Ciprofloxacin In Samples Research Articles

A nanoporous screen-printed carbon sensor for environmental and clinical monitoring of the antibiotic ciprofloxacin

A very sensitive, fast and simple electrochemical procedure using a nanoporous screen-printed carbon electrode (NPSPCE) was developed for the determination of the fluoroquinolone antibiotic ciprofloxacin (CFX). Changes in the surface morphology and electrochemical properties of the SPCE before and after pre-anodization were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and cyclic voltammetry (CV). CV studies also demonstrated unequivocally adsorption controlled and irreversible oxidation of CFX. Using optimized conditions, the developed procedure is characterized by excellent selectivity and high sensitivity, allowing to achieve a very low limit detection (6.3 × 10−11 mol/L). The measurements taken allow us to consider the NPSPCE as a very effective tool for direct determination of CFX in samples with a complex matrix such as sewage and body fluids. The developed environment friendly sensor and procedure meet the requirements of green chemistry (reduction of toxic chemicals/reagents, and generation of minimal waste).

Monitoring of pharmaceuticals in aquatic biota (Procambarus clarkii) of the Doñana National Park (Spain)

In this work the presence of different pharmaceuticals at Doñana National Park (Spain) and their main entry sources (input source or entry points) have been stated over the 2011–2016 years period. Twenty-three selected pharmaceuticals (corresponding to eight therapeutic families) were evaluated in crayfish and water samples from Doñana National Park (Spain) (six sampling points selected in order to cover different possible pollution sources into and surrounding the Park). The multiresidue determination was carried out using enzymatic-microwave assisted extraction prior to high performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry detection. Sulphonamides (sulfadiazine, sulfamerazine, sulfamethazine, and sulfamethoxazole); trimethoprim, an antibiotic that is frequently co-administered with sulfamethoxazole; amphenicols (chloramphenicol, florfenicol and thiamphenicol); fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, flumequine, danofloxacin, gatifloxacin, norfloxacin, marbofloxacin and grepafloxacin); penicillins (amoxicillin); tetracyclines (chlortetracycline and oxytetracycline); non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (salicylic acid and ibuprofen); beta-blocker drugs (atenolol); and antiepileptics (carbamazepine) were analysed. Ciprofloxacin, ibuprofen, salicylic acid, flumequine, and carbamazepine were detected and/or quantified at some of the selected sampling points. A clear ecotoxicological risk to the ecosystem was demonstrated from the occurrence of ciprofloxacin in samples obtained after the punctual and massive presence of people inside the Park. Furthermore, flumequine and carbamazepine have been detected in Procambarus clarkii specimens in concentrations around 30 ng g−1 and 14 ng g−1, respectively, and their occurrence in the specimens could indicate the persistence of the discharge sources. The main source of pharmaceuticals into the Park might be the livestock farming activities, and the influence of urban wastewaters from surrounding villages does not seem to be very important.

Voltage control for microchip capillary electrophoresis analyses.

This paper presents an inexpensive and easy-to-implement voltage sequencer instrument for use in microchip capillary electrophoresis (MCE) actuation. The voltage sequencer instrument takes a 0-5V input signal from a microcontroller and produces a reciprocally proportional voltage signal with the capability to achieve the voltages required for MCE actuation. The unit developed in this work features four independent voltage channels, measures 105 × 143 × 45mm (width × length × height), and the cost to assemble is under 60 USD. The system is controlled by a peripheral interface controller and commands are given via universal serial bus connection to a personal computer running a command line graphical user interface. The performance of the voltage sequencer is demonstrated by its integration with a fluorescence spectroscopy MCE sensor using pinched sample injection and electrophoretic separation to detect ciprofloxacin in samples of milk. This application is chosen as it is particularly important for the dairy industry, where fines and health concerns are associated with the shipping of antibiotic-contaminated milk. The voltage sequencer instrument presented represents an effective low-cost instrumentation method for conducting MCE, thereby making these experiments accessible and affordable for use in industries such as the dairy industry.

Биобезопасность продуктов убоя цыплят-бройлеров при использовании антибиотиков

The article presents experimental data on the detection of antibiotics enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin in poultry meat. We also analyzed the timing of removal of these antibacterial drugs from the poultry body and assessed the biological safety of products of slaughter of broiler chickens. These studies were conducted in the Syrian Arab Republic. It is established that in the free sale cases of sale of chicken meat containing enrofloxacin are detected. This is probably due to the fact that poultry is slaughtered before treatment is completed. On the contrary, such an antibacterial drug as ciprofloxacin is found in single samples and in minimal concentrations. Comparative data on the accumulation of enrofloxacin in the thoracic and femoral muscles are also provided, and maximum concentrations of this drug in the muscle tissue of broiler chickens are established. It was found that the concentration of ciprofloxacin in samples taken from all four districts is below 18 mcg/ kg, which is below the maximum allowable (100 mcg/kg). The concentration of enrofloxacin in the femoral muscle samples in the fourth district was higher than the maximum permissible limits (100 mcg/kg). In addition, the average concentration of enrofloxacin in the fourth district exceeded the maximum allowed limits without taking into account the average concentration of ciprofloxacin in the same sample. The low concentration of ciprofloxacin compared to enrofloxacin, as well as the absence of high concentrations of the former, may indicate that the bird was not treated with ciprofloxacin, but it could be a product of enrofloxacin metabolism in birds.

Synthesis and Application of Graphene–Sodium Polyacrylate–Pd Nanocomposite in Amperometric Determination of Ciprofloxacin

Abstract Graphene–sodium polyacrylate–Pd (GN–PAAS–Pd) nanocomposite was synthesized and applied to the amperometric determination of ciprofloxacin (CIP). The electrochemical behaviour of CIP on the nanocomposite was investigated and a chronoamperometry method was developed for the determination of CIP. The results showed that the peak current increased with the CIP concentration in the range 0.18–10.8 µM with a calibration equation of Ipa (µA) = 0.867CCIP + 0.6521(µM) and in the range 10.8–180 µM with a calibration equation of Ipa (µA) = 0.1593CCIP + 8.2671(µM). The detection limit was estimated to be 0.045 µM (S/N = 3). The modified electrode has been applied to the determination of CIP in samples.

Enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin residues in broiler chicken post administration of enrofloxacin

The presence of drug residue in animal product may threat human health such as increasing resistance to Camplyobacter infection treatment due to the use of enrofloxacin. The objectives of this research was to study the concentration of enrofloxacin (EFX) and ciprofloxacin (CFX) residues distributed in breast, thigh and liver and to determine the elimination rate of such residues in chicken which recieved enrofloxacin orally at 50 mg/kg bw daily for 9 days consecutively started at 23 rd day to 31 st day of age. Samples of breast muscle, thigh and liver were collected from chicken at ½ to 288 h after the drug administration. The concentration of EFX and CFX in samples were analyzed by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results showed that the highest residues concentration of EFX and CFX at ½ hr post administration of EFX was: in liver (117.47 ng/g), breast (95.16 ng/gr) and thigh (71.40 ng/g), whereas the order of elimination rate was: thigh (120 hr), liver (168 hr) and breast (240 hr). The results also showed that concentration of CFX was higher than that of EFX. Key Words: Enrofloxacin, Ciprofloxacin, Residues, Broiler Chicken

Preparation and characterization of ultrasensitive and specific polyclonal antiserum against ciprofloxacin based on cationized bovine serum albumin

AbstractAn ultrasensitive polyclonal antiserum against ciprofloxacin (CPFX) was developed by introducing cationized bovine serum albumin (BSA) as the carrier. Conjugates used as immunogens were synthesized using CPFX coupled to BSA cationized with ethylenediamine and hexamethylenediamine, namely CPFX-eBSA and CPFX-hBSA. The results showed that the antisera immunized with CPFX-hBSA exhibit an improved sensitivity and specificity compared with those immunized with CPFX-eBSA. Under the conditions of optimal heterologous enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, the optimal antiserum yielded an IC50 of 0.097 ng mL−1, which proves it to be more sensitive than any CPFX antibody. Cross-reactivities with norfloxacin, enrofloxacin, and ofloxacin were < 3.0 %. No cross-reactivities with penicillin and gentamicin were found. The limit of detection was 0.01 ng mL−1, which is far below the maximum residue level established by the EU regulation, suggesting the great potential of the presented antiserum for quantitative assays of CPFX in samples.

Confirmatory and quantitative analysis using experimental design for the extraction and liquid chromatography–UV, liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry determination of quinolones in turkey muscle

The aim of this work is to established methods for determination of quinolones (ciprofloxacin, danofloxacin, enrofloxacin, difloxacin and flumequine), regulated by European Union, and sarafloxacin in turkey muscle. An experimental design has been applied for the optimization of the factors that influence the extraction of quinolones from turkey muscle in order to determine the experimental conditions for their extraction with high recoveries. Liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection (LC–UV), liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS) and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) have been used for the simultaneous quantification of quinolones antibiotics in turkey muscle. The proposed methods have been validated according to the Food Drugs Administration guideline and presents the limit of quantification below the maximum residue limits established by the European Union for quinolones in turkey muscle. The methods developed have been applied to quantification of enrofloxacin and its main metabolite ciprofloxacin in samples of turkey muscle obtained from animals treated with enrofloxacin.