‐Antarctica‐Nubia‐Arabia does not close. (2) The largest (Mw ≤ 6.8) recorded “African” earthquakes that are near, but not along, the SWIR occur near 48°E, well east of the intersection with the Nubia‐Somalia boundary. Here we investigate these problems through detailed analysis of plate motion data, especially those along the SWIR east of the Andrew Bain Transform Fault Complex. We find an improved fit to the data and improved plate circuit closure if a region of the African lithosphere is interpreted as a new component plate. This new plate lies between the Nubian and Somalian plates along the SWIR and is separated from the latter by a diffuse boundary that includes the locations of the largest off‐ridge earthquakes. Following C. J. H. Hartnady, we call this new plate “Lwandle.” Use of this new plate geometry shifts the Nubia‐Somalia pole of rotation northeastward to just south of South Africa and thus alters estimates of current India‐Eurasia plate motion.

Long-term observations of the electric field vertical component in Lake Baikal (preliminary results)

A deep-water station is constructed for measuring the vertical component of the electric field on the surface-bottom base. A long-term experiment of measuring the vertical component in Lake Baikal is carried out. The measured signal fully reflects (due to the absence of the telluric component) variations in total flows in the range of periods from a few hours to tens of days. The coefficient of internal turbulent friction is estimated from the divergence between theoretical and experimental periods of the inertial flow. The detection of spectral maximums corresponding to variation periods of the hard component of solar radiation is the most important result of the present study. Possibly, this fact is direct evidence for the global electric circuit closure under suitable regional conditions.

Water circuit closure with membrane technology in the pulp and paper industry

In this study, membrane filtration as an internal purification method, "the kidney", in the pulp and paper industry is discussed. Membrane filtration is economically competitive and a very versatile process. It can be used to remove the enriched organic and/or inorganic loads either partially or totally from, for example, the mechanical pulping and paper making water circuits and it can be applied to various points within the process. With the so-called shear enhanced membrane modules very high fluxes, in ultrafiltration about 400 L/(m2h) and in nanofiltration fluxes almost 200 L/(m2h), have been obtained. Depending on the membrane, suspended solids (microfiltration), polysaccharides, extractives and high molar mass lignous substances (ultrafiltration) and multivalent salts (nanofiltration) can be removed. Ultrafiltration permeate can well be used in paper machine showers to replace fresh water. The quality of the nanofiltration permeate is significantly higher than that of ultrafiltration. The membrane processes can be enhanced by various pre-treatment techniques to produce higher permeate fluxes and to eliminate membrane fouling. Such pre-treatment methods are, e.g., chemical treatment, ozonation and biological treatment. The most cost-effective processes were chemical flocculation, pH adjustment and thermophilic aerobic biological treatment.

Calcium removal from industrial wastewater by bio‐catalytic CaCO3 precipitation

AbstractHigh concentrations of soluble calcium in industrial wastewater present problems due to the calcification of downstream processing. The current trend towards circuit closure and increased water re‐use will escalate this problem. We investigated ureolytic microbial carbonate precipitation as a novel process for removing excess calcium from industrial effluents. Two laboratory‐scale reactors, both with a hydraulic retention time of 8 h, were fed with 1.8 dm3 of anaerobic effluent (about 11 mM Ca2+) from a paper recycling plant. Both reactors were inoculated with pre‐cultivated calcareous sludge and the treatment reactor was additionally dosed with urea to a final concentration of 8.3 mM. Even though the anaerobic wastewater was saturated as such with respect to CaCO3, urea addition and hydrolysis was shown to be a pre‐requisite for precipitation. Almost all (85–90% w/v) of the soluble calcium was precipitated as CaCO3 and removed through sedimentation in the treatment reactor. This bio‐catalytic process presents an uncomplicated and efficient method for the removal of calcium from industrial wastewater. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry

Measurement of the temporal progression of scour in a pool‐riffle sequence in a gravel bed stream using an electronic scour monitor

A relatively inexpensive prototype monitor was designed and developed to record temporal variation in scour depth and was field‐tested in a gravel bed stream. The device consists of plastic practice golf balls that are fitted internally with ring magnets and strung on a two‐conductor cable enclosing a small reed switch. The balls are installed and oriented near‐vertically in the streambed. As each ball is disturbed and released, it slides along the cable past the reed switch, and the time of circuit closure caused by passage of the magnet is recorded by a data logger. The device can be applied in arrays that span large areas of the streambed, including in wide channels that are inaccessible during a flood. Data obtained from 19 devices installed in an aggrading site described scouring processes in a pool‐riffle interface during a bed load transport event. Substantial bed excavation occurred in the region of the pool edge during the rising stage, indicating existence of a local, temporally varying imbalance in bed load transport rate. Bed disturbance in the rest of the site prior to aggradation was limited to the surface and immediate subpavement layer.

Global Positioning System constraints on plate kinematics and dynamics in the eastern Mediterranean and Caucasus

We present and interpret Global Positioning System (GPS) measurements of crustal motions for the period 1988–1997 at 189 sites extending east‐west from the Caucasus mountains to the Adriatic Sea and north‐south from the southern edge of the Eurasian plate to the northern edge of the African plate. Sites on the northern Arabian platform move 18±2 mm/yr at N25°±5°W relative to Eurasia, less than the NUVEL‐1A circuit closure rate (25±1 mm/yr at N21°±7°W). Preliminary motion estimates (1994–1997) for stations located in Egypt on the northeastern part of Africa show northward motion at 5–6±2 mm/yr, also slower than NUVEL‐IA estimates (10±1 mm/yr at N2°±4°E). Eastern Turkey is characterized by distributed deformation, while central Turkey is characterized by coherent plate motion (internal deformation of <2 mm/yr) involving westward displacement and counterclockwise rotation of the Anatolian plate. The Anatolian plate is de‐coupled from Eurasia along the right‐lateral, strike‐slip North Anatolian fault (NAF). We derive a best fitting Euler vector for Anatolia‐Eurasia motion of 30.7°± 0.8°N, 32.6°± 0.4°E, 1.2°±0.1°/Myr. The Euler vector gives an upper bound for NAF slip rate of 24±1 mm/yr. We determine a preliminary GPS Arabia‐Anatolia Euler vector of 32.9°±1.2°N, 40.3°±1.1°E, 0.8°±0.2°/Myr and an upper bound on left‐lateral slip on the East Anatolian fault (EAF) of 9±1 mm/yr. The central and southern Aegean is characterized by coherent motion (internal deformation of <2 mm/yr) toward the SW at 30±1 mm/yr relative to Eurasia. Stations in the SE Aegean deviate significantly from the overall motion of the southern Aegean, showing increasing velocities toward the trench and reaching 10±1 mm/yr relative to the southern Aegean as a whole.