Cipher Block Chaining Research Articles

Robust data hiding method based on frequency coefficient variance in repetitive compression

Sharing accurate and lossless images with higher quality through digital mediums is challenging, particularly, images shared on social media platforms can serve as good carriers for sending hidden data. However, social media platforms apply severe compression when transferring images end-to-end to serve efficient network transporting bandwidth and provide enough storage space to the users. Within the scope of this research, the proposed method introduces a novel approach by combining cryptographic and steganographic techniques, providing a robust solution to protect hidden data even when subjected to repeatedly compression. The method first encrypts the secret data to be hidden using the Advanced Encryption Standard Cipher Block Chaining (AES-CBC) technique. Then, data hiding is performed on the coefficients obtained by applying Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) to repeatedly compressed JPEG images, coefficients that are minimally affected by compression or remain unaffected are specifically selected for data hiding. Therefore, secret data is extracted with high accuracy. Experimental results show that the proposed method outperforms the state-of-the-art in achieving robust and effective data hiding techniques based on bit error rate.

PENERAPAN ADVANCED ENCRYPTION STANDARD UNTUK SISTEM LOGIN DAN REGISTRASI PADA SISTEM INFORMASI PENJUALAN (STUDI KASUS:TOKO ILHAM BANJAR)

Data security in sales information systems has become a critical priority in today's digital era. Ilham Banjar Store needs a system that can effectively protect user data, especially in login and registration features, which are vulnerable to security threats. The lack of encryption mechanisms in the current system results in user data, such as passwords, being transmitted in plaintext, increasing the risk of unauthorized access and data modification. Therefore, this study aims to enhance the security of the Ilham Banjar Store's sales information system by implementing the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) 256-bit Cipher Block Chaining (CBC) method in the login and registration processes. The research method used is Research and Development (RD), consisting of stages such as literature review, needs analysis, system design, implementation, testing, evaluation, and analysis. The implementation of the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) involves the encryption processes of AddRoundKey, SubBytes, ShiftRows, and MixColumns, and the decryption processes are the inverse of these encryption steps. Testing includes measuring encryption and decryption times as well as verifying data integrity using HMAC (Hash-Based Message Authentication Code). The research results show that the performance testing indicates encryption and decryption times remain within acceptable limits, and the encrypted and decrypted data maintain their integrity. Thus, the new system meets both security and performance requirements.

Pixel Permutation Using Chaotic Perfect Shuffle Technique for Image Encryption

A proposed algorithm for digital image encryption is presented in this paper. It combines permutation and substitution techniques. Logistic map which is a chaos function is used in both techniques. Before encrypting, the keystream is generated first from the logistics map. Then, the plain image’s pixel positions are shuffled with perfect shuffle permutation based on ascending keystream order, thereby executing the permutation process. Next, the pixel values are substituted using the XOR operation with a keystream which is also generated from the logistic map. Pixels are operated in cipher block chain mode. This research aim is to develop an image encryption algorithm, especially in the permutation process, that has high resistance to attacks by crackers. The attack types observed in this research include statistical attacks, permutation matrix attacks, differential attacks, as well as brute force attacks. From the experimental results and analysis of the proposed algorithm indicate that it has high resistance from all those attacks.

Cybersecurity: Fast Encryption Cipher Block Chaining Mode (FCBC Mode) for Time Series Data

Cipher Block Chaining (CBC) mode is used to make the encryption of each block of data in a data series more secure by making the encryption of the block interdependent. In case of time series data, the size of each data point includes the time information and actual data itself. This means that each block of data that is encrypted may hold only nearly half the actual data values due to timestamp information. This reduces the efficiency of encryption and decryption of data for applications that demand high frequency data. Fast Encryption Cipher Block Chaining Mode (FCBC Mode) provides a solution to overcome this to a great extent

Evaluations of Crypto-System AES Using Multiple Bloc Ciphering Mode

Cryptography, a scientific field that has existed even before the beginning of computer science. This article looks at the development symmetric crypto-system, which falls within the framework of image security, by Advanced Encryption Standard (AES- Advanced Encryption Standard) algorithms. AES algorithm is not integrity protected. Cryptanalysis could use modified encrypted image of each ciphered bloc for generating oracle and getting the key. A new crypto-system uses hash function named AES-GCM (Advanced Encryption Standard-) for solving this problem. Using Galois Counter Mode (GCM) combined with Secure Hash Algorithm 256 bits (SHA-256) or BLAKE2s hash function, the old mode of ciphering like: Cipher FeedBack (CFB), Output FeedBack (OFB), Cipher Block Chaining (CBC), Electronic Codebook Block (ECB) and CounTeR (CTR) mode encryption, will increase the security level at confidentiality and integrity. In this article, robustness of the crypto-system will be evaluated by multiple criteria, indeed the statistical analysis, sensitivity measurement and performance measurement. For the statistical analysis, the histogram is flat and the correlation between adjacent pixel is not linear for the encrypted image. The relation between clear image and encrypted image doesn’t exist. For the sensitivity analysis, Number of Pixel Changing Rate (NPCR) and Unified Averaged Changed Intensity (UACI) permit to avoid differential attack of the crypto-system. The two values are respectively near 99% and 30%. For performance measurement, the similarity of the decrypted image and original image will be tested. The Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) and Mean Square Error (MSE) are equals of infinity and zero. The decrypted image and original image are the same. The integrity of the image on the crypto-system will be evaluated by modifying one bit of the encrypted image. The decryption process doesn’t give decrypted image and show that the tag value is incorrect.

Hybrid Encryption for Securing and Tracking Goods Delivery by Multipurpose Unmanned Aerial Vehicles in Rural Areas Using Cipher Block Chaining and Physical Layer Security

This paper investigated the use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for the delivery of critical goods to remote areas in the absence of network connectivity. Under such conditions, it is important to track the delivery process and record the transactions in a delay-tolerant fashion so that this information can be recovered after the UAV’s return to base. We propose a novel framework that combines the strengths of cipher block chaining, physical layer security, and symmetric and asymmetric encryption techniques in order to safely encrypt the transaction logs of remote delivery operations. The proposed approach is shown to provide high security levels, making the keys undetectable, in addition to being robust to attacks. Thus, it is very useful in drone systems used for logistics and autonomous goods delivery to multiple destinations. This is particularly important in health applications, e.g., for vaccine transmissions, or in relief and rescue operations.

Improving Firebase BaaS Service Security in Counseling Chat Applications: AES-256 and CBC Approach for End-to-End Encryption

The activities of using the internet and exchanging information and sending messages have used a lot of internet media, one of which is chat message media, but over time data and information security problems in chat messages that are often encountered are active and passive wiretapping. In this research, the author wants to create a counseling chat message security application using the AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) algorithm cryptographic method combined with the CBC (Cipher Block Chaining) technique which is an advanced development of the ECB (Electronic Code Book) technique. AES basically uses a block cipher with a length of 128 bits as the default operation, and the key length size varies from 128, 192 and 256 bits. so AES uses a 4x4 matrix equation with each section having a size of 1 byte. From these problems, research will be conducted to develop an application to accommodate the counseling process using a chat application that has the main focus of securing messages with image types and stored in the Firebase database service (Backend as a Service). As well as using the End-to-End service principle so that users do not need to do the encryption or decryption process directly because the process has been carried out by the system, this will also provide more security aspects in terms of confidentiality of key data and initialization vectors. So that the process of exchanging information using the media chat counseling application is secured and avoids tapping by irresponsible parties.

A text security evaluation based on advanced encryption standard algorithm

This research approach analysis and examines a number of advanced encryption standard (AES) performance factors, including as encryption and decryption speed, processing resource, consumption, and resilience, to cryptanalysis attacks. The study’s findings demonstrate that AES is successful in providing high-level data security, particularly when used in the CBC (Cipher Block Chaining) operating mode. Performance is dependent on the length of the key that is utilized. Increasing the level of security through the use of longer keys may result in an increase in the amount of time needed for encryption. The experimental results show that the highest results from the data are as follows the length of the encryption time is 0.00005317 seconds, the length of the decryption time is 0.00000882 seconds, the results of BER and CER are 0, the results of entropy are 7.44237, and the results of avalanche influence are 54.86%.

Kriptografi Hibrida Cipher Block Chaining (CBC) dan Merkle-Hellman Knapsack untuk Pengamanan Pesan Teks

A secret message is a message that can only be seen by those who are entitled. In its delivery, a procedure is needed to keep the secret message secure, which is called cryptography. This research uses hybrid cryptography Cipher Block Chaining (CBC) and Merkle-Hellman Knapsack. The purpose of this research is to find out the encryption and decryption process of hybrid cryptography Cipher Block Chaining (CBC) and Merkle-Hellman Knapsack. The stages in this research use a qualitative approach with the library research method. In the encryption process with CBC, plaintext is encrypted first and the result called ciphertext. Furthermore, the key and Initialization Vector (IV) from CBC are encrypted using Merkle-Hellman Knapsack by generating a public key first and producing cipherkey. In the decryption process cipherkey is first decrypted using Merkle-Hellman Knapsack by calculating the inverse modulo . The decryption process continues by decrypting ciphertext using CBC. The result of securing messages using hybrid cryptography Cipher Block Chaining (CBC) and Merkle-Hellman Knapsack has a higher level of security than using only one cryptographic algorithm. As for the future, this research can be used to expand knowledge about securing text messages using hybrid cryptography algorithm CBC and Merkle-Hellman Knapsack.

An efficient encryption method for smart grid data based on improved CBC mode

Cipher-block chaining (CBC) is a widely used encryption mode for smart grid data, however, the chain structure leads to low encryption and decryption efficiency. To overcome this issue, this paper proposes a novel tree-CBC (TCBC) block encryption method. First, the smart grid plaintext is preprocessed according to the security level of the data. Second, the chain structure of the CBC mode is converted into a tree structure, and for the data block with a higher security level, its location is deeper in the encryption tree. Third, since the overall security and encryption time of data encrypted by TCBC depend on the number of forks of the encryption tree, this paper proposes a method to determine the optimal number of forks of TCBC based on the weights of the encryption time and security of the data blocks. The experiment shows that the encryption efficiency of the TCBC mode is improved by nearly 50% compared to the original CBC mode. And as the data size increases, the efficiency improvement becomes more obvious. Furthermore, compared with widely used encryption modes such as CFB, OFB, CTR, and PCBC, the proposed TCBC mode has higher encryption and decryption efficiency.

A Secure Deduplication Technique for Data in the Cloud

The tremendous growth of digital data in cloud storage systems is a critical issue, as many duplicate data in storage systems cause extra load. Cloud Service Providers (CSPs) often employ Data Deduplication techniques to eliminate redundant data and store only one copy of data to save storage space and reduce transmission costs. Data Deduplication is mostly effective when multiple clients outsource the same data to cloud storage, but it raises security and ownership issues. This paper proposes a secure, Proof of Ownership (PoW)-based Data Deduplication scheme that has a low communication overhead and ensures that only valid cloud clients can download and decrypt ciphertext from cloud storage. The Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) is used as the encryption algorithm in the proposed scheme. It utilizes two modes of AES encryption, namely, Cipher Block Chaining (CBC) and Galois Counter Mode (GCM), with single-threading and multi-threading to upload and download ciphertext between the client and the server to measure the effect of upload and download times. We present a new approach for PoW to reduce communication overhead. PoW enables owners of the same data to prove to the cloud server that they own the data in a robust way. The comparison between CBC and GCM is implemented in a Java environment with two scenarios: single-threading and multi-threading. The simulation results show that AES-GCM with multi-threading is better during the uploading and downloading times

On Provable White-Box Security in the Strong Incompressibility Model

Incompressibility is a popular security notion for white-box cryptography and captures that a large encryption program cannot be compressed without losing functionality. Fouque, Karpman, Kirchner and Minaud (FKKM) defined strong incompressibility, where a compressed program should not even help to distinguish encryptions of two messages of equal length. Equivalently, the notion can be phrased as indistinguishability under chosen-plaintext attacks and key-leakage (LK-IND-CPA), where the leakage rate is high.In this paper, we show that LK-IND-CPA security with superlogarithmic-length leakage, and thus strong incompressibility, cannot be proven under standard (i.e. single-stage) assumptions, if the encryption scheme is key-fixing, i.e. a polynomial number of message-ciphertext pairs uniquely determine the key with high probability. Our impossibility result refutes a claim by FKKM that their big-key generation mechanism achieves strong incompressibility when combined with any PRG or any conventional encryption scheme, since the claim is not true for encryption schemes which are key-fixing (or for PRGs which are injective). In particular, we prove that the cipher block chaining (CBC) block cipher mode is key-fixing when modelling the cipher as a truly random permutation for each key. Subsequent to and inspired by our work, FKKM prove that their original big-key generation mechanism can be combined with a random oracle into an LK-IND-CPA-secure encryption scheme, circumventing the impossibility result by the use of an idealised model.Along the way, our work also helps clarifying the relations between incompressible white-box cryptography, big-key symmetric encryption, and general leakage resilient cryptography, and their limitations.

Comparing Several Encrypted Cloud Storage Platforms

Cloud services and cryptographic cloud storage systems have gained popularity in recent years due to their availability and accessibility. The present systems are nonetheless still ineffectual. They are the best since they demand a lot of trust from the user or the provider. To ensure they are not violating any End-User License Agreement (EULA) clauses, providers typically keep the ability to examine the files that have been saved, and some even keep the ability to share the data. It is simple to create a copy of every piece of data when a provider has access to go through it, which is considered abuse. A typical user would have a very difficult time proving these claims because they have no method of finding any evidence supporting such claims. Due to the growing quantity of Machine Learning (ML) performed on personal user data for either tailoring advertisements or, in more severe cases, manipulating public opinion, this issue has only gotten worse in modern times. Due to the volume of users and files kept, cloud storage services are the ideal location for getting such information, whether personal or not. To retain complete anonymity, the user could take the simple step of adding a local layer of encryption. This will prevent the cloud provider from being able to decrypt the data. The requirement for ongoing key management, which becomes more challenging as the number of keys rises, is another drawback of this. To better understand normal behaviors and pinpoint potential weaknesses, this study aims to explore and assess the security of a few well-known existing cryptographic cloud storage options. Among the vendors investigated are Microsoft Azure, Tresorit, Amazon S3, and Google Cloud. Based on documentation particular to each service, this comparison was done. However, the majority of providers frequently provide only a limited amount of information or don't go into great detail about specific ideas or procedures (for instance, security in Google Cloud), leaving room for interpretation. The authors conclude by outlining a unique approach for encrypted cloud storage that employs Cocks Identity Based Encryption (IBE) and Advanced Encryption Standard (AES)-256 Cipher Block Chaining (CBC) to limit potential abuse by alerting the user anytime a file 1 inspection takes place. Cocks IBE will be utilized as an alternate cryptographic method for access controls, and AES-256 will be used for the Initialization Vector (IV) features' encryption. Additionally, Fiat-Shamir authentication will be zero-knowledge. A system like this might be used by companies who offer services in the actual world because it would boost customer confidence.

Enhanced and authenticated cipher block chaining mode

Due to the increased attacks on different applications, data security has become crucial. Many modes can be used to operate the advanced encryption standard (AES), some of which provide integrity, and some outperform other modes in security and simplicity. In this paper, the chain block cipher (CBC) mode has been modified to provide more security to the encrypted data by making it robust against the bit-flipping attack and adding an integrity approach using the keyedhash function. In addition, using the keyd-hash function increases the number of keys needed in CBC-AES to two keys, and this can make the proposed model more secure against bruteforce attacks and Grover’s quantum search algorithm.

Enhanced and authenticated cipher block chaining mode

Due to the increased attacks on different applications, data security has become crucial. Many modes can be used to operate the advanced encryption standard (AES), some of which provide integrity, and some outperform other modes in security and simplicity. In this paper, the chain block cipher (CBC) mode has been modified to provide more security to the encrypted data by making it robust against the bit-flipping attack and adding an integrity approach using the keyedhash function. In addition, using the keyd-hash function increases the number of keys needed in CBC-AES to two keys, and this can make the proposed model more secure against bruteforce attacks and Grover’s quantum search algorithm.

Implementation of image file security using the advanced encryption standard method

The application of technology in this era has entered digitalization and is modern. Therefore, we are already in an era of advanced and rapid technological development. It has become a human need to exchange information in every activity. Documents that contain information that is frequently sought or used. The document's use also includes essential information. Document security is undoubtedly a significant factor in prioritizing important information in a document to prevent unauthorized people from misusing the document's vital information. Cryptography is a method of overcoming document security issues so that third parties cannot read the information or messages contained within the document. The 128-bit advanced encryption standard (AES) algorithm is one of the algorithms included in the cryptography technique. Additionally, it can be combined with operation modes such as electronic codebook (ECB) and cipher block chaining (CBC) to create an application that can generate random codes to improve the security of the data contained in the document.

Enhancing Biometric Fingerprint Security Through Integrated Watermarking and Cipher Block Chaining Techniques

Enhancing Biometric Fingerprint Security Through Integrated Watermarking and Cipher Block Chaining Techniques

An ultra-lightweight block cipher with string transformations

Security efficiency and hardware efficiency are equally important when designing a block cipher. In this paper, we propose a new block cipher that uses string transformations and requires less memory and fewer computational resources, making it suitable for highly constrained environments. We compare the performance of our design with AES-128 and quasigroup-based block cipher INRU in the cipher block chaining (CBC) mode of operation using the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) test suite. We then analyze our design against the standard linear, differential, and algebraic attacks. Choosing suitable S-boxes and a quasigroup of a smaller order does not compromise the security of the cipher, but the storage space is reduced compared with AES-128 and INRU.

High-Throughput CBC Mode Crypto Circuit

The objective of this study is to investigate a high-throughput cipher-block chaining (CBC) mode crypto circuit, which can be embedded in commercial home gateways or switches/routers. Concurrently, the area efficiency of block ciphers can be improved as well. However, the CBC mode encounters the problem of data dependency. To solve this issue, a data scheduling mechanism of network packets is proposed to eliminate the data dependency of input data for CBC mode pipelined crypto engines. The proposed CBC mode architecture can be applied to advanced encryption standards (AES), triple data encryption standards (3DES), and other block ciphers. In addition, to increase the throughput, deeply pipelined AES-CBC and 3DES-CBC circuits with balanced paths are proposed. With the proposed scheduling and pipelined circuits, the authors can effectively encrypt the packet data of multiple network channels at the same time. Using the proposed architecture, throughputs of 137.8 and 44.75 Gbps using a copy of pipelined AES-CBC and 3DES-CBC circuits can be achieved in TSMC 45 nm and TSMC 130 nm processes, respectively.

Block Ciphers Analysis Based on a Fully Connected Neural Network

With the development of high-speed network technologies, there has been a recent rise in the transfer of significant amounts of sensitive data across the Internet and other open channels. The data will be encrypted using the same key for both Triple Data Encryption Standard (TDES) and Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), with block cipher modes called cipher Block Chaining (CBC) and Electronic CodeBook (ECB). Block ciphers are often used for secure data storage in fixed hard drives, portable devices, and safe network data transport. Therefore, to assess the security of the encryption method, it is necessary to become familiar with and evaluate the algorithms of cryptographic systems. Block cipher users need to be sure that the ciphers they employ are secure against various attacks. A Fully Connected Neural Network (FCNN) model was initially used to assess how well the models were classified. Then, all models, including encoder models, were assessed using True Positive (TP) measures for successful classification of the discovered encoder and False Positive (FP) measures for imprecise categorization. The accuracy value, retrieval, loss, precision value, and F1 score were then calculated using a confusion matrix to assess the model's efficacy (abbreviated as F1). ECB results with an accuracy of 85% and CBC results with an accuracy of 88% were produced, and the parameters of the FCNN model were tweaked to provide better results. These results helped to identify the encryption algorithm more precisely and evaluate it.