Frequency Of Cigarette Smoking Research Articles

Frequency and risk factors of cigarette smoking among male medical students of Bacha Khan Medical College, Mardan

Tobacco consumption is a major global health issue that contributes significantly to morbidity and mortality rates. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that over five million deaths occur each year due to tobacco use, projected to rise to 8 million by 2030. Furthermore, current research reveals that 47% of males and 12% of females worldwide smoke. Of particular concern is cigarette and tobacco use among medical students, given their role in crafting public health policy and guiding society's tobacco prevention measures. Studies show that smoking rates among medical students in developing countries are between 16-21%, with multi-country surveys in countries like Malaysia, India, Pakistan, Nepal and Bangladesh indicating rates between 6.7% and 17.8%. For example, a study conducted on medical students in Damascus University Faculty of Medicine revealed a 10.9% prevalence of cigarette smoking, 23.5% for water pipe, and 7.3% for both, with higher rates reported among final-year students. Likewise, a study of Rawalpindi Medical College students found that 24% had smoked at least once, with greater prevalence among hostellites rather than day scholar students.

Frequency of cigarette smoking and its associated factors among men in East Africa: a pooled prevalence analysis of national survey using multinomial regression

BackgroundDespite the harmful effects of smoking, there have been few studies to pinpoint the factors of this habit, and little is known about it in the East African region. For this reason, this study sought to determine the frequency and factors of cigarette smoking among men in the region.MethodsData from recent demographic and health surveys carried out in ten East African countries between 2015 and 2022 were analyzed in this study. Data from 87,022 men was collected. The key factors affecting the smoking rates in the area were investigated using binary and multiple multinomial logistic regression. To ascertain if variables were statistically significant in the final model for binary regression and multiple regression, P values of ≤ 0.2 and < 0.05 were used respectively.ResultsOverall, about 14.69% of people currently smoke cigarettes. Of this about 11.03 (95% CI = 10.82, 11.24) was for daily active tobacco use. As compared to < 26-year-old men, men with an age range of 26–35 years (RRR = 2.17, 95% CI: 2.01,2.34), 36–45 years (RRR = 2.82, 95% CI: 2.60, 3.07), and > 45 years old (RRR = 3.68, 95% CI: 3.38, 4.02), were using cigarettes daily rather than no-smoking cigarettes. Men who had begun their first sexual intercourse at the age of 7–19 years (RRR = 6.27,95% CI, 5.35,7.35), 20–25 years (RRR = 4.01, 95% CI, 3.40,4.72), and greater than 25 years old (RRR = 3.08, 95% CI, 2.55,3.71) have shown a higher relative risk ratio to smoke cigarette daily rather than using not smoke cigarette respectively, married (RRR = 0.86, 95% CI, 0.79,0.93), divorced or widowed (RRR = 2.51, 95% CI, 2.27,2.77), middle wealth index (RRR = 2.11, 95% CI 1.98,2.24), and rich (RRR = 1.44, 95% CI, 1.34,1.54), secondary/higher education (RRR = 0.72, 05% CI, 0.66,0.77), rural men (RRR = 0.69, 95% CI, 0.65,0.73), employed men (RRR = 1.26,95% CI, 1.17,1.36), mass media exposure (RRR = 0.76, 95% CI, 0.73,0.81), men who have one sex partner (RRR = 1.23,95% CI,1.13,1.35), and more than one sex partner (RRR = 1.63, 95% CI, 1.47,1.79) more times as compared to those participants who had no sex partner respectively.ConclusionsMen in East African nations were substantially more likely to smoke cigarettes if they were older, had less education, had a higher wealth index, were divorced or widowed, had many sexual relationships, had early sexual activity, resided in an urban area, were employed, or had no media exposure. The identified factors should be considered by policymakers and public health professionals to lower smoking initiation and increase smoking cessation among men.

Limited Evidence Suggests That Increased Frequency Of Daily Cigarette Smoking Might Be Associated With A Minor Increase In The Peri-Implant Bone Loss

Afshari Z, Yaghini J, Naseri R. Levels Of Smoking and Peri-Implant Marginal Bone Loss: A Systematic Review And Meta-Analysis. J. Evid.-Based Dent. Pract. 2022;22(3):101721. SOURCE OF FUNDING: None reported. Systematic review with meta-analysis of data (SRM).

Pattern of Cigarette Smoking in Psychiatric Patients Admitted at AFIMH

Objective: To determine the frequency of cigarette smoking in patients admitted at AFIMH. Study Design: Cross sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Armed Forces Institute of Mental Health, Rawalpindi Pakistan from Dec 2014 to Jun 2015. Methodology: All patients meeting the inclusion criteria admitted to Armed Forces Institute of Mental Health (AFIMH) Rawalpindi for two or more days during the study period for any psychiatric disorder were enrolled in the study. The demographic and study variables such as the age, gender, cigarette smoking pattern and psychiatric diagnosis were recorded on the study Proforma. Results: Out of a total of 108 cases of psychiatric illness, 91(26%) were male while 17(15.74%) were females. The mean age was found to be 32.68±11.34 years. Smoking status of the patients was calculated as current smokers 46(42.59%) former smokers29(26.85%) and nonsmokers 33(30.56 %) Conclusion: We concluded that the frequency of cigarette smoking is high in psychiatric inpatients. Therefore, it is recommended that smokers with psychiatric disorders should be identified and provided with evidence based smoking cessation services. However, it is also required that every psychiatric setup should devise and implement smoke free policieswith appropriate leadership and support strategies for psychiatric patients and staff.

Evaluating the interaction between 3'aQTL and alcohol consumption/smoking on anxiety and depression: 3'aQTL-by-environment interaction study in UK Biobank cohort

BackgroundSmoking and alcohol consumption were associated with the development of depression and anxiety. 3′UTR APA quantitative trait loci (3'aQTLs) have been associated with multiple health states and conditions. Our aim is to evaluate the interactive effects of 3'aQTLs-alcohol consumption/tobacco smoking on the risk of anxiety and depression. MethodsThe 3'aQTL data of 13 brain regions were extracted from the large-scale 3'aQTL atlas. The phenotype data (frequency of cigarette smoking and alcohol drinking, anxiety score, self-reported anxiety, depression score and self-reported depression) of 90,399–103,011 adults aged 40–69 years living in the UK and contributing to the UK Biobank during 2006–2010, were obtained from the UK Biobank cohort. The frequency of cigarette smoking and alcohol drinking of each subject were defined by the amount of smoking and alcohol drinking of self-reported, respectively. The continuous alcohol consumption/smoking terms were further categorized in tertiles. 3'aQTL-by-environmental interaction analysis was then performed to evaluate the associations of gene-smoking/alcohol consumption interactions with anxiety and depression using generalized linear model (GLM) of PLINK 2.0 with an additive mode of inheritance. Furthermore, GLM was also used to explore the relationship between alcohol consumption/smoking with hazard of anxiety/depression stratified by allele for the significant genotyped SNPs that modified the alcohol consumption/smoking-anxiety/depression association. ResultsThe interaction analysis identified several candidate 3'aQTLs-alcohol consumption interactions, such as rs7602638 located in PPP3R1 (β = 0.08, P = 6.50 × 10−6) for anxiety score; rs10925518 located in RYR2 (OR = 0.95, P = 3.06 × 10−5) for self-reported depression. Interestingly, we also observed that the interactions between TMOD1 (β = 0.18, P = 3.30 × 10−8 for anxiety score; β = 0.17, P = 1.42 × 10−6 for depression score), ZNF407 (β = 0.17, P = 2.11 × 10−6 for anxiety score; β = 0.15, P = 4.26 × 10−5 for depression score) and alcohol consumption was not only associated with anxiety, but related to depression. Besides, we found that relationship between alcohol consumption and hazard of anxiety/depression was significantly different for different SNPs genotypes, such as rs34505550 in TMOD1 (AA: OR = 1.03, P = 1.79 × 10−6; AG: OR = 1.00, P = 0.94; GG: OR = 1.00, P = 0.21) for self-reported anxiety. LimitationsThe identified 3'aQTLs-alcohol consumption/smoking interactions were associated with depression and anxiety, and its potential biological mechanisms need to be further revealed. ConclusionsOur study identified important interactions between candidate 3'aQTL and alcohol consumption/smoking on depression and anxiety, and found that the 3'aQTL may modify the associations between consumption/smoking with depression and anxiety. These findings may help to further explore the pathogenesis of depression and anxiety.

Frequency, Knowledge, Attitude and Intent to Stop Cigarette Smoking among Nursing Students

Background: Cigarette smoking is a foremost health-related problem worldwide that can lead to morbidity and mortality. The prevalence of cigarette smoking and cessation intentions vary from one country to another. However, smoking cessation is the single most effective preventive strategy for enhancing health and extending life. Objective: (a) To determine the frequency of cigarette smoking; (b) To assess the knowledge, attitude of cigarette smoking and intent to stop it (c) To identify the association of cigarette smoking with demographic variables. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in two private nursing colleges in Karachi, from January to June 2019. The study included both male and female Nursing students. The non-probability convenience sampling technique was used to approach the participants. The chi-square test was applied to determine the significant association between cigarette smoking and demographic variables such as age, gender, marital status, and language. p-value ≤0.05 was taken as statistically significant. Results: Out of 150 study participants, the smoking frequency was 16 (10.7%). Eighty-eight (58.7%) of the study participants had a fair knowledge of cigarette smoking in this study. About one-fifth of (18.7%) participants intended to quit smoking. Almost one-fourth (24%) of the study participants verbalized that their friends are smokers, while 15.3% of participants’ parents were smokers. Conclusion: It is concluded that nursing students had some knowledge about adverse health effects of tobacco use, and few participants intended to stop smoking. It is recommended that nursing institutions organize smoking cessation sessions periodically to avoid from detrimental effects of smoking.

Effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on adolescent mental health and substance use up to March, 2022, in Iceland: a repeated, cross-sectional, population-based study.

Poor mental health in the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic has been well documented in adolescents; however, less is known about the longer-term effect of the pandemic. We aimed to examine adolescent mental health and substance use as well as covariates associated with these outcomes 1 year or more into the pandemic. A nationwide sample of adolescents aged 13-18 years enrolled in school in Iceland were invited to complete surveys administered during October-November or February-March, 2018, October-November, 2020, February-March or October-November, 2021, and February-March 2022. The survey was in Icelandic for all administrations and offered to adolescents aged 13-15 years in English in 2020 and 2022 and in Polish in 2022. Surveys assessed depressive symptoms (Symptom Checklist-90); mental wellbeing (Short Warwick Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale); and the frequency of cigarette smoking, e-cigarette use, and alcohol intoxication. Covariates comprised age, gender, and migration status as determined by language spoken at home, level of social restrictions based on residency, parental social support, and sleep duration (≥8 h nightly). Weighted mixed-effect models were used to determine the effect of time and the covariates on mental health and substance use. The main outcomes were assessed in all participants with more than 80% of the necessary data, and multiple imputation was used to handle missing data. Bonferroni corrections were used to adjust for multiple testing and analyses were considered significant at a p value of <0·0017. 64 071 responses were submitted and analysed between 2018 and 2022. Elevated depressive symptoms and worsened mental wellbeing across girls and boys aged 13-18 years were observed to have been maintained up to 2 years into the pandemic (p>0·0017). Alcohol intoxication initially decreased during the pandemic but increased again as social restrictions eased (p<0·0001). No changes were observed in cigarette smoking and e-cigarette use during the COVID-19 pandemic. Higher levels of parental social support and an average sleep duration of 8 h or more per night were associated with mental health better outcomes and less substance use (p<0·0001). Social restrictions and migration background were inconsistently associated with the outcomes. Population-level prevention targeting adolescent depressive symptoms should be prioritised in health policy in the wake of COVID-19. Icelandic Research Fund.

Adolescent use and co-use of tobacco and cannabis in California: The roles of local policy and density of tobacco, vape, and cannabis retailers around schools

Adolescent tobacco use (particularly vaping) andco-use of cannabis and tobacco have increased, leading some jurisdictions to implement policies intended to reduce youth access to these products; however, their impacts remainunclear. We examine associations between local policy, density of tobacco, vape, and cannabis retailers around schools, and adolescent use and co-use of tobacco/vape and cannabis.We combined 2018 statewide California(US) data on: (a) jurisdiction-level policies related to tobacco and cannabis retail environments, (b) jurisdiction-level sociodemographic composition, (c) retailer locations (tobacco, vape, and cannabis shops), and (d) survey data on 534,176 middle and high school students (California Healthy Kids Survey). Structural equation models examined how local policies and retailer density near schools are associated with frequency of past 30-day cigarette smoking or vaping, cannabis use, and co-use of tobacco/vape and cannabis, controlling for jurisdiction-, school-, and individual-level confounders.Stricter retail environment policies were associated with lower odds of past-month use of tobacco/vape, cannabis, and co-use of tobacco/vape and cannabis. Stronger tobacco/vape policies were associated with higher tobacco/vape retailer density near schools, while stronger cannabis policies and overall policy strength (tobacco/vape and cannabis combined) were associated with lower cannabis and combined retailer densities (summed tobacco/vape and cannabis), respectively. Tobacco/vape shop density near schools was positively associated with tobacco/vape use odds, as was summed retailer density near schools and co-use of tobacco, cannabis.Considering jurisdiction-level tobacco and cannabis control policies are associated with adolescent use of these substances, policymakers may proactively leverage such policies to curb youth tobacco and cannabis use.

Determinants of cigarette smoking and smoking frequency among women of reproductive age in Nigeria: evidence from a nationwide cross-sectional survey

BackgroundSmoking is a leading cause of avoidable deaths and attributable disability-adjusted life years globally. Yet, the determinants of smoking practices among women are understudied. This study assessed the determinants of smoking and smoking frequency among women of reproductive age in Nigeria.Methods and materialsData from the 2018 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS) were used in this study (n = 41,821). The data were adjusted for sampling weight, stratification, and cluster sampling design. The outcome variables were smoking status and smoking frequency (daily smoking and occasional smoking). The predictor variables included women’s socio-demographic and household characteristics. Pearson’s chi-squared test was used to evaluate the association between outcome and predictor variables. All variables significant in bivariate analyses were further analysed using complex sample logistics regression. Statistical significance was set at a p-value < 0.05.ResultsThe prevalence of smoking among women of reproductive age is 0.3%. The prevalence of smoking frequency is 0.1% (daily) and 0.2% (occasionally). Overall, women aged 25-34 (AOR = 2.13, 95%CI: 1.06-4.29, ρ = 0.034), residing in the South-south region (AOR = 9.45, 95%CI: 2.04-43.72, ρ <0.001), being formerly married (AOR = 3.75, 95%CI: 1.52-9.21, ρ = 0.004), in female-headed households (AOR = 2.56, 95%CI: 1.29-5.08, ρ = 0.007) and owning mobile phones (AOR = 2.10, 95%CI: 1.13-3.90, ρ = 0.020) were more likely to smoke. Whereas female-headed households (AOR = 4.34, 95%CI: 1.37-13.77, ρ = 0.013) and being formerly married (AOR = 6.37, 95%CI: 1.67-24.24, ρ = 0.007) predisposed to daily smoking, age 15-24 (AOR = 0.11, 95%CI: 0.02-0.64, ρ = 0.014) was protective of daily smoking among women. Owning mobile phones (AOR = 2.43, 95%CI: 1.17-5.06, ρ = 0.018) increased the odds of occasional smoking among women.ConclusionsThe prevalence rates of smoking and smoking frequency are low among women of reproductive age in Nigeria. Women-centred approaches to tobacco prevention and cessation must become evidence-informed by incorporating these determinants into interventions targeting women of reproductive age in Nigeria.

Nuclear and Nucleolar Morphometric Changes in MGP Stained Oral Epithelial Cells In Cigarette Smokers and Non Smokers

Aim: To compare nuclear and nucleolar morphometric changes in methyl green pyronin stained oral epithelial cells in cigarette smokers, passive smokers and non smokers Study design: A comparative cross sectional study Place and duration: Carried out in Postgraduate Medical Institute, Lahore. Duration was 6 months, March 2022 to August 2022. Methods: 120 subjects were equally divided into three main groups, cigarette smokers, passive smokers and non smokers, each fulfilling the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Buccal smears were collected by exfoliative cytology of mucosa and then stained by methyl green pyronin stain. The quantitative nuclear morphometric parameters i.e., nuclear and nucleolar diameter and area, and number of nucleoli, were measured. Results: Themedian of all nuclear parameters of smokers was significantly higher as compared to passive smokers and non-smokers in MGP stain (p ≤ 0.05). Further, effect of duration of smoking on morphometric variables showed significant (p&lt; 0.05) results amongst the smokers in MGP stain. However, no significant differences were seen in all morphometric parameters with respect to frequency of cigarette smoking. Conclusion: The study confirms nuclear morphometric changes in oral epithelial cells of cigarette smokers indicating that smoking does influence cellular alterations. The simplicity of cytology technique with the use of methyl green pyronin stain is valuable screening tool for detecting early oral mucosal changes in high risk patients. Keywords: smoking, exfoliative cytology, nuclear morphometric parameters, methyl green pyronin stain.

Diurnal variability of cortisol in the Pennsylvania adult smoking study: Exploration of association with nicotine intake

Cortisol in saliva, urine and plasma follows a diurnal rhythm typically characterized as a morning peak and a decline throughout the waking day. While often measured under controlled conditions, inter-individual differences in cortisol diurnal rhythms in free living populations are not well characterized. Cortisol levels may vary substantially between individuals and the level of variation may differ depending on the time of day. Further, associations with individual characteristics such as nicotine dependence on cortisol rhythms have not been adequately determined. We developed a Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry method to measure cortisol in saliva of 180 smokers from the Pennsylvania Adult Smoking Study. Diurnal patters of cortisol were determined by obtaining five timed samples throughout the day for a total of 900 determinations. Adherence to the protocol was estimated by asking participants to record the time of sample collection. Longitudinal linear mixed effects models were developed to measure the predictors of mean levels. Phenotypic groups were constructed based on the minimum and maximum cortisol levels. Mixed method modelling was conducted to determine the effects of phenotype and study adherence as well as reported measures of stress, nicotine dependence and cigarette smoking frequency. Nicotine metabolites were measured to accurately quantify dose of smoking intake. Results showed that there was moderate compliance to the timed protocol. Descriptive and analytic findings showed that some smokers had atypical cortisol patterns, and that the cortisol profiles based on experience of maximum and minimum cortisol levels can predict how cortisol varies throughout the day. There was no association with reported stress, cigarettes per day, and nicotine metabolites. There was no association with the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence. The Hooked on Nicotine Checklist (HONC) score was associated with decreased cortisol levels. Overall these results show new approaches and expectations to population-based studies of cortisol.

Eating Habit as Lifestyle Predictors of Metabolic Syndrome in Coal Mining Workers

Introduction: Previous study was carried out in a company, obtaining the prevalence of metabolic syndrome cases by 21.58% with non-communicable diseases as the indicator. The cause of the metabolic syndrome is critical to understand in order to reduce the impact of acute non-communicable diseases. Excessive food consumption and low physical activity in office workers and coal mining workers are two risk factors that contribute to the development of metabolic syndrome. Therefore, current research was conducted aiming to identify the lifestyle aspects related to metabolic syndrome in coal mining companies in South Kalimantan. Methods: This study was carried out through analytical observational cross-sectional research. In this case, the data were collected using questionnaires. Exercise routines, cigarette smoking, and meal frequency were the research factors. In South Kalimantan, there are up to 70 employees of mining company, and 22 people of them were selected as the research subjects through purposive random sampling and inclusion criteria. Results: The indicators of metabolic syndrome in most of the respondents showed normal state. However, a small number of respondents were at risk of having the indicators of metabolic syndrome. Meanwhile, based on the statistical analysis, there is a lifestyle factor that correlates with the frequency of eating coconut milk-based chicken curry (1-2 times/week) with metabolic syndrome (p=0.045). Conclusion: Types of food cooked using coconut milk can trigger a person to have a risk of experiencing one or several of the metabolic syndrome indicators. Things that can be done to reduce the risk of metabolic syndrome associated with the frequency of habit of eating high-fat animal side dishes, including reducing the frequency of such food at night.

Cannabis smoking, tobacco cigarette smoking, and adenomyosis risk

To investigate cannabis smoking and tobacco cigarette smoking in relation to adenomyosis risk. We used data from a case-control study of adenomyosis conducted among enrollees ages 18-59 years of an integrated health care system in Washington State. The case-control study used 2 control groups given the challenge of selecting noncases when cases are diagnosed by hysterectomy. Cases (n = 386) were enrollees with incident, pathology-confirmed adenomyosis diagnosed between April 1, 2001, and March 31, 2006. The 2 control groups comprised hysterectomy controls (n = 233) with pathology-confirmed absence of adenomyosis and population controls (n = 323) with an intact uterus selected randomly from the health care system population and frequency matched to cases on age. Detailed data on cannabis and tobacco cigarette smoking history were ascertained through in-person structured interviews, allowing estimation of joint-years of cannabis smoking and pack-years of tobacco cigarette smoking. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the associations between cannabis smoking, tobacco cigarette smoking, and adenomyosis were estimated using multivariable unconditional logistic regression. Analyses were adjusted for age, reference year, menarche age, education, and pack-years of cigarette smoking (or joint-years of cannabis smoking). No association was observed between cannabis smoking history and adenomyosis risk. However, we did observe the suggestion of an association between ever tobacco cigarette smoking and adenomyosis risk, comparing cases to hysterectomy controls (OR, 1.3; 95% CI, 0.9-1.9) and population controls (OR, 1.2; 95% CI, 0.8-1.8). Our data suggested a 50% increased odds of adenomyosis with >15 pack-years of smoking (vs. never smoking), comparing cases to hysterectomy controls (OR, 1.5; 95% CI, 0.9-2.6; Ptrend=.135). The suggestion of a 40% increased adenomyosis odds was observed with smoking >5-15 pack-years (vs. never smoking), comparing cases to population controls (OR, 1.4; 95% CI, 0.8-2.4; Ptrend=0.136). In the first study of cannabis smoking and adenomyosis risk, no association was observed. However, our data suggested an increased odds of adenomyosis with history of tobacco cigarette smoking. Further research is warranted to replicate our results given the substantial morbidity with adenomyosis and frequency of cigarette smoking and recreational and medical cannabis use.

Intended and unintended effects of e-cigarette taxes on youth tobacco use

Over the past decade, rising youth use of e-cigarettes and other electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) has contributed to aggressive regulation by state and local governments. Between 2010 and mid-2019, ten states and two large counties adopted ENDS taxes. We use two large national surveys (Monitoring the Future and the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System) to estimate the impact of ENDS taxes on youth tobacco use. We find that ENDS taxes reduce youth ENDS consumption, with estimated ENDS tax elasticities of -0.06 to -0.21. However, we estimate sizable positive cigarette cross-tax effects, suggesting economic substitution between cigarettes and ENDS for youth. These substitution effects are particularly large for frequent cigarette smoking. We conclude that the unintended effects of ENDS taxation may considerably undercut or even outweigh any public health gains.

COVID-19 Restrictions and Adolescent Cigarette and E-cigarette Use in California

Shelter-in-place orders altered facilitators and barriers to tobacco use (e.g., outlet closures, restricted social gatherings). This study examined whether the duration of time in shelter in place and compliance with different shelter-in-place orders influenced adolescent cigarette and E-cigarette use and how the use may differ by demographic characteristics. Shelter-in-place policy data obtained from government websites were merged with cross-sectional 2020 survey data on adolescents in California. Treatment variables included the proportion of time in shelter in place and self-reported compliance with shelter-in-place orders (for essential businesses and retail spaces and social and outdoor contexts). Multilevel logit models for dichotomous past 6-month cigarette and E-cigarette use and multilevel negative binomial regression models for past 6-month frequency of use were used. Moderation analyses were conducted on demographic measures. The sample included 1,196 adolescents (mean age=15.8 years, age range=13-19 years, 49.2% female, 50.0% White). Analyses were conducted in 2022. No associations were found between the proportion of time in shelter in place and outcomes. Shelter-in-place compliance with essential business and retail space orders was associated with lower odds of using cigarettes and E-cigarettes in the past 6 months. Compliance with social and outdoor context-related orders were associated with lower odds of using E-cigarettes and fewer days using cigarettes and E-cigarettes. Being aged ≥18 years moderated the associations between essential business/retail space and social/outdoor context-related shelter-in-place compliance orders and past 6-month frequency of cigarette smoking. Findings support tailored interventions for less compliant and older adolescents for future pandemic mitigation measures.

Patterns of tobacco use in low and middle income countries by tobacco product and sociodemographic characteristics: nationally representative survey data from 82 countries

ObjectivesTo determine the prevalence and frequency of using any tobacco product and each of a detailed set of tobacco products, how tobacco use and use frequency vary across countries, world...

Understanding heterogeneity among individuals who smoke cigarettes and vape: assessment of biomarkers of exposure and potential harm among subpopulations from the PATH Wave 1 Data

IntroductionPeople who both smoke cigarettes and vape are often considered as a homogenous group even though multiple subgroups may exist. We examined biomarkers of exposure (BOE) and biomarkers of potential harm (BOPH) to differentiate between subgroups of people who smoke and vape based on PATH Study Wave 1 (2013–2014) data.MethodsWe compared people who only smoke cigarettes everyday (Group A, n = 2442) and people who only vape everyday (Group C, n = 169) against people who smoke and vape segmented into subgroups of people who frequently smoke and vape (Group B1, n = 169), frequently smoke and infrequently vape (Group B2, n = 678), frequently vape and infrequently smoke (Group B3, n = 57), and infrequently smoke and vape (Group B4, n = 66). Eighteen BOEs (representing exposure to TSNAs, nicotine, heavy metals, PAHs, and volatile organic compounds) and four BOPHs (representing inflammation and oxidative stress) were compared within the subgroups.ResultsLevels of many BOEs/BOPHs were higher among Group B2 relative to Groups B1, B3, and B4. Compared to Group A, many BOEs were significantly lower in Groups B3 (15/18) and B4 (17/18), and some BOEs were higher among B2 (4/18). Compared to Group C, significantly lower BOEs were observed for Group B4 (2/18).ConclusionsOverall, the levels of BOEs and BOPHs in people who smoke and vape are associated with frequency of cigarette smoking. Our findings indicate that not all people who smoke and vape are the same, and tobacco product use frequency should be considered when categorizing people who smoke and vape.

Sexual Violence and Substance Use among First-Year University Women: Differences by Sexual Minority Status

Sexual violence and substance use are important public health problems among university students. The present study examined rates of sexual violence victimization, perpetration, and substance use among first-year university women. Participants (n = 974) attending 14 universities across the United States completed an online confidential survey at the beginning and again later in their first year. The sample included women who identified as heterosexual, bisexual, lesbian, and asexual or questioning. The mean age was 19.1 years and 71.4% were White. Rates of victimization involving sexual harassment and sexual acts without consent were higher among sexual minority women relative to heterosexual women, with bisexual women being most likely to report these outcomes. Compared to heterosexual women, sexual minority women reported more frequent cigarette smoking, marijuana use and intoxication, use of club drugs, and overall illicit drug use. Across sexual violence and substance use outcomes, bisexual women reported the highest rates. Sexual minority women reported more accurate beliefs about sexual violence and consent relative to heterosexual women. Over the course of the first year, bisexual women and those who used illicit substances were more likely to report new incidents of sexual violence victimization. Implications for prevention of sexual violence among women, including sexual minorities, are discussed.

Tobacco Product Use and Functionally Important Respiratory Symptoms Among US Adolescents/Young Adults.

The relation between respiratory symptoms and the range of tobacco product use among US adolescents/young adults is not yet clear. This cross-sectional analysis examines tobacco product use and respiratory symptoms in a nationally representative sample of 21,057 adolescents/young adults aged 12-24 years from Wave 4 (2016-17) of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study. Presence of functionally important respiratory symptoms was defined by questions regarding wheezing and nighttime cough at a cutoff score associated with poorer functional health status. Past-30-day tobacco use was analyzed 2 ways: never-tobacco users (reference) versus combustible users, noncombustible-only users, and former users; or frequency of use of cigarettes and/or e-cigarettes. Weighted Poisson regression adjusted for past-30-day marijuana use, secondhand smoke exposure, and asthma. Functionally important respiratory symptoms were present in 10.0% overall: 13.8% of combustible users, 9.0% of noncombustible users, 8.2% of noncurrent users and 9.7% of never users. Functionally important respiratory symptoms were associated with combustible tobacco use (relative risk [RR]=1.52[95% CI 1.29, 1.80]), marijuana use (RR=1.54[1.34, 1.77]) and secondhand smoke exposure (RR=1.04[1.03, 1.05]). Higher cigarette smoking frequency was also associated with functionally important respiratory symptoms for frequency categories >14 days/month (eg, RR=1.93[1.50, 2.49] for 15-29 days/month). Frequency of e-cigarette use was not associated with functionally important respiratory symptoms. During 2016-17, smoking cigarettes, marijuana use, and secondhand smoke exposure were cross-sectionally associated with functionally important respiratory symptoms in adolescents/young adults. Risk increased with increased frequency of cigarette use but not e-cigarette use. Given changes to contemporary e-cigarettes and use, findings may not generalize to newer products.

A prospective cohort study on the association between waterpipe tobacco smoking and gastric cancer mortality in Northern Vietnam

Tobacco consumption, as a worldwide problem, is a risk factor for several types of cancer. In Vietnam, tobacco consumption in the form of waterpipe tobacco smoking is common. This prospective cohort study aimed to study the association between waterpipe tobacco smoking and gastric cancer mortality in Northern Vietnam. A total of 25,619 eligible participants were followed up between 2008 and 2019. Waterpipe tobacco and cigarette smoking data were collected; semi-quantitative food frequency and lifestyle questionnaires were also utilized. Gastric cancer mortality was determined via medical records available at the state health facilities. A Cox proportional hazards model was used to estimate hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). During 314,992.8 person-years of follow-up, 55 men and 25 women deaths due to gastric cancer were identified. With never-smokers as the reference, the risk of gastric cancer mortality was significantly increased in participants who were ever-smoking (HR = 2.43, 95% CI = 1.35–4.36). The positive risk was also observed in men but was not significantly increased in women. By types of tobacco use, exclusive waterpipe smokers showed a significantly increased risk of gastric cancer mortality (HR = 3.22, 95% CI = 1.67–6.21) but that was not significantly increased in exclusive cigarette smokers (HR = 1.90, 95% CI = 0.88–4.07). There was a significant positive association between tobacco smoking and gastric cancer death for indicators of longer smoking duration, higher frequency per day, and cumulative frequency of both waterpipe and cigarette smoking. Waterpipe tobacco smoking would significantly increase the risk of gastric cancer mortality in the Vietnamese population. Further studies are required to understand the waterpipe tobacco smoking-driven gastric cancer burden and promote necessary interventions.