Ciocalteu Reagent Research Articles

Affordable paper-based strips: A breakthrough in phenol detection for water samples

Phenols are pollutants prevalent in industries such as pharmaceuticals, pulp and paper, petrochemicals, coal, agriculture, and plastics, often released untreated. Detecting and measuring phenols is essential, typically achieved through spectrophotometry, chromatography, electrochemical, and immunochemical biosensors. These methods, however, are expensive and require skilled operators. Thus, developing an efficient, user-friendly, affordable, and environmentally sustainable method is crucial. This study introduces inexpensive colorimetric paper-based sensor strips for detecting phenolic contaminants in water samples using the Folin–Ciocalteu (FC) reagent as the chromogenic probe. Whatman #1 and #4 filter papers were used to construct the prototypes, WFP-1 and WFP-4. The limit of detection (LOD) for five phenols (pyrogallol, gallic acid, resorcinol, vanillin, and hydroquinone) was 6.01 mg/L and 9.66 mg/L, respectively. ImageJ software analyzed the color intensity of each phenol, revealing a detection order of pyrogallol > resorcinol > gallic acid > hydroquinone > vanillin, attributed to the reactivity of phenolic hydroxyl groups with FC reagent. Recovery tests with water samples containing resorcinol showed WFP-1 sensors achieving 90 %–98.50 % recovery and WFP-4 sensors achieving 97.50 %–101.69 % recovery. These results highlight the sensor’s simplicity, cost-effectiveness, and potential for widespread application in phenolic contaminant detection and quantification.

Assessment of the Antioxidative Properties of Extracts from the Fruits of Pyrus pyraster (L.) Burgsd and Pyrus ×myloslavensis Czarna & Antkowiak Grown under Natural Environmental Conditions

Analyses were conducted on extracts from the fruits of P. pyraster and P. ×myloslavensis. Extraction with 80% methanol was performed at room temperature. The total phenolic content was determined by spectrophotometry using the Folin–Ciocalteu reagent, with gallic acid as the reference standard. Phenolic compounds and organic acids were identified on a liquid chromatograph. The antioxidative activity of the extracts was tested in relation to linoleic acid incubation of the emulsions for 19 h based on the neutralization of the DPPH radical (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and the ABTS cation radical (2,2′-azino-bis[3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid]) as well as by the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay. The analyses showed that the extract from P. pyraster fruits is characterized by a higher content of phenolic compounds and a higher antioxidative potential compared with that from P. ×myloslavensis. In extracts of both pear species, seven phenolic compounds and four organic acids were identified. The total fiber content in pears of P. pyraster and P. ×myloslavensis was determined at 36.45 g and 24.74 g/100 g d.m. of the pear fruits, of which most comprised the insoluble fraction (32.49 g and 20.86/100 g, respectively). The results of the conducted research are highly significant, as they confirm that pears contain many valuable nutrients and biologically active compounds, including antioxidants and dietary fiber. Adding pear extracts to food products may offer a way to boost their health benefits while also broadening the variety of items that have appealing sensory characteristics. Moreover, research has shown that fruit extracts can help to prolong the shelf life of food products by safeguarding them against lipid oxidation and the decline in their nutritional value.

Solvent polarity effects on extraction yield, phenolic content, and antioxidant properties of Malvaceae family seeds: a comparative study

ABSTRACT The selection of appropriate solvents in the extraction process plays a crucial role in determining the nature and quantity of secondary metabolites extracted from medicinal plants. This study investigates the impact of solvent polarity on the extraction yield, phenolic content, and antioxidant properties of seeds from four plants belonging to the Malvaceae family: Abutilon fruticosum, Abutilon pannosum, Sida ovata and Malvastrum coromendelianum. The seed powder of each species was subjected to extraction using solvents with varying polarities, including acetone, chloroform, methanol, and water. Physicochemical analysis, extraction yield, quantitative phenolic content, and antioxidant activity were assessed. Total phenolic content (TPC) was determined using the Folin–Ciocalteu reagent, and antioxidant activity was measured using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that the choice of extracting solvents significantly influenced (p < 0.05) extraction yield, phenolic content, and antioxidant properties. In conclusion, water and methanol emerged as the most effective solvents for achieving high extraction yields, phenolic compound content, and free radical scavenging activities. The results demonstrated a robust correlation between total phenolic content (mg of Gallic acid equivalent/g of sample) and free radical scavenging activity (IC50). The study highlights the substantial impact of solvent type, suggesting the potential benefits of using a combination of polar and nonpolar solvents to enhance the extraction efficiency of phytochemicals, phenolic content and antioxidant quality from medicinal plant seeds. Future investigations should focus on isolating and identifying active secondary metabolites from these extracts.

Antibacterial activity of Bajakah Kalalawit phenolic against Staphylococcus aureus and possible use of phenolic nanoparticles

Dayak tribes indigenous to the Indonesian island of Borneo has been using Bajakah Kalalawit (Uncaria gambir Roxb.) as traditional medicine for ages. This inspired us to develop phenolic from Bajakah Kalalawit extract as antibacterial agent. The extraction was done through decoction method and the determination of phenolic concentration was done using a visible spectrophotometer and Folin–Ciocalteu reagent (mixture of phosphotungstic and phosphomolybdic acids). We investigated the possibility of developing phenolic nanoparticle for future work. Kirby-Bauer method was used to assess antibacterial activity of phenolic against Staphylococcus aureus and the results were compared to Chloramphenicol in terms of its efficacy and duration of inhibition. This study contributes to the ongoing effort to address antibiotic resistance through the development of innovative antibacterial agents derived from natural sources. The results provide valuable insights into the potential of Bajakah Kalalawit phenolic extracts as a promising avenue for combating bacterial infections in the future.

A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF EXTRACTION OPTIMIZATION, ANTIOXIDANT POTENTIAL, AND FATTY ACID COMPOSITION OF CUCUMI S ATIVUS AND CUCUMIS MELO

Background: Cucumis plants are being frequently used to treat metabolic disorders such as obesity and diabetes, in traditional medicinal system. Objectives: The current study sought to assess the impact of several solvents with varying polarity for the extraction of polyphenolic, and flavonoid components. Further, this study also aims to determine antioxidant activity of fruits and peels of Cucumis melo and Cucumis sativus. Methodology: Methanol, ethyl acetate, chloroform, and n-hexane were chosen for optimal extraction. Extract yields were assessed to determine the optimal solvent solution for extraction. The TPC and TFC contents were determined by Folin–Ciocalteu reagent and AlCl3 method. The antioxidant potential was determined spectrophotometrically using DPPH scavenging and iron chelation assays. The fatty acid contents of methanol extract were determined by gas chromatography (GC-FID). The instrument utilized for this purpose was a Shimadzu GC-14A with a flame ionizer (FID) and a packed glass column, DEXIL-300. The column oven's temperature was kept at 180ºC for 5 minutes and programmed to 250 ºC at the rate of 5ºC/mint. The injection and detector temperature was 250ºC and 230ºC respectively. Results: The results showed that the methanol extract of C. sativus peels exhibited the highest extraction yield, TPC, and TFC 12.72 ± 0.34 mg/mL, 130.13 ± 1.23 mg/mL, and 86.56 ± 0.67 mg/mL, respectively for C. Sativus peels and for C. melo the results were as 8.32. ± 0.34 mg/mL, 68.23.13 ± 1.23 mg/mL and 48.23 ± 0.67 mg/mL, respectively. The C. Sativus peel extract also showed the highest DPPH inhibition and iron chelation activities with IC50 values of 33.34 ± 0.12 µg/mL and 30.34 ± 0.23 µg/mL. The methanol extracts also showed dose-dependent antioxidant activities. The seven fatty acids contents were found from C12 to C20 in peel extract with arachidic acid and linoleic acid in relatively greater amounts. Conclusion: The current study has shown that the methanol extract of C. sativus peel has rich total phenolic, flavonoid content, and has reasonable antioxidant activity in all of the tested methods.

The evaluation of the antioxidant activity of selected Eryngium species based on thin-layer chromatography fingerprints using chemometric tools

The purpose of the study was to confirm the utility of multivariate technique to predict antioxidant activity of selected Eryngium extracts based on chromatographic data. Five Eryngium species were analyzed using Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) with silica gel to obtain their fingerprints. The highest relative content of quercitrin (marker) was observed for E. giganteum. The chemical similarity between extracts was evaluated by Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Hierachical Cluster Analysis (HCA), and the results confirm the similarity between the same three E. planum from various natural sites. The total phenolic content with Folin–Ciocalteu reagent and antioxidant activity with DPPH reagent by spectrophotometry were determined, and the highest content of phenolics (concentration of gallic acid, mg⋅mL−1) was obtained for E. campestre, E. amethystinum and E. planum T. The highest antioxidant activity (concentration of gallic acid and inhibition %) were obtained for E. planum T. and E. amethystinum, while the lowest was obtained for E. planum Dębówka. High value of correlation coefficient between TLC and spectrophotometric data using Partial Least Squares Regression (PLS) confirms the usefulness of statistical method for the predicting the biological activity. In conclusion, the chromatographic and chemometric methods were suitable for prediction of antioxidant activity.

Pulsed light processing of sugarcane juice: quality evaluation and microbial load assessment.

Freshly extracted sugarcane juice is an ideal substrate for microbial fermentation and browning reactions. The present study is the first report on the potential of pulsed light (PL) processing in improving microbial stability with the retention of major bioactive. PL processing at different levels of voltage (2.1-2.7 kV) and number of pulses (100-200) was explored. The present study aimed to investigate the impact of PL processing on the quality of sugarcane juice, bioactive composition and microbial load. The microbial load, such as aerobic mesophiles, yeast and mold, and total coliform, was reduced to below 1 log colony-forming units mL-1 in juice samples subjected to intense PL treatment at 2.7 kV. The maximum value of the total color difference of the sugarcane juice was below 4.0, even at extreme levels of PL process parameters. In comparison with the unprocessed juice, the reduction in total phenols (Folin ciocalteu reagent assay) and the total antioxidant capacity (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging assay) was limited to 6% and 16.7%, respectively, when treated at 2.7 kV/200 pulses. The pH and total soluble solids of the juice remained unaffected in all the processed samples. Among the process parameters considered, the treatment voltage was found to significantly affect the quality parameters and microbial load. PL processing at 2.1 kV/170 pulses gave an optimally processed juice with a microbial load below the permissible limit and desirability value of 0.77. The results suggest that the PL treatment is effective for enhancing the microbial stability and maintaining the bioactive components of the sugarcane juice. Furthermore, the outcomes from the present study are expected to pave the way for further in-depth investigation of the effect of PL treatment on the critical quality attributes and shelf life of sugarcane juice. The technology will be useful for adoption by different stakeholders, including manufacturers and retailers in the food processing sector. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Evaluation of potential anti-aging effects of Achillea phrygia Boiss. &amp; Balansa (Asteraceae)

This study aims to determine the anti-aging effects of Achillea phrygia, an endemic plant, by evaluating its sun protection factor (SPF) level, antioxidant activity, total phenolic content, extracellular matrix-degrading enzymes (ECM) inhibition, genotoxic/anti-genotoxic, and cytotoxic activities. The SPF level was assessed using an in vitro quantitative method, while antioxidant capacity was determined through DPPH, β-carotene, and hydroxyl-radical (H2O2) scavenging assays. The total phenolic content was quantitatively conducted using the Folin Ciocalteu reagent. The inhibition of ECM-degrading enzymes was determined using matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1), hyaluronidase, and elastase enzymes. Genotoxic/anti-genotoxic properties were assessed using the AMES Salmonella/microsome assay, and cytotoxicity effects were assessed through the MTT assay. The results indicated that A. phrygia showed moderate SPF activity (SPF = 4.013) and exhibited IC50 values of 0.183 ± 0.03, 0.079 ± 0.51, and 1.18 ± 0.35 mg/mL for DPPH, β-carotene, and hydroxyl-radicals, respectively. The total phenolic content was measured to be 23.56 ± 1.42 mg GAE/g dry extract. Furthermore, the extract demonstrated inhibition of MMP-1 (47.98%) and elastase (39.2%) activities. Importantly, it did not induce DNA damage and showed antigenotoxic activity ranging from 10% to 65.6%. The cytotoxicity assay revealed an IC50 value of 42.41±4.05 µg/mL. These findings suggest that A. phrygia could be utilized as a cosmetic ingredient in skincare products due to its ability to protect against UV radiation, exhibit antioxidant properties, prevent extracellular matrix degradation, and inhibit DNA damage.

Evaluation of phenolic content in selected red fruit juices.

Red fruits are characterised by a particularly high content of bioactive compounds, e.g. anthocyanins, tannins, pectins, vitamins and minerals. Dietary supply of proper amounts of antioxidants is essential to reduce oxidative stress, and thus is an important element in the prevention of lifestyle diseases. The aim of the study was to evaluate and compare the content of polyphenols in selected red fruit juices (chokeberry, elderberry, pomegranate, cranberry), as well as to assess the impact of storage time on the content of these compounds in the analysed samples. The research material consisted of 17 juices (100%): 3 chokeberry juices, 4 elderberry juices, 5 pomegranate juices and 5 cranberry juices, which differed in terms of the manufacturer, type, price range, country of origin and production method. The total polyphenol content was measured by spectrophotometry using the Folin�Ciocalteu reagent. The procedure was based on a modified method described by Waterhouse. Active acidity (pH) was measured with the potentiometric method using a pH-meter and the sucrose content was measured using a refractometer. The highest mean content of polyphenolic compounds was found in chokeberry and elderberry juices. Juice storage time did not reduce the mean content of polyphenolic compounds. The highest sucrose content was found in chokeberry juices and the lowest in cranberry juice. Chokeberry and elderberry juices had the highest content of polyphenols among the tested products. Juices stored after opening in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions (at 4°C) do not lose their nutritional properties.

New potentiometric sensor for total phenolic assay of plant extracts

Abstract In this study, a sensitive, fast, and inexpensive new potentiometric determination method based on the Folin–Ciocalteu reagent (FCR) is proposed to determine the total phenolic content in plant extracts. For this purpose, a potentiometric-based all-solid-state-contact polyvinyl chloride membrane sensor was developed. Gallic acid compound was used as the active component (ionophore) in the developed sensor and the potentiometric behavior of the sensor was characterized. The detection limit of the selective sensor to the FCR was determined as 0.022 mol L−1 and showed a linear potential change in the concentration range of 0.0039 to 0.5 mol L−1 and a fast response time of 40 to 45 s. The developed sensor was also applied to the plant extracts and the obtained measurement results were found to be in agreement with the spectrometer results in the literature.

Qualitative Phytochemical Screening, Fatty Acid Profile and Biological Studies of the Bark of &lt;i&gt;Mallotus nudiflorus&lt;/i&gt; (Pitali) Plant

In the present study, the Mallotus nudiflorus (L.) plant has been taken to determine the in-vitro analysis to find out the therapeutic value. The bioassays of the raw extract of methanol of bark of M. nudiflorus and by Kupchan’s extraction method collecting n-Hexane (HEX), Dichloromethane (DCM), Chloroform (CHCl3), Ethylacetate (EA) and Aqueous (AQ) fractions were scrutinized to find out its therapeutic value. The findings of phytochemical screening of the methanol extract of barks revealed the presence of several secondary metabolites. By using the GC-FID method the result showed that M. nudiflorus contained four bound fatty acids and four free fatty acids. EA fraction had the maximum phenolic content among all the fractions at (133.67±0.99) mg of GAE/g where the Folin- Ciocalteu reagent was used as an oxidizing agent. The antioxidant activity was measured in terms of its ability to scavenge free radicals (DPPH assay). Among all extractives, the greatest ability to scavenge for free radicals was shown by EA extract with an IС50 value (12.08±0.15) μg/ml. In the toxicity of brine shrimp test, the HEX fraction had the maximum toxicity with an LC50 value of (0.12±0.01) μg/ml. Cell cytotoxicity was observed for sample CHCl3 and EA on both the Vero (kidney epithelial cells taken from an African green monkey) and HeLa (a human cervical cancer cell) cell line. All the fractions were subjected to in vitro microbial screening, which revealed that DCM, CHCl3, and EA fractions showed growth inhibition, particularly against various Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria by disc diffusion method. The maximum zone of inhibition in the antimicrobial activity was produced by CHCl3 fraction against Staphylococcus aureus (17 mm). The results of in vitro experiments have demonstrated that the extracts from the barks of M. nudiflorus have great potential for medicinal uses and might be studied for further chemical exploration.

Restorative antiaging influence and chemical profile of Prunus domestica L. (European plum) seed extract in a D-galactose-induced rat model

Background Prunus domestica L., also known as European plums or prunes, is a member of the Rosaceae family. Recently, fruit byproducts like seeds have been used as a novel and affordable source of bioactive compounds that may be an affordable source of substances. These substances hold potential benefit to the food and pharmaceutical industries. Objective The study aims to evaluate the chemical composition of P. domestica L. seeds and their safety and efficiency as an antiaging agent. Materials and methods The phenolic content in ethanolic seed extract was determined using the Folin–Ciocalteu reagent. Chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and β-carotene concentrations were measured by high performance liquid chromatography analysis. Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS) negative ion mode was carried out to investigate the phytoconstituents, in addition to the isolation of the main active compounds on preparative TLC as well as evaluation of cognitive capabilities, measurement of antioxidants and neurotransmitters and histopathological brain examination. Results and conclusion The total phenolic and flavonoid contents of ethanolic extract were 136.55 mg GAE/g and 89 mg CE/g, respectively. Also, high performance liquid chromatography analysis led to the identification of β-carotene as the main natural pigment (59.376 mg/100 g), followed by chlorophyll b (41.745 mg/100 g) and finally chlorophyll a (20.824 mg/100 g). In addition, UPLC/ESI-MS analysis using the negative ion mode led to the identification of 24 compounds, including two flavonols, one flavanone, two flavones, 10 flavonoid-O-glycosides, two methylated flavonoids, one isoflavonoidC-glycosides, two phenolic acids, two aldehydes, one stilbene, and one coumarin. Preparative TLC chromatographic technique for ethanolic P. domestica seed extract resulted in the isolation of γ-tocopherol, kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside, luteolin, and luteolin-7-O-glucoside. The ethanolic extract proved to have a remarkable scavenging effect against 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl in a dose-dependent manner compared with vitamin C. Improvement in behavioral assessment was noticed posttreatment of rats with the extract suggesting amelioration in cognitive ability and spatial memory of rats compared with standard drug. In addition, noticeable improvements were observed in neurotransmitter levels, acetylcholinesterase, noradrenaline, dopamine, and serotonin, in the brain tissue of aged rats. Besides, remarkable improvements in oxidative stress biomarkers (nitric oxide, reduced glutathione and lipid peroxide, total antioxidant capacity) and in histopathological pictures of different brain regions posttreatment of aged rats with the extract compared with donepezil standard drug were recorded.

Bioactive compounds of Arctostaphylos uva-ursi wild-growing populations from Bulgaria

Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Sprengel (bearberry), Ericaceae is a valuable medicinal plant with diuretic and uroantiseptic action which is mainly due to arbutin. In Bulgaria the species is considered as rare. Content assessment of bioactive compounds of A. uva-ursi leaves from three natural populations from Bulgaria was the aim of the present study. Leaf samples were collected from Pirin, Vitosha, and Rhodope Mountains. Bioactive compounds in the methanolic extracts of the samples were analysed by GC/MS. Total phenolic content was determined using Folin–Ciocalteu reagent. Arbutin, quinic acid and gallic acid were detected in the highest amounts. Catechine, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, chlorogenic acid, triterpenes (α- and β-amyrin, uvaol and lupeol) and other primary and secondary metabolites were found, also. Differences in the content of individual compounds between samples of different origin were established. The highest total phenolic (182.98 mg GAE g-1) and arbutin (8.4%) content was found in the sample from Vitosha Mountain. The presented data characterizes the profile of bioactive compounds in the Bulgarian bearberry raw material for the first time.

Phytochemical study, antioxidant activity, and dermoprotective activity of Chenopodium ambrosioides (L.)

Abstract Chenopodium ambrosioides, a member of the Chenopodiaceae family, is renowned for its toxic properties. Despite its toxicity, it has been traditionally utilized in various communities, particularly in pediatric contexts, for its vermifuge, antispasmodic, and antipyretic attributes. This study aims to unravel the phytochemical composition present in organic fractions and aqueous extracts obtained from the aerial components of C. ambrosioides. Furthermore, our objective is to evaluate the antioxidant activity of these extracts and fractions, coupled with a comprehensive examination of their toxicological effects. Polyphenols were quantified using the Folin–Ciocalteu reagent, flavonoids via the aluminum trichloride reagent AlCl3, and tannins using the vanillin method. Identification of bioactive compounds within the plant specimen was accomplished through GC-MS spectrophotometric analysis. The assessment of antioxidant activity employed DPPH, ferric (Fe3+) ion antioxidant reducing power (FRAP), ABTS, and TAC methods, with quercetin, catechin, and ascorbic acid serving as standards. Dermoprotective activity was studied using the ultraviolet absorption test. The GC-MS analysis conducted on the aqueous extracts (EAI and EAM) and assorted fractions (FCH, FE, FB, and FA) revealed the presence of diverse chemical families encompassing alcohols, acids, terpenes, steroids, and phenolic compounds. The components identified in the investigated samples, including trans-ascaridol glycol, palmitic acid, phenol, octadecadienoic acid, isoascaridol, eicosanoic acid, 2-methoxy-4-vinyl phenol, mexiletine, and thymol, are postulated as potential contributors to the observed antioxidant activity inherent in the plant extracts and fractions. Our findings highlight the remarkable antioxidant potential of Chenopodium ambrosioides, with the ethyl acetate fraction exhibiting the highest activity (IC50 = 0.54 mg/ml) in the DPPH test. In the FRAP and ABTS tests, the n-butanolic and ethyl acetate fractions demonstrated superior activity (IC50 = 4.43 mg/ml, 12.9 mg/ml and IC50 = 1.6 mg/ml, 4.54 mg/ml, respectively). Conversely, the TAC test revealed that the macerated aqueous extract displayed the highest activity (316.33 mg Eq AG/g), followed closely by the n-butanolic fraction (250.67 mg Eq AG/g). These outcomes can be attributed to the abundant presence of phenolic compounds in the n-butanolic and ethyl acetate fractions, as well as the macerated aqueous extract, playing a pivotal role in the observed antioxidant activity. Additionally, our investigation of the dermoprotective activity demonstrated robust efficacy in the ethyl acetate fraction (FE) and the n-butanolic fraction (FB) compared to the standard agents employed (ZnO and methyl salicylate). Overall, our comprehensive studies affirm that the extracts and fractions derived from C. ambrosioides manifest moderate antioxidant activities alongside significant dermoprotective potential, elucidated by the presence of phenolic compounds in moderate quantities within the plant.

Evaluating of Antioxidant and Antibacterial Characteristics Ginkgo Biloba Leaves

Introduction: Reactive oxygen species cause disease by damaging the chemical compounds in our body. On the other hand, drug resistance is becoming a serious issue in infection treatment, globally. Ginkgo biloba has many therapeutically features. The objective of this study was to evaluate antioxidant and antibacterial activity of Iranian Ginkgo’s leaf extracts.&#x0D; Methods: In this experimental study, aqueous, ethanolic (%70) and methanolic (%80) extracts were made using Ginkgo. Total Phenolic and Flavonoids Content were measured by folin– ciocalteu reagent and Chloride Aluminum color assays. The extracts’ antioxidant activity was assessed by their potential in scavenging DPPH free radicals. Disc Diffusion assay was carried out to test antibacterial potency against two strains of bacteria (Enterococcus faecalis, Listeria monocytogenes). Data analysis was performed using factorial experiment within a completely randomized design. SPSS version 16 software and Duncan's multiple range tests were used to compare the means.&#x0D; Results: Based on results, all three extracts contained extensive amount of phenolic and especially flavonoid compounds with methanolic extract being the richest in phenolic and flavonoids while aqueous extract having the least of these compounds. The most antioxidant activity was found in methanolic extract of 300 mg/mL concentration with %84.73 (P&lt;0.05) and the least was in aqueous extract of 40 mg/mL with %18.17 (P&lt;0.05) ROS scavenging rate, this result was proportional to the measured bioactive components of the extracts. Antibacterial activity in 200 mg/mL concentration of methanolic extract was maximum against Enterococcus faecalis while it was minimum at 50 mg/µl concentration of aqueous extract against Listeria monocytogenes strain. Antibacterial activity of all three extracts was found out to be concentration dependent.&#x0D; Conclusion: The results indicated that Ginkgo leaves are rich in phenolic and flavonoids contents that may be reason behind their notable antioxidant and antibacterial activity. Thus, Ginkgo could be a treasure trove of antioxidants and therapeutic compounds. However, more studies are required in regard to Ginkgo’s various characteristics.

Determination of total phenolic content, total antioxidants, and GC–MS analysis of two different solvent extracts of Merremia quinquefolia (L.) Hallier f. Twigs grown in Bundelkhand region of India

Abstract BACKGROUND: Merremia quinquefolia (L.) Hallier f. (MQ) is a species of Merremia belonging to the family Convolvulaceae. It is a herbaceous prostrate or climbing vine that is well-known for its ability to heal burns, scalds, and sores. This study aimed to estimate the total phenolic content and antioxidants and characterize the phytochemical constituents of methanolic and aqueous extracts of MQ twigs. METHODS: The dried powdered twigs of MQ were extracted with methanol and distilled water by hot percolation method. These two prepared extracts were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) to characterize the chemical constituents of crude extracts. The Folin–Ciocalteu reagent method was used to determine the total phenolic content of both extracts, and their total antioxidant content was determined using a phospho-molybdate assay. RESULTS: The results of GC–MS analysis revealed the presence of 17 major peaks of different phytochemicals in the methanol extract and 16 major peaks of various phytochemicals in the distilled water extract. These phytochemicals were identified by comparing their retention time and mass spectra with the literature. In addition, the methanol extract contained high phenolic content but less antioxidant than distilled water extract. CONCLUSION: This study shows that twigs of the MQ plant are rich sources of bioactive compounds that can play an important role in drug design to deal with many diseases.

THE STUDY of SOME BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES of CUSCUTA CHINENSIS and ITS TWO HOSTS

Introduction: Cuscuta, (Ces as Persian name) is a parasitic plant with different biological effects and applications. The metabolic profile and effects of the Ces depend on the host on which it grows. Its main components are phenols and flavonoids. Considering the antioxidant effects of these compounds, the purpose of this research was to investigate the antioxidant activities and total phenolic and flavonoid contents of Cuscuta as well as Mellissa officinalis and Alhaji murarum as hosts.&#x0D; Methods: Aqueous, hydroalcoholic extracts of the Cuscuta grown on two hosts were prepared separately. Hydroalcoholic extracts of host plants were also prepared. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were evaluated using Folin- Ciocalteu reagent and aluminum chloride colorimetric assays, respectively. In order to investigate the antioxidant activity, the ability of extracts to scavenge DPPH free radical (DPPH 2, 2-(diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and their capacity to reduce iron 3+ion were measured by FRAP method.&#x0D; Results: The results showed that all the examined extracts have significant phenolic and flavonoid contents. The highest antioxidant activity was observed in hydroalcoholic extracts, which was proportional to the amount of phenolic and flavonoid contents in the extracts. In addition, the extracts of host plants were richer than the parasite extracts. The extract of Mellissa officinalis showed better effects than Alhaji murarum in all of four investigated factors.&#x0D; Conclusion: According to the findings of the present study, the hydroalcoholic extracts of the Cuscuta plants are rich in phenolic and flavonoid compounds, which may be the cause of the antioxidant activity. Of course, the compounds and effects of Cuscuta depend on the host. In future studies, the plant can be grown in different hosts.

GC-MS profiling of Pistachio vera L., and effect of antioxidant and antimicrobial compounds of it's essential oil compared to chemical counterparts

All elements of the pistachio tree are considered raw pistachio by-products. The soft hull makes up the majority of these by-products. It contains proteins, fats, minerals, vitamins, phenolics contents (TPC), and antioxidants. Early smiling pistachios are one of the most important sources of pistachio contamination with aflatoxin in the garden and processing stages. The present study aimed to evaluate pistachio hull essential oil (EO) composition, and antioxidant and antimicrobial properties under in vitro conditions. TPC, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activity were measured using the Folin–Ciocalteu reagent, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging method, and serial dilution titration method, respectively. A gas chromatography system with a mass spectrometer (GC-MS) was utilized to determine the chemical components of the EO. The findings revealed that the quantity of TPC and anti-radical activity in IC50 were 245.43 mg gallic acid/mL and 206.32 µL/L, respectively. The free radical absorption activity of DPPH (%) increased with EO content. The inhibitory activity of EO on Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis was much lower than that of streptomycin and penicillin. Aspergillus flavus was effectively inhibited by pistachio hull EO, comparable to fluconazole. The results obtained from GC-MS showed that the major compounds in pistachio hull essential oil include α-pinene (47.36%), terpinolene (10.57%), limonene (9.13%), and L-bornyl acetate (8.57%). The findings indicated that pistachio hull EO has potent antibacterial and antioxidant components and can be employed as a natural antimicrobial and antioxidant in food systems.

Taxonomic, physicochemical, phenolic and antioxidant comparison in species of high Andean wild fruits: Rubus and Hesperomeles

Currently, humans are taking better care of their health. It is known that fruit consumption prevents degenerative diseases such as cancer and diabetes. On the other hand, the high Andean biodiversity is rich in various resources that have been undervalued up to now. In the present study, the botanical characterization, physical and chemical properties, phenolic compounds, and antioxidant capacity were compared in four non-climacteric high Andean wild fruits of the species Rubus (black siraca and red siraca) and Hesperomeles (pacra and capachu), collected in the Peru province of Andahuaylas, Apurimac region, between 3600 and 3900 m.a.s.l. The taxonomic identification was performed according to the catalog of angiosperms and gymnosperms by geographical location. Polyphenols were determined by the spectrophotometric method based on the use of the Folin–Ciocalteu reagent, and the antioxidant capacity by the DPPH reagent discoloration method. Data in triplicate were analyzed by a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and a multiple-range test of least significant difference (LSD). The results showed significant differences (p &lt; 0.05) in all properties studied. The maturity index and phenolic content directly affected the antioxidant capacity. The four wild fruits studied presented high values of polyphenols and antioxidant activity. Therefore, they should be considered in genetic improvement and field extension programs to promote their consumption, which would encourage healthy and nutritious eating.

Total phenolic, flavonoid, protein contents and biological activities of wild mustard

AbstractThe nutritional and therapeutic benefits of plants are outstanding. Wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis L.) collected from different regions was analysed for its phenolic, flavonoid, protein, and biological activity levels. In this case, the plant ethanol extract was obtained using a soxhlet apparatus. Rel assay kits and the DPPH test were used to assess the plant's antioxidant activity. The agar dilution test was used to determine antimicrobial efficacy. A549 lung cancer cells were used in an MTT assay to measure antiproliferative activity. The Folin−Ciocalteu reagent was used to quantify the total phenolic content of the sample. The amount of flavonoids was determined using an aluminium chloride test. The amount of protein was calculated using the AOAC's standard technique. Based on the research conducted, it was shown that the maximum total antioxidant status (TAS) value for the ethanol extract of wild mustard from various places was 5.232 ± 0.047 mmol L−1. At a concentration of 2 mg mL−1, DPPH activity was measured to be 82.06 ± 1.01. The maximum levels of total phenolic, flavonoid, and protein were 80.57 ± 2.19 mg g−1, 154.07 ± 2.79 mg g−1, and 7.75 ± 0.24%, respectively. Doses of 25–100 μg mL−1 of plant extracts were effective against fungal strains, whereas doses of 50–200 μg mL−1 were beneficial against bacterial strains. The plant extracts were shown to have potent antiproliferative properties. It was found that wild mustard's phenolic, flavonoid, protein, and biological activity levels varied according to the location from which it was gathered. It was also concluded that wild mustard had significant biological activity.