Cigarette Hazard Research Articles

The Relationship of Smoking Hazard Message to Smoking Behavior in Students of North Sumatra State Islamic University

<div><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="left"><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><p><em>Cigarettes are still a problem in the world and in Indonesia. The policy of pictorial message on cigarette packaging is regulated in Permenkes No. 28 of 2013 concerning the inclusion of warnings and health information on tobacco product packaging. The purpose of this study is to determine the Effect of Cigarette Danger Messages on Cigarette Packs on Smoking Behavior of North Sumatra State Islamic University Students. This research is quantitative research with a cross-sectional research design. This research was conducted at the State Islamic University of North Sumatra. The research period began in January-August 2021. The population in this study was all male students of North Sumatra State Islamic University which amounted to 13,598 students. The sample in this study was as many as 400 respondents in male students of North Sumatra State Islamic University. The data analysis of this study is univariate analysis with descriptive and bivariate analysis with correlation test. The results showed that there was an association between smoking message images causing oral cancer (p-value <0.001 r = -0.596), smoking message images causing lung cancer (p-value <0.001 r = -0.620), smoking message images causing throat cancer 1 (p-value <0.001 r = -0.536), smoking images causing lung and larynx cancer (p-value <0.001 r = -0.537) and smoking images causing laryngeal cancer (p-value <0.001 r = -0.621) smoking behavior students of UIN North Sumatra. It is hoped that the Health Office and the Ministry of Health will review or update the images on cigarette packs with more effective ones to be enlarged in order to reduce the number of smokers in Indonesia.</em><em></em></p><p><em> </em></p></td></tr></tbody></table></div><strong><em>Keywords:</em></strong><em> Cigarette hazard message; Smoking behavior; Student</em>

Status and correlates of home smoking bans after the implementation of the smoke-free legislation in public places: A survey in Chongqing.

INTRODUCTIONSecondhand smoke exposure in many countries decreased dramatically after the implementation of smoke-free legislation in public places, but the exposure at home did not change to the same degree. The aim of this study was to describe the status and correlates of a home smoking ban in Chongqing, China.METHODSFrom June to August 2021, we selected two healthcare centers in the East, West, North, South and Middle regions of Chongqing. We investigated the family smoke-free situation in the selected region using a stratified random sampling method. A chi-squared test was performed to compare the totally and partially smoke-free homes, and a binary logistic regression model was used to analyze the correlates of smoke-free rules at home.RESULTSThe study investigated 2121 families, among which 884 (41.7%) implemented a total ban on smoking at home. The covariates included age (OR=1.54; 95% CI: 1.18–2.01), living with children aged <14 years (OR=1.51; 95% CI: 1.20–1.90), no smokers in the family (OR=2.37; 95% CI: 1.78–3.17), awareness of the hazards of secondhand smoke (OR=1.30; 95% CI: 1.07–1.59), worrying about the impact of smoking in the presence of children on health (OR=1.92; 95% CI: 1.25–2.95), no difficulty (OR=1.34; 95% CI: 1.07–1.67) and confidence (OR=1.73; 95% CI: 1.41–2.13) in stopping others from smoking, no smoking rules in cars (OR=3.67; 95% CI: 2.58–5.22), and frequency of entertaining guests with cigarettes (OR=0.41; 95% CI: 0.28–0.59).CONCLUSIONSIt is common for households in Chongqing to have smoking bans, especially those with children. If a family has members that are smokers, education researchers should pay more attention to the hazards of secondhand smoke on the health of family members, and to adopt more tobacco control measures and enhance the self-efficacy of implementing a home smoking ban. Helping smokers to quit is a vital way to decrease the hazards of cigarettes.

Peringatan kemasan rokok bergambar dan intensi berhenti merokok di Kabupaten Sleman

Warning of illustrated cigarette packaging and smoking cessation intention in SlemanPurposeThis study aimed to identify the relationship of pictorial warnings to cigarette packaging with the intention to stop smoking or not to start smoking in Sleman regency.MethodsThe study used secondary data from the study "The effectiveness of warning images on cigarette packs on smoking behavior in Sleman, Yogyakarta" from 2015 and used a cross- sectional design with 155 respondents. Data were analyzed using chi square tests with significance level 95% (p &lt;0.05) and multiple logistic regression test.ResultsThere was a correlation between pictorial warning, social environment and perceptions of the dangers of cigarettes with the intention of quitting smoking or the intention of not starting to smoke.ConclusionPictorial warning on cigarette packs, good social environment and perception of cigarette hazard may support the intention to stop smoking on smokers and intention not to smoke on non-smokers. Therefore, pictorial warnings that show the danger of smoking should be produced more as an intervention to reduce the intention of smoker to smoke and prevent non-smoker intention from starting smoking.

담배가격 인상에 따른 사무직남성근로자들의 흡연행태 변화

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of the raise of cigarette prices by KRW 2,000 at the beginning of 2015 on the change in smoking behavior among male office workers, and to analyze the correlation of various factors including their work behaviors and socio-economic factors with their smoking rate. Methods: In this research, a follow-up observation panel was constituted with 420 smokers as targets from among male office workers at a bank located in Daegu, South Korea. A cross-analysis and ANOVA analysis were carried out in order to examine whether changes in smoking status, amount of smoking, stop-smoking motivation, and reasons for smoking cessation failure after the passage of time since the cigarette price hike were statistically significant. The level of statistical significance was P < 0.05. Results: After the cigarette price hike, among the 420 smokers who were the target of the panel the rate of smoking cessation declined at the time-point of the survey to 15.5%, 12.4%, 8.5%, and 5.7% after one month, three months, six months, and 12 months, respectively. As a result of a follow-up observation of 65 smokers who stopped smoking immediately after the price hike, the actual non-smoking rate declined to 15.5%, 8.3%, 4.4%, and 3.1% after one month, three months, six months, and 12 months, respectively. One (1) year after the cigarette price hike, the non-smoking rate among the 420 smokers reached as low as 3.1% (13 persons). The most important reason for the failure of the attempts to quit smoking was stress for more than 60% of the smokers who attempted to stop. Conclusions: It seems that a powerful anti-smoking policy by the state targeting the nation's workers is necessary. For companies, mediation for workers' job stress can become a strategy for the success of non-smoking attempts. The government seems to require a practical policy to reduce the smoking rate by actively carrying out social, economic, and scientific research to come up with a reduction method for the cigarette hazard, an effective price hike policy, and other non-price policies.

Hazards of cigarettes, smokeless tobacco and waterpipe in a Middle Eastern Population: a Cohort Study of 50 000 individuals from Iran

BackgroundThere is limited information about the hazards of cigarettes, smokeless tobacco and waterpipe in the Middle East. The aim of this study was to determine the association between different types...

Influence of Draw Resistance on Benz [a] Pyrene and Its Contribution to Cigarette Hazard Index

Influence of Draw Resistance on Benz [a] Pyrene and Its Contribution to Cigarette Hazard Index

Effect of Draw Resistance on Phenol and Its Contribution Degree of Cigarette Hazard Index

Effect of Draw Resistance on Phenol and Its Contribution Degree of Cigarette Hazard Index

Effect of Draw Resistance on NNK and Its Contribution on Cigarette Hazard Index

Effect of Draw Resistance on NNK and Its Contribution on Cigarette Hazard Index

Third-Hand Smoke: Old Smoke, New Concerns.

While the effects of active smoking and second-hand smoke (SHS) are well documented, the concept of third-hand smoke (THS) is a relatively new phenomenon in the environmental and public health field. This notion was coined in 2009 (Winickoff et al. in Pediatrics 123(1):e74-e79, 2009) but was not really brought to light until the New York Times published an article on the topic (Rabin in A new cigarette hazard: 'third-hand smoke'. The New York Times, http://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/03/health/research/03smoke.html?_r=0 , 2009). Research on THS is fairly new and currently only limited animal studies have been performed that explore the health impacts associated with an individual THS-specific component. The public at large has a limited understanding of this new concept. As such, attitudes and beliefs surrounding THS exposure are still immature. Future research must be conducted to facilitate hazard identification, exposure and risk assessment to address its health impact on susceptible populations and to differentiate THS versus active smoking and SHS. In addition, policies and laws concerning tobacco smoke will need to be reviewed, possibly revised with the role of THS considered as an indispensable component of a broader tobacco control strategy.

Regulators Throughout American History Have Been Reluctant To Regulate Cigars And The FDA Still Is Today, But Why?

In this article I explore the history of cigar regulation, going back to colonial times, yet focusing on the current regulatory climate. I review the different regulations imposed on tobacco products throughout American history, concluding that government regulators were never particularly serious about regulating tobacco products until the release of the 1964 Surgeon General’s Report on Smoking and Health. However, I point out that this Report was so obsessed with the health hazards of cigarettes that it actually had the unintended consequence of promoting In the long run the increased consumption of cigars. Today, health organizations show intense frustration with the FDA’s current refusal to regulate cigars, even though the 2009 Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act gave the FDA regulatory jurisdiction over cigars. But applying a totality of circumstances test, looking at the politics, economics, and even the lack of enough credible health studies on cigars, I conclude, somewhat surprisingly, that there are very good reasons why the FDA should probably not at this time jump into the regulatory arena and impose the same sort of tough regulations on cigars as imposed on cigarettes.

Determination of Volatile Organic Compounds for a Systematic Evaluation of Third-Hand Smoking

Third-hand smoking was quantitatively evaluated with a polymer-packed sample preparation needle and subsequent gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy analysis. The extraction needle was prepared with polymeric particles as the extraction medium, and successful extraction of typical gaseous volatile organic compounds (VOCs) was accomplished with the extraction needle. For an evaluation of this new cigarette hazard, several types of clothing fabrics were exposed to sidestream smoke, and the smoking-related VOCs evaporated from the fabrics to the environmental air were preconcentrated with the extraction needle. Smoking-related VOCs in smokers' breath were also measured using the extraction needle, and the effect of the breath VOCs on third-hand smoking pollution was evaluated. The results demonstrated that a trace amount of smoking-related VOCs was successfully determined by the proposed method. The adsorption and desorption behaviors of smoking-related VOCs were clearly different for each fabric material, and the time variations of these VOCs concentrations were quantitatively evaluated. The VOCs in the smokers' breath were clearly higher than that of nonsmokers'; however, the results suggested that no significant effect of the smokers' breath on the potential pollution occurred in the typical life space. The method was further applied to the determination of the actual third-hand smoking pollution in an automobile, and a future possibility of the proposed method to the analysis of trace amounts of VOCs in environmental air samples was suggested.

RISK BELIEFS AND SMOKING BEHAVIOR

I. INTRODUCTION More people die from smoking each year than from any other consumption activity. These risks arise from consumer choices in a market context. As a result, whether consumers are cognizant of the attendant hazards is a central concern in assessing whether there is a market failure and the extent of such a failure. Influencing people's risk beliefs has been a primary focus of many government interventions in this market, including warnings requirements and public information campaigns. Public opinion poll data provide some insight into general trends in smoking risk beliefs but do little to resolve the more fundamental concern of whether people underestimate the risks posed by cigarettes. Typical questions ask respondents if cigarette smoking is one of the causes of lung or whether smoking is harmful. (1) These general measures of risk awareness provide a useful historical perspective on smoking risk beliefs but do not make it possible to determine whether the public perceives the risk accurately. Recognizing that smoking is harmful does not imply that the perceived risk level is as great as the actual risk. The first exploration of the adequacy of risk beliefs was in Viscusi (1990, 1992), which examined the adequacy of lung cancer risk beliefs using a quantitative risk question. (2) The 1985 national survey used in these studies asked respondents how many smokers out of 100 would get lung cancer because they smoke. People generally overestimate the risks of getting lung cancer due to smoking. These risk beliefs in turn affect the decision to smoke in the expected manner. At least for this risk component, which has been the most prominent smoking risk since the 1964 Surgeon General report linking smoking and lung cancer, the empirical evidence does not indicate a market failure. Notwithstanding these results, a variety of puzzles remain. Do smokers also perceive the other hazards of cigarettes, such as the total mortality risk of smoking? If they understand the risk of death, do they also properly assess how much life expectancy will be lost due to their premature mortality? Even if there is such a general understanding on average for the population, are there major pockets of ignorance? The difference between the smoking and the nonsmoking populations is striking. The current U.S. smoking population is less well educated and has lower income levels than the non-smoking population. A possible explanation for this difference is that the higher education levels of nonsmokers enable them to obtain a better understanding of the hazards of smoking, leading to lower smoking rates among the better educated. Such differences in risk beliefs have never been analyzed previously due to the absence of smoking risk belief surveys that include such demographic information. In this article, we exploit the more refined capabilities of two large data sets: a 1997 national survey of smoking risk beliefs and a 1998 survey undertaken in Massachusetts. Each of these surveys includes several quantitative risk perception measures as well as much more comprehensive data on background characteristics than in the 1985 survey analyzed in Viscusi (1990, 1992). In Section II, we introduce the survey data and provide an overview of smoking risk beliefs. Irrespective of the risk measure, there is a pronounced tendency to overestimate the risk level compared to objective scientific measures of the risk. These results contrast with the frequently expressed claim in the literature that cigarette smokers are the victims of companies' advertising. (3) According to this alternative view, companies have allegedly designed their advertising strategies to exploit potential irrationalities in order to foster higher rates of smoking. Section III explores the determinants of these risk beliefs, yielding some intriguing results. Better educated respondents do have more accurate beliefs, but because people generally overestimate the risks of smoking, the greater accuracy is reflected in a lower assessment of the risks. …

Risks of lung cancer in smokers who switch to filter cigarettes.

THE difficulties that our technological Tsocieties have in dealing effectively with the adverse side-effects of the products of technology are well exemplified by our efforts to control the health hazards of cigarettes. For more than 12 years the evidence has been incontrovertible that cigarette smoking is one of the major public health problems of our era. A number of different technological means are available for the control of cigarette hazards. One technological mean is the use of filter tips to reduce the amount of tar and nicotine in the smoke. But progress along this and other lines has been held up by continuing controversies over whether the dangers to human beings are actually reduced by any of these methods. The recent criticism of Columbia University for sponsoring a new filter' is one example of these controversies. Ironically enough, the one point on which spokesmen for health agencies and the tobacco industry agreed was that there was a dearth of factual evidence on the effectiveness of filters in controlling human health hazards. Surveillance System