Cinnamomum Verum Bark Research Articles

Synthesis of Fe3O4-Ag core shell nanoparticles using Cinnamomum verum bark extract and removal of methyl orange from aqueous media

Green synthesis of Fe3O4-Ag core shell nanoparticles (CSNPs) was performed using Cinnamomum verum bark extract (CVBE) as the green solvent, reducing agent and capping agent. Aqueous solutions of AgNO3, FeCl3.6H20 and CH3COONa were used for the synthesis. The first formation of Fe3O4-Ag CSNPs was observed within 10 minutes of the reaction time. The result recorded from UV-Vis spectroscopy, Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) favours the biosynthesis and characterization of Fe3O4-Ag CSNPs. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) reveals that the shape is nearly spherical and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) confirms the shape as spherical and minimum size achieved is 19 nm. The capability of synthesised Fe3O4-Ag CSNPs for adsorption of methyl orange (MO) was tested in batches. It was observed that the process is pH dependent with maximum adsorption occurring at pH 6. The adsorption equilibrium was achieved after 120 min of contact time. The data observed was fitted one by one to three different isotherm models, viz., Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin isotherm model to find the mode of adsorption. The process was best described by Langmuir isotherm. The adsorption kinetics was further analysed by using the pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order and the Weber-Morris diffusion model on adsorption data. The kinetic data of this adsorption obeyed pseudo-second-order rate equation.

Serum biochemistry indices, leukogram, carcass variables and intestinal measurements of Eimeria tenella-infected or non-infected broilers treated with dietary Cinnamomum verum bark

ABSTRACT We compared the outcomes of various concentrations of Cinnamomum verum bark powder (CNP), a natural product, to a conventional anticoccidial drug in induced Eimeria tenella infection in broilers aged 21 days. On day 21, 250 birds (Ross 308) were randomly assigned to one of 10 treatments, five of which had Eimeria tenella infection and five of which did not. Results 14 days post-infection (dpi) revealed that the treatments had a significant effect on body weight gain (BWG) and production efficiency factor (PEF). Although the 2 g CNP and Salinomycin (Sacox) treatments performed equally well, the 2 g CNP had the highest BWG and PEF under challenging conditions. Although the PEF improved satisfactorily at 14 dpi, the loss of BWG at 7 dpi did not compensate at 14 dpi. Challenged birds had longer and heavier small intestines, atrophiedceca, lower creatinine levels and higher eosinophils % than unchallenged birds. The elevation lesion score and oocyst secretion of challenged birds decreased with increasing cinnamon dosage. In conclusion, 6 g CNP as a natural product could be as effective as Sacox against occidiosis, with 2 g CNP performing best at 14 dpi. However, more research is required to fully understand its anticoccidial mechanisms. Highlights Cinnamomum verum bark may benefit broiler health by reducing Eimeria tenella oocysts. Under coccidial challenge, Cinnamomum verum bark at 2 g/kg diet may improve broiler body weight gain and production efficiency at 34 days of age (14 days post-infection). The lesion score and oocyst secretion of challenged birds decreased less as cinnamon dosage was increased.

In Vitro Antimicrobial Efficacy Assessment of Ethanolic and Aqueous Extracts of Cinnamon (Cinnamomum Verum) Bark against Selected Microbes

To combat pathogens and reduce the major public health problem of antibiotic residues in animal products, scientists are looking for natural antibiotic substitutes that are effective against drug-resistant pathogenic microbes and spoilage fungi. The antimicrobial activity of three Cinnamomum verum extracts prepared with three different solvents (absolute ethanol, 50% ethanol, and aqueous extracts) was determined against two Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes) and two Gram-negative bacteria (Salmonella Typhimurium and Escherichia coli) as well as two fungal strains. The antimicrobial activities of various Cinnamomum verum extracts against selected microbes were evaluated using the disc diffusion test, minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC), minimum fungicidal concentrations (MFC), and the poisoned food technique. Cinnamomum verum bark (CVB) extracts inhibited and killed microbial growth to varying degrees. Our findings also revealed that extracts prepared with alcoholic solvents, particularly absolute ethanol-CVB extract, were more active compared with aqueous solvents, suggesting that the cinnamon plant is a promising natural antimicrobial agent for food preservation.

Preparation a Novel Poly Herbal Antibacterial Formulation, Characterization and Evaluation of Mouth Wash Protecting and Tackling Oral Cavity against Oral Pathogens

The oral cavity is the home of various bacterial species. All through some of the oral bacteria are harmless and there are certain species that are harmful which may causes oral plaque, bad breath and mouth disease. Medicinal plant or herbs are considered to rich source of ingredients which can be used in drug development. They can prevent and cure disease because of their antimicrobial and antibacterial property against microorganisms. The importance of mouth and teeth cleanliness has been recognized from the earliest days of civilization. Patients and oral health practitioners are faced with a multitude of mouthwash products containing many different active and inactive ingredients. Natural mouthwashes may offer significant advantages over the chemical ones. If such mouthwashes can be formulated which can be easily prepared and used safely by people at home using natural products, it may leads to improvement in the general dental health of the population. In this study the various natural ingredients and materials are used like Leaves of Azadiracta indica (neem), Mentha Piperita (peppermint), Ocimum sanctum (Tulsi) bud of Eugenia caryophyllus (clove), and bark of Cinnamomum verum (cinnamon), Glycyrrhiza glabra (Licorice) Although many popular herbal products have helped to control dental plaque and gingivitis, they have been used for a short time and only as an adjunct to other oral hygiene measures such as brushing and flossing. By this study it was concluded that the developed herbal mouthwash possess significant, therapeutically efficacious, suitable vehicle for drug delivery in low cost but definitely with high potential. Hence there is need for increased usage of herbal preparation to avoid the adverse effects

Green synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles from Cinnamomum verum bark extract inhibited cell growth and induced caspase-mediated apoptosis in oral cancer KB cells

IntroductionOral cancer is the sixth most common cancer worldwide with increased mortality cases. Recently, nanomedicines have received greater research attention for cancer treatments. The current exploration focuses to formulate the zinc oxide nanoparticles from C.verum bark (CV-ZnONPs) and assess its in vitro anticancer potentials against oral cancer KB cells. MethodologyThe CV-ZnONPs were synthesized by standard method and then characterized by UV–visible spectrophotometry, XRD, TEM, EDX, FT-IR, and photoluminescence (PL) techniques. The cytotoxicity of CV-ZnONPs against KB cells was assessed using an MTT assay. The level of ROS and MMP in the CV-ZnONPs treated KB cells were measured using DCFH-DA and RH-123 staining, respectively. The dual staining, DAPI, and PI staining were employed to study apoptotic cell death. The comet assay, cell adhesion, and caspase activities were examined, respectively. ResultsOur outcomes confirmed that the CV-ZnONPs have inhibited the KB cell viability. The treatment with the 15 and 20 μg of CV-ZnONPs effectively diminished the MMP and enhanced the ROS status in the KB cells. The outcomes of AO/EB, DAPI, and PI staining confirmed that the formulated CV-ZnONPs triggered apoptosis in the KB cells. The cell adhesion was decreased and caspase activities were improved in the KB cells by the CV-ZnONPs treatment. Discussion and conclusionIn overall, our findings proved that the formulated CV-ZnONPs have shown effective in vitro anticancer activity against oral cancer KB cells, hence it can be a talented anticancer formulation to treat oral cancer in the future.

Efficacy of Rumex nervosus leaves or Cinnamomum verum bark as natural growth promoters on the growth performance, immune responsiveness, and serum biochemical profile of broiler chickens

This study was conducted to evaluate the potential growth and health promotion of Rumex nervosus leaves (RNL) and Cinnamomum verum bark (CVB) supplementation as phytogenic growth promoters on broilers. For 34 days, 540 day-old broiler chicks were randomly assigned to nine groups. Birds were fed the basal diet supplemented with 1, 3, or 5 g/kg RNL, 2, 4, or 6 g/kg CVB. In addition, birds were fed the basal diet complemented with antibiotic (AGP), or basal diet without feed additive as controls. All bird vaccinated for IBV, IBDV, and NDV except negative control (NC). The selected indicators were measured and analysed. Broilers given 1 g RNL were numerically heavier at 34 days and gained more to a degree comparable to the AGP group (p = .053). The addition of CVB at 2 g resulted in the best-feed conversion up to 21 d (p = .04). Throughout the study, dietary treatments had no impact on feed intake. Except for ALT, none of the immune-related parameters or serum biochemical profile differed statistically between treatments when compared to vaccinated control group. When comparing the non-vaccinated un-treated group on day 34, vaccination increased significantly antibody titres to NDV and IBDV. In conclusion, dietary RNL and CVB, especially at low doses, attempted to maximise the performance without compromising health in broiler chickens under typical conditions. Further research into the use of natural herbs under challenging conditions is required to maximise performance, maintain animal productivity, and achieve the ultimate goal of reducing antibiotic use in the poultry industry. Highlights Cinnamomum verum bark at a dose of 2 g/kg diet improved feed conversion ratio during the starter period. However, both selected herbs result unsatisfactory improvements in broiler performance at overall period under the ideal hygienic conditions. If broilers are exposed to bacterial challenges, phytogenic feed additives or even antibiotics may manifest their activity in promoting animal health and, as a result, growth performance. Low levels of hepatic enzymes at day 34 of age showed that birds’ health was good. Cinnamon powder improves kidney function at day 21 by lowering serum creatinine levels with increasing dose (p < .05). Rumex nervosus leaves or Cinnamomum verum bark have hypoglycaemia activity on day 31 by lowering serum glucose levels as the dose is reduced.

Evaluation of the anticoccidial effect of traditional medicinal plants, Cinnamomum verum bark and Rumex nervosus leaves in experimentally infected broiler chickens with Eimeria tenella

Rumex nervosus leaves (RNL) and Cinnamomum verum bark (CNB), phytogenic herbs, have received much attention in recent years for their antimicrobial properties; however, there is limited knowledge about their potential anticoccidial functions. The prophylactic effects of RNL and CNB were compared with salinomycin, a standard synthetic anticoccidial agent, in broilers experimentally infected with Eimeria tenella (E. tenella). One-day-old broiler chicks (n = 225) were randomly divided into nine groups. Birds were either fed a basal diet containing 1, 3, or 5 g RNL or 2, 4, or 6 g CNB/kg feed, or treated with salinomycin within the basal diet, or the infected (IUT) or non-infected (UUT) groups were fed a basal diet only. Birds infected (n = 25 bird/group) with 40,000 sporulated E. tenella oocysts/bird at d 21 except UUT. Bodweight gain (BWG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were significantly (p < .05) lower in IUT compared to UUT. On day 7 post-infection (DPI), birds treated with RNL, CNB, or salinomycin had fewer lesions in the caeca and a lower oocyst value, and a higher oocyst reduction rate in the faeces than birds in the IUT. Although RNL was not able to reduce weight loss caused by coccidiosis, CNB at 6 g improved FCR and production efficiency index (PEI) at 7 DPI compared to the infected groups. In conclusion, RNL at 5 g and CNB at 6 g have moderate anti-coccidial activity and could be used to treat poultry coccidiosis in the field. However, more research is needed to identify active ingredients that make it effective compared to commercially available drugs. HIGHLIGHTS Phytogenic feed additives prevented weight loss and caecum pathology in broiler chickens at risk of coccidiosis. Rumex nervosus leaves and Cinnamomum verum bark had similar effects to the coccidiostat salinomycin at high doses. Traditional medicinal plants are potential alternatives to pharmaceutical coccidiostats to promote the health and growth of broiler chickens.

Green Synthesized Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles from Cinnamomum Verum Bark Extract Inhibited Cell Growth and Induced Caspase-Mediated Apoptosis in Oral Cancer Kb Cells

Green Synthesized Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles from Cinnamomum Verum Bark Extract Inhibited Cell Growth and Induced Caspase-Mediated Apoptosis in Oral Cancer Kb Cells

Safety and efficacy of a feed additive consisting of a tincture from the bark of Cinnamomum verum J. Presl (cinnamon tincture) for use in all animal species (FEFANA asbl).

Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of a tincture from the bark of Cinnamomum verum J. Presl (cinnamon tincture) when used as a sensory additive in feed and water for drinking for all animal species. The product is a water/ethanol ■■■■■ solution, with a dry matter content of approximately 0.9%. The product contains on average 0.344% polyphenols (of which 0.001% are flavonoids) and 0.001% cinnamaldehyde. Methyleugenol was present at the limit of detection in one out of the five batches examined. The FEEDAP Panel concluded that cinnamon tincture is safe at the maximum proposed use level of 50 mg/kg complete feed for all animal species except horses. For horses, the maximum proposed use level of 60 mg/kg complete feed is considered safe. No safety concern would arise for the consumer from the use of cinnamon tincture up to the highest proposed use levels in feed. The additive under assessment should be considered as irritant to skin and eyes, and as a skin and respiratory sensitiser. The use of the cinnamon tincture as a flavour in animal feed is not expected to pose a risk for the environment. Since C. verum and cinnamon bark extracts are recognised to flavour food and their function in feed would be essentially the same as that in food, no further demonstration of efficacy is considered necessary for the tincture under application.

Comprehensive feature-based molecular networking and metabolomics approaches to reveal the differences components in Cinnamomum cassia and Cinnamomum verum.

Cinnamon was been a widely used plant in medicinal and spices for a long time and has spread all over the world. However, the differences in the components of the bark from Cinnamomum cassia and Cinnamomum verum, the two most common types of cinnamon, have not been thoroughly investigated. In the present experiment, ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography LTQ-Orbitrap Velos Pro hybrid mass spectrometer-based metabolomics coupled with chemometrics and feature-based molecular networking were employed to dramatically distinguish and annotate Cinnamomum cassia Bark and Cinnamomum verum bark. As a consequence, principal component analysis, orthogonal projection to latent structures discriminates analysis, and heat map analysis demonstrated clear discrimination between the profiles of metabolites in cinnamon. Besides, as the known compounds, proanthocyanidins (cinnamtannin B1 and procyanidin B2) and alkaloids (norboldine, norisoboldine) with variable importance in the projection scores>6, and an unknown alkaloid (formula C24 H33 NO6 ) were selected as the best markers to discriminate cinnamon. Furthermore, large numbers of proanthocyanidins and alkaloids components were identified through feature-based molecular networking for the first time. Our investigation provides new ideas for the discovery of quality markers and identification of unknown components in natural products.

Quantitative and fingerprint analysis of proanthocyanidins and phenylpropanoids in Cinnamomum verum bark, Cinnamomum cassia bark, and Cassia twig by UPLC combined with chemometrics

Quantitative and fingerprint analysis of proanthocyanidins and phenylpropanoids in Cinnamomum verum bark, Cinnamomum cassia bark, and Cassia twig by UPLC combined with chemometrics

Pharmacokinetic Profile and Oral Bioavailability of Diosgenin, Charantin, and Hydroxychalcone From a Polyherbal Formulation.

Background: Diosgenin, charantin, and hydroxychalcone are utilized for standardization of popular antidiabetic herbal drugs Trigonella foenum-graecum L. belonging to family Fabaceae, Momordica charantia L. belonging to family Cucurbitaceae, and Cinnamomum verum J. Presl belonging to family Lauraceae. However, no reports on the bioavailability of these markers were available. The present study was undertaken to determine the bioavailability and pharmacokinetic profile of the markers and formulations containing the herbs. Methods: The pharmacokinetic profile and absolute bioavailability of the pure active markers were determined in male Wistar rats by administrating individually the doses of 1.5 mg/kg i.v. and 15 mg/kg p.o., followed by estimation of serum levels of the markers at 0, 10, 30, 60, 120, and 240 mins till 24 h time points by a validated bioanalytical HPTLC method. Two standardized antidiabetic capsule formulations containing spray dried hydroalcoholic extracts of seeds of Trigonella foenum-graecum L. (42.8 mg equivalent to 0.95%w/w of diosgenin), fresh fruits of Momordica charantia L. (21.4 mg equivalent to 0.4% w/w of charantin), and bark of Cinnamomum verum J. Presl (10.71 mg equivalent to 0.079 %w/w hydroxychalcone) were prepared. In one formulation, piperine 1.5 mg was added along with the other herbal extracts mentioned. Bioavailability and pharmacokinetic profile of these two formulations were determined in male Wistar rats through estimating serum levels of active markers diosgenin, charantin, and hydroxychalcone at 0, 10, 30, 60, 120, and 240 mins till 24 h later oral administration of the formulations (Formulation without piperine F1 and formulation with Piperine F2). Results: Plasma concentrations were found to decline mono-exponentially following intravenous administration, and the mean elimination half-life (t1/2) was observed to be 7.93, 8.21, and 4.66 h, respectively. The absolute oral bioavailability of pure markers was observed to be 9.0 ± 0.2%, 8.18 ± 0.36%, and 10.54 ± 0.52% by the dose normalization method. The oral bioavailabilities of the formulations with respect to diosgenin, charantin, and hydroxychalcone were found to be 9.78, 10.743, and 8.07%, respectively. The formulation containing piperine indicated a significant (p < 0.01) increase in the bioavailabilities of all the marker compounds. Conclusion: In conclusion, diosgenin and charantin have low bioavailabilities as compared to hydroxychalcone. The bioavailabilities of all the three marker compounds can be increased exponentially with the addition of piperine.

Effects of Essential Oils from Cymbopogon spp. and Cinnamomum verum on Biofilm and Virulence Properties of Escherichia coli O157:H7.

Every year, the pharmaceutical and food industries produce over 1000 tons of essential oils (EOs) exploitable in different fields as the development of eco-friendly and safe antimicrobial inhibitors. In this work we investigated the potential of some EOs, namely Cinnamomum verum, Cymbopogon martini, Cymbopogon citratus and Cymbopogon flexuosus, on the growth, biofilm formation and gene expression in four strains of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7. All EOs were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The antimicrobial activity was performed by using dilutions of EOs ranging from 0.001 to 1.2% (v/v). Subinhibitory doses were used for biofilm inhibition assay. The expression profiles were obtained by RT-PCR. E. coli O157:H7 virulence was evaluated in vivo in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. All EOs showed minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) ranging from 0.0075 to 0.3% (v/v). Cinnamomum verum bark EO had the best activity (MIC of 0.0075% (v/v) in all strains) while the C. verum leaf EO had an intermediate efficacy with MIC of 0.175% (v/v) in almost all strains. The Cymbopogon spp. showed the more variable MICs (ranging from 0.075 to 0.3% (v/v)) depending on the strain used. Transcriptional analysis showed that C. martini EO repressed several genes involved in biofilm formation, virulence, zinc homeostasis and encoding some membrane proteins. All EOs affected zinc homeostasis, reducing ykgM and zinT expression, and reduced the ability of E. coli O157:H7 to infect the nematode C. elegans. In conclusion, we demonstrated that these EOs, affecting E. coli O157:H7 infectivity, have a great potential to be used against infections caused by microorganisms.

Targeting Trimeric and Tetrameric Proanthocyanidins of Cinnamomum verum Bark as Bioactives for Dental Therapies.

The present study elucidated the structures of three A-type tri- and tetrameric proanthocyanidins (PACs) isolated from Cinnamomum verum bark to the level of absolute configuration and determined their dental bioactivity using two therapeutically relevant bioassays. After selecting a PAC oligomer fraction via a biologically diverse bioassay-guided process, in tandem with centrifugal partition chromatography, phytochemical studies led to the isolation of PAC oligomers that represent the main bioactive principles of C. verum: two A-type tetrameric PACs, epicatechin-(2β→O→7,4β→8)-epicatechin-(4β→6)-epicatechin-(2β→O→7,4β→8)-catechin (1) and parameritannin A1 (2), together with a trimer, cinnamtannin B1 (3). Structure determination of the underivatized proanthocyanidins utilized a combination of HRESIMS, ECD, 1D/2D NMR, and 1H iterative full spin analysis data and led to NMR-based evidence for the deduction of absolute configuration in constituent catechin and epicatechin monomeric units.

Green synthesis of magnetic nanoparticles via Cinnamomum verum bark extract for biological application

The green synthesis of magnetic Fe nanoparticles (NPs) was prepared via Cinnamomum Verum bark extract. The UV–vis analysis explained the formation of Fe NPs with SPR band at 288 nm. The powder X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) explicated the mean crystallite size was at 36 nm. The Fourier Transform Infra-Red analysis (FTIR) revealed the functional groups in the prepared Fe NPs. The Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscope (HR-TEM) analyses notified the circular and spherical shaped Fe NPs with the size at 20−50 nm. The Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and mapping analyses validated the formation of Fe NPs with purity. The Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM) revealed the paramagnetic behavior of prepared Fe NPs. The phytochemical analysis described the phytochemicals compounds which present in Cinnamomum Verum bark extract. The Antibacterial assay described the much higher inhibition zone of prepared Fe NPs upon human pathogenic bacteria. The Antioxidant (DPPH) assay described the efficient scavenging behavior of Fe NPs with 89 % at 80 μg/mL concentration. The Anti-inflammatory assay explicated the potential protein denaturation behavior of Fe NPs with 87 % at 500 μg/mL concentration. The Anti-diabetic assay reported the much higher potential efficiency of prepared Fe NPs with 84 % at 500 μg/mL concentration.

Evaluating the effect of seven plant essential oils on pollen beetle (Brassicogethes aeneus) survival and mobility

Plant essential oils (EOs) represent an area of interest for managing agricultural pests. We examined the insecticidal efficacy of seven plant EOs on the survival and mobility of the pollen beetle Brassicogethes aeneus, a primary pest of oilseed rape (Brassica napus) in Europe. Topical dosing tests showed the EO of the inner bark of Cinnamomum verum (cinnamon) to be the most effective EO examined in our study. Subsequent bioassays, exposing B. aeneus to oilseed rape plant surfaces sprayed with various concentrations of C. verum EO, additionally suggested a concentration threshold at which this EO may significantly control B. aeneus populations. We suggest that further studies on B. aeneus examine the effect of certain pure compounds associated with the most promising EOs (individually as well as in binary combinations) in order to reveal optimal chemical composition and ratios to exploit within a B. aeneus management framework.

Biosorption of hexavalent chromium metal ions from an aqueous solution of leaves and bark of Cinnamomum verum via green route

In present research work Cinnamomum verum leaves (CL) and barks (CB) are exploited to encounter their effectiveness against the concentration of hexavalent chromium (Cr+6 metal ions) through biosorption process. To achieve this goal optimal conditions were set and broken into various parts such as; doses of adsorbents, concentrations of adsorbates, variations in contact and stirring time (5–100 min), temperatures (10 °C to 50 °C) and pHs from acidic to basic range (1 to 12). Thermodynamic parameters were also applied to validate the assay, which shows that the process is endothermic with positive ∆H° values, while negative values of ∆G° proved the spontaneous nature of sorption. Moreover, Lagergren’s kinetic equations were employed, which suggest that the observed reaction process followed the dynamics of pseudo-second order. Equilibrium adsorption isotherms namely Langmuir and Freundlich have been applied to study the adsorbate materials attraction towards Cr+6 metal ions. The determined adsorption capability, i.e. qe was found to be 11.33 and 26.85 mg/g acquired by CL and CB at 30 °C and 40 °C, respectively. FT-IR spectrums of loaded and unloaded metal ions were taken, which confirmed the participated functional groups of herbal plants in biosorption process. EDX analysis revealed the presence of Cr+6 metal ions after biosorption process. Furthermore, irregularities on surface of adsorbent material obtained from SEM images have provided more support to results for validation.

Cinnamomum verum Bark Extract Mediated Green Synthesis of ZnO Nanoparticles and Their Antibacterial Potentiality.

Cinnamomum verum plant extract mediated propellant chemistry route was used for the green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles. Prepared samples were confirmed for their nano regime using advanced characterization techniques such as powder X-ray diffraction and microscopic techniques such as scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The energy band gap of the green synthesized zinc oxide (ZnO)-nanoparticles (NPs) were found between 3.25–3.28 eV. Fourier transmission infrared spectroscopy shows the presence of Zn-O bond within the wave number of 500 cm−1. SEM images show the specific agglomeration of particles which was also confirmed by TEM studies. The green synthesized ZnO-NPs inhibited the growth of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 125 µg mL−1 and 62.5 µg mL−1, respectively. The results indicate the prepared ZnO-NPs can be used as a potential antimicrobial agent against harmful pathogens.

Biogenic synthesis, characterization and investigation of photocatalytic and antimicrobial activity of manganese nanoparticles synthesized from Cinnamomum verum bark extract

Biogenic synthesis of nanoparticle (NP) has attained wider interest in view of various advantages like simplicity, eco-friendly nature, rapidity and cost-effectiveness. In current investigation, manganese nanoparticles (MnNPs) were fabricated using Cinnamomum verum bark extracts (CVBE) using manganese(II) acetate tetrahydrate as Mn precursor. The biosynthesized MnNPs were characterized by SEM, TEM, XRD and FTIR techniques. The synthesized face centered cubic MnNPs was less than 100 nm in size, spherical, crystalline and in aggregate form. The photocatalytic activity (PCA) of MnNPs was evaluated by degrading Congo Red (CR) dye. At optimized condition of pH 7.0, 0.06 g/L MnNPs dose, 10 mg/L initial dye concentration and UV irradiation time of 60 min, the CR dye degradation was 78.5%, which indicates the photocatalytic potential of biosynthesized MnNPs. The antimicrobial activity of biosynthesized MnNPs was tested against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli) strains. Results revealed that the potential applications of the indigenous medicinal plants for the fabrication of NPs and their subsequent application in the field of nanotechnology, which could possibly be extended for the synthesis of other metals NPs. The biosynthesized MnNPs would contain natural anti-microbial agents, which may serve for the production of potential antimicrobial agents.

Antioxidant and Immune Effects of Water Soluble Polysaccharides Isolated from Cinnamomum verum Bark

Cinnamomum verum plant is widely used in traditional medicine to reduce inflammation. In the present study, water-soluble polysaccharides were isolated from Cinnamomum verum bark followed by sequential separation from four solvent extracts (hexane, dichloromethane, chloroform and methanol) and analysed for the presence of sugar, protein and different phytochemicals. Crude and purified ethyl acetate fractions of soluble polysaccharides were analysed in vitro using mouse leukemic macrophage (RAW 264.7) cell line and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Water-soluble (crude and ethyl acetate purified fractionation) polysaccharides contained glucose, whereas proteins and phytochemicals were absent. Water-soluble polysaccharide fraction had less antioxidant activity as compared to all four solvent extracts. Also, water-soluble polysaccharides (250 μg/ml) did not affect the cell growth, while all other four extracts (250 μg/ml) inhibited the growth of RAW 264.7 cells. Cell growth inhibition was detected when concentration of crude and ethyl acetate fraction polysaccharides was increased, where IC50 values were 1120 ± 27 and 1780 ± 227 μg/mL, respectively. Interestingly, crude and ethyl acetate polysaccharides showed concentration-dependent increase of the cell growth in PBMCs, indicating immunostimulating effect. Our data suggests that the immunological properties of cinnamon may be associated with the presence of polysaccharides.