Cidanau Watershed Research Articles

Payment for Environmental Services in Indonesia: Mutually Beneficial Watershed Environmental Management Model

Payment for Environmental Services (PES) is an effort and commitment of the world community in tackling the symptoms of global warming and damage to the ozone layer that will affect global climate change. Using field research methods, research data is collected through in-depth interviews with stakeholders in environmental services return programs in this research area. Research data is analyzed and described qualitatively for further conclusions. The concept developed upstream and downstream watershed relationships through the PES mechanism is based on the principle of voluntary agreement and awareness of maintaining the watershed ecosystem. The experience of implementing the PES Program in the Cidanau Watershed of Banten Province of Indonesia, managed by an independent institution. The PES program, in addition to its role as an environmental conservation program in the Cidanau watershed, also has socio-economical benefits for the community, environmental service (ES) users, and providers.

Concept of Environmental Communications in the Environmental Rewards Mechanism to Build Harmonic Relations Between the Hulu – Hilir Communities in the Cidanau Watershed

Environmental communication is indispensable for human development at this time, this cannot be separated from the declining quality and quantity of natural resources in the community. Therefore, the mechanism for rewarding environmental services is a new system that can support the preservation of the environment because the reward for environmental services will form cooperation between the upstream community as a group that maintains and preserves the environment so that the environmental ecosystem is maintained with downstream communities who enjoy natural resources that are protected by the community. upstream. The purpose of this research is to focus more on how FKDC can implement environmental communication so that communication between upstream and downstream communities can be harmoniously established. The results of the research show that the environmental communication implemented by FKDC is running optimally, this can be seen from the environmental service mechanism process that has been running for ten years

Community-Based Environmental Management Through The Payments for Environmental Services Program in Cidanau Watershed, Banten Province, Indonesia

Payments for Environmental Services (PES) are seen as an effort to preserve and used environmentally sustainable manner. The program is believed to bridge two different interests, such as the people who inhabit in the upstream watershed who are generally poor farmers with land holding less than one hectare with urban communities. The purpose of this paper is to describe the implementation of PES in Cidanau watershed. The field data were processed using descriptive qualitative method. The results showed that PES in Cidanau watershed started in 2003 and has entered phase two (the second 5 years), followed by 15 farmer groups to target land area of 520 hectares. The value of contracts signed through a memorandum of agreement with PT. KTI as a buyer to a group of farmer-members (sellers) through Communication Forum of Cidanau watershed (FKDC) as organizational managers is IDR 4 billion for 2019. For farmer groups of an initial contract for five years was paid IDR 1.2 million per hectare per year will increase to 1.75 million per hectare per year for five-years contract. The implementation of PES in Cidanau watershed relatively was well proved by increasing number of farmers who are interested in becoming participants of PES. The implications of PES program for environment are increased forest cover and maintained water discharge. In addition, teh program has increased income for farmers in upstream watershed.

AGROFORESTRY TREE DENSITY ESTIMATION BASED ON HEMISPHERICAL PHOTOS & LANDSAT 8 OLI/TIRS IMAGE: A CASE STUDY AT CIDANAU WATERSHED, BANTEN-INDONESIA

Abstract. The Cidanau watershed is the only watershed in Indonesia that implements Payment for Environmental Services (PES) for farmers who can maintain tree/stand density of 500 trees/hectare on their land. Payments are made upon the verification on the field by the project supervisor. This method requires a lot of time and costly, so it is necessary to build more efficient indirect methods, including using satellite imagery or camera data. The aim of this study is to understand Landsat OLI 8 and hemispherical photo can estimate tree density in the farmer’s agroforestry stand. To obtain tree density, the number of trees with diameter more than 10 cm in 50 plots (50 m x 50 m) were counted. Some predictor variables were utilized, such as Leaf Area Index (LAI) based on hemispherical photos, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Forest Cover Density (FCD), as well as NDVI and FCD which were enhanced with topographic correction. The imagery used was Landsat 8 OLI acquired on July 5, 2015, with Path/Row 123/64. The relationship between tree density and predictor variables was done using linear regression analysis. Prior to regression analysis, normality (Kolmogorov Smirnov/K-S), heteroscedasticity (Glejser test) and auto correlation (Durbin Watson) test were performed. The results of the analysis showed that tree density was estimated better with hemispherical photos-based LAI, with determination coefficient of 80.6%. Meanwhile, estimation using NDVI and FCD has lower determination coefficient. Even though, the use of topographic correction had been able to increase the determination coefficient of the regression relationship between tree density and FCD, from 4.64% to 35.18%.

Analysis of vegetation changes in Cidanau watershed, Indonesia

Vegetation change detection is needed for conserve of quality and water cycle in Cidanau watershed. The NDVI was applied to quantify the vegetation changes of Cidanau watershed for three different years 1989, 2001, and 2015. Using NDVI we mapped the reflectance from chlorophyll and distinguished varying amounts of vegetation at the pixel level by index. In the present study, as a preliminary study, we proposed a vegetation change detection analysis based on the NDVI from 1989 through 2015. Multi-temporal satellite data i.e. Landsat imagery with 30 m spatial resolution are used in the present study. It is reported that agroforestry land exhibited the greatest reductions in highly dense vegetation class in 1989-2001 and also moderate vegetation class in 2001-2015. It’s mean that amount of vegetation present in agroforestry land is getting lower year by year.

Essential Water Supply Resources through Payment for Environment Services Program in The Cidanau Watershed, Banten Province, Indonesia

Payment for Environmental Services (PES) is seen as an effort to preserve and used environmentally sustainable manner. The program is believed to bridge the two different interests, such as the people who inhabit in the upstream watershed in general are poor farmers with land holdings of less than one hectare with urban communities. The field data were processed using descriptive qualitative way. The results showed that the PES in Cidanau watershed started in 2003 and has entered into the second phase (the second 5 years), followed by 15 farmer groups to target land area of 520 hectares. Value of contracts was signed through a memorandum of agreement between the PT KTI acting as a buyer to a group of farmer-members (sellers) through Communication Forum of Cidanau Watershed (FKDC) as organizational managers IDR 4 billion until 2019. For farmer groups with an initial contract of five years was paid IDR 1.2 million per hectare per year and will increase to IDR 1.75 million per hectare per year for a second five-year contract. The program of PES in Cidanau Watershed relatively has been successful in maintaining the availability of Cidanau river flow which is used for domestic and industrial needs in Cilegon City.

Leaf Area Index (LAI) in different type of agroforestry systems based on hemispherical photographs in Cidanau Watershed

Ecological functions of agroforestry systems have perceived benefit to people around Cidanau Watershed, especially in the protection of water quality. The main causes of the problems encountered in the Cidanau Watershed are associated with the human factors, especially encroachment and conversion of forest into farmland. The encroachment has made most forest in Cidanau Watershed become bare land. To preserve the ecological function of agroforestry systems in Cidanau Watershed, monitoring of the condition of the vegetation canopy in agroforestry systems is really needed. High intensity thinning of crown density due to deforestation can change stand leaf area index dramatically. By knowing LAI, we can assess the condition of the vegetation canopy in agroforestry systems. LAI in this research was obtained from Hemispherical Photographs analysis using the threshold method in HemiView Canopy Analysis Software. Our research results indicate that there are six types of agroforestry in Cidanau Watershed i.e. Sengon Agroforestry, Clove Agroforestry, Melinjo Agroforestry, Chocolate Agroforestry, Coffee Agroforestry, and Complex Agroforestry. Several factors potentially contribute to variations in the value of LAI in different types of agroforestry. The simple assumptions about differences ranges of LAI values on six types of agroforestry is closely related to leaf area and plant population density.

Monitoring Model of Payment for Environmental Service (PES) Implementation in Cidanau Watershed with stands Density Approach

Payment for Environmental Services in Cidanau watershed is part of the effort to maintain the stand as water management services. The requirement of Payment for Environmental Service (PES) in Cidanau Watershed is that the number of stand exist and grow well should not be less than 500 (five hundred) stands per hectare until the contract period expires. At the moment, monitoring of the number of stands in PES area in Cidanau Watershed is carried out using direct counting of the number of stands per hectare per area. Monitoring using such method is time consuming and costly. A more efficient method to monitor the number of stands in PES land in Cidanau Watershed is needed. The best model with high accuracy was proven to be the model of stand density prediction using Leaf Area Index (LAI). The implementation of PES is able to encourage Forest community Group to conserve these forest stands in Cidanau Watershed.

<b>ANALISIS PERUBAHAN IKLIM LOKAL DAN DEBIT SUNGAI DI DAS CIDANAU</b><br><i>ANALYSIS OF LOCAL CLIMATE CHANGE AND DISCHARGE IN CIDANAU WATERSHED</i>

<em>Climate change causes uncertainty in water availability. The change may include annual rainfall, evapotranspiration and the shift of rainy and dry seasons, thus, it affects hydrological response in the region. Water demand will increase over time with population, industrial and business growth but the water availability has not been ascertained to sustainably satisfy those needs. Cidanau Watershed has wetland ecosystem so-called the Rawa Danau (Caldera), with an area of around 2,500 ha. This watershed receives average annual rainfall around 2,500 mm. Climate change especially the local climate in the region of Cidanau was analyzed to illustrate how the relationship with Cidanau river discharge. It is expected that climate change does not affect the water availability in the watershed. In this study, the analysis of local climate change and its impact on the availability of water resources on Cidanau Watershed was based on climate trends, water balance analysis, and estimation of discharge of Cidanau Watershed. This research was carried out using climate data and discharge from 1996 until 2010. The results showed that climate variables have changed from 1996 to 2010. This change mainly occurred in temperature, annual rainfall, and evapotranspiration. Based on the analysis, the discharge of Cidanau Watershed will decrease due to changes in rainfall and evapotranspiration. The estimated minimum river discharge of Cidanau Watershed ranges from 0.5 to 1 m<sup>3</sup>/s until 2050.</em>

Estimating variable acreage of cultivated paddy fields from preceding precipitation in a tropical watershed utilizing Landsat TM/ETM

Given a suitable high and constant temperature regime, rice can be cultivated year-round in the tropics as long as water is available. Accordingly, multiple cropping is possible in such regions. The number of croppings per year varies depending on water availability and thus annual gross cultivated acreages are subject to fluctuation. The predominant causes of this fluctuation are related to seasonal and inter-annual variability in the volume of precipitation along with the hydrological characteristics of the watershed. We analyzed the effect of preceding precipitation on cultivated paddy field acreage in the Cidanau watershed, West Java, Indonesia. The analyses had two steps; first, the manipulation of eight Landsat images of different years to identify paddy fields cultivated in the entire paddy field area. There was difficulty in identifying cultivated paddy fields because of the coexistence of various growth stages of rice; however, early growth stage paddy fields were successfully distinguished from uncultivated fields using middle infrared band values due to surface reflectance of flooded water, while more advanced growth stage fields were identified with Normalized Difference Vegetation Index values. The second step was implementation of a linear regression model to the cultivated paddy field ratio with the cumulative volume of preceding rainfall as a single independent variable. The result confirmed that there was a strong correlation between 90-day cumulative rainfall and cultivated paddy field acreage as identified by satellite images, where “90-days” implies the lifespan of paddy rice after transplantation. However, the sensitivity of cultivated paddy fields to the preceding rainfall ratio varied among sub-watersheds due to variations of hydrological characteristics and the storage capacity of the particular water source.

Recent Land Use Change and Watershed Environmental Conservation in Cidanau Watershed, Indonesia

Recent Land Use Change and Watershed Environmental Conservation in Cidanau Watershed, Indonesia

Historical Changes of Land-use and Thermal Environment of Cidanau Watershed in Indonesia

Historical Changes of Land-use and Thermal Environment of Cidanau Watershed in Indonesia

Socio-economic Causes of Recent Environmental Changes in Cidanau Watershed, West Java, Indonesia

Socio-economic Causes of Recent Environmental Changes in Cidanau Watershed, West Java, Indonesia

Water Quality Forecast Model of Cidanau Watershed, Indonesia, for Watershed Management Planning

Water Quality Forecast Model of Cidanau Watershed, Indonesia, for Watershed Management Planning