Engine CO Emissions Research Articles

Transient Emissions Forecasting of Off-Road Construction Machinery Based on Long Short-Term Memory Network

Off-road machinery is one of the significant contributors to air pollution due to its large quantity. In this study, a deep learning model was developed to predict the transient engine emissions of CO, NO, NO2, and NOx, which are the main pollutants emitted by off-road machinery. A portable emission measurement system (PEMS) was used to measure the exhaust emission features of four types of construction machinery. The raw PEMS data were preprocessed using data compensation, local linear regression, and normalization to ensure that the data could handle transient conditions. The proposed model utilizes the preprocessing PEMS data to estimate the CO, NO, NO2, and NOx emissions from off-road machinery using a recurrent neural network (RNN) based on a long short-term memory (LSTM) model. The experimental results show that the proposed method can effectively predict the emissions from off-road construction machinery under transient conditions and can be applied to controlling the emissions from off-road construction machinery.

Comparative Assessment of Head Deposition, Exhaust Gas Temperature and Sound Emission in CI Engine using Blend Fuel

Energy has a significant role in the socio-economic growth for any country. The energy originates from fossil fuels, which are non-renewable and enact an undesirable impact on the environment. Waste cooking oil can be utilized in diesel engine directly. Preheating and trans-esterification process are expensive to convert waste cooking oil into biodiesel. This research aims to replace diesel with waste cooking oil as binary blend and compared with diesel fuel. Engine testing at the constant speed of 1300 rpm at constant load. This study revealed that, addition of waste cooking oil reduced exhaust gas temperature as compared to base line fuel. In case of noise emission, sound level for emulsion fuel DF95WCO5 was reduced compared to DF. In this study, a single-cylinder CI engine was run for 200 hours on two fuel samples: DF (diesel fuel) as the baseline fuel and DF95WCO5 (5% waste cooking oil and 95% DF). During the endurance test, the effects of DF95WCO5 on engine head deposits were studied. According to the investigation's findings, visual inspection of both fuel samples revealed some deposit buildup on injectors. SEM (scanning electron microscopy) and EDX (energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy) analysis revealed that the engine running with DF95WCO5 formed more carbon deposits on and around the head. It can be concluded that binary emulsion can be used in compression ignition engine without any engine alterations. Consequently, WCO can be proficiently used to reduce detrimental effects and reduce fossil fuel dependency.

The Effects of Dill Oil Biodiesel on CI Engine Emissions and Performance

The Effects of Dill Oil Biodiesel on CI Engine Emissions and Performance

Synergetic effect of liquid fuel derived from various waste feedstocks on performance, combustion and emission in a compression ignition engine

ABSTRACT Diesel engines being predominant in transportation sector are limited in addressing the sustainable development goals. The pressing need of environmental concern and fossil fuel depletion enforces the research community toward search of alternative fuels. In such context, waste materials have emerged as a promising feedstock for producing sustainable alternatives for diesel, given their abundance and their significance in waste management. Consequently, in this work, the waste feedstocks identified were waste plastics, waste lubrication oil, waste animal fat obtained from tanneries, waste cooking oil and waste tyres. For extraction of oil from these plastics, lube and tyre oil, pyrolysis was used and transesterification process was adopted for extraction of DLF from waste animal fat and waste cooking oil. The collected DLF was given for fuel property testing and found to be at par to utilize in a CI engine. It was then blended with diesel in the form of B80 (80% DLF and 20% diesel) and named as WTO B80, WLO B80, WCO B80, WPO B80 and WAF B80. To identify the differences in various parameters like combustion, performance and emission of CI engine at various engine loads, a bench test of a single-cylinder direct injection diesel engine without engine modification was done. The blend B80 of waste oil is analyzed in this work for its combustion characteristics and emission of various gases like nitrogen oxide (NO), carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC) and smoke. Among various liquid fuels tested, WPO B80 blend resulted in 32.81% BTE with NO emission of 1885ppm. The results also show emission of 67.2% of smoke, 0.18% of CO and 48 ppm of HC. The cylinder peak pressure for WPO B80 was at 72.85 bar and 48.04 J/deg CA peak heat was released, which concludes it as a suitable fuel for diesel engine compared to other fuels without any engine customization.

The Influence of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Additives on Performance and Emission of CI Engine Using Blends of Non-Edible (Jatropha Methyl Esters) Biodiesel & Diesel

Abstract: This paper investigates the performance and emission characteristics of single cylinder diesel engine under various concentration of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube (MWCNT) in blends B20 and B30 biodiesel were investigated to establish the effect of MWCNT as nano-additive on the blends biodiesel used in diesel engine and aims to reduce the emissions of hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide into the atmosphere.

Experimental Investigation of the Biodiesel Direct Injection and Diesel Fuel as Premixed Charge on CI-Engine Emissions, Performance, and Combustion Characteristics

This study aims to investigate the use of waste cooking oil biodiesel blend (B30D70) in CDC mode and the use of different premixing ratios of diesel vapor (15%, 20%, 25% and 30%) through manifold injection at a manifold premixed temperature of 110 ⁰C in PCCI mode when using biodiesel blend (B30D70) as the main fuel and diesel as the premixed fuel. The experiments were carried out on 4-stroke, single-cylinder, air cooled, DI diesel engine which was modified to run in PCCI mode with adding a fuel vaporizer to create the external homogeneous mixture. The engine combustion parameters, performance, and emissions characteristics were fully discussed, and the results were compared with these of CDC mode fueled by diesel. The obtained results for the use of B30D70 fuel indicates a certain decrement for exhaust gas temperature, HC, and CO emissions, but with a penalty in brake thermal efficiency, NOx, and smoke opacity. The experiments revealed that the best results were indicated for 20% diesel vapor in PCCI mode as CO, HC, NOx, and EGT reduced by 34.62%, 43.75%, 2.65% and 8.53% respectively and almost has the same BTE compared to CDC mode fueled by diesel. While increasing PR to 25% and 30% decrease the volumetric efficiency leads to rich mixture and deterioration of combustion and increase CO, HC and smoke emissions.

Experimental investigation on the impact of NOx emission in CI engine fueled with rapeseed biodiesel with antioxidant additives

The proposed research aims to investigate the impact of an oxidant, l-ascorbic acid, on the performance and exhaust of a diesel engine that drives on neat rapeseed methyl ester-based oil (RSOME). The antioxidant is supplemented with rapeseed oil methyl ester in a range of amounts (100–400 mg). This research revealed that, without altering the engine, the reactive additives mixture (MERSO + LA300) substantially lowered the NOX and HC emissions of methyl ester in rapeseed oil-fueled engines.

The empirical correlation between the parameters influencing the performance and emissions of CI engine run by aqueous nanofluid fuel blends using response surface methodology

Experimental research has been conducted to study the influence of aqueous nanofluids such as aqueous zinc oxide nanofluid (ZN), aqueous aluminium oxide nanofluid (AN), aqueous cerium oxide nanofluid (CN) on performance and the emission behavior of a compression-ignition engine powered by blends of nanofluids. In this research, the dosage levels of aqueous nanofluid vary with diesel. For each nanofluid, four dosage levels, namely 3%, 4%, 5%, and 6% by weight, are identified and twelve blends are prepared. The effects of aqueous nanofluids on various chemical and physical properties of diesel are studied. Load tests on the engine with blends and diesel are carried out. The combustion characteristics, performance, and exhaust emissions of the blends are studied and compared to pure diesel. The results obtained indicate that the blends with 5% of CN, 5% of AN, and 5% of ZN showed better results among their other blends and the blend with 5% of CN showed the best performances compared to all blends and diesel. Compared to diesel, the 5% CN blend produced 6.28% more brake thermal efficiency and a reduction of 36.36% in hydrocarbons, 17.24% in carbon monoxide, 18.75% in nitrogen oxides and 30% in smoke emissions at maximum rated load.

Impact of using n-pentanol as a co-solvent with diesel-methanol blends on combustion, performance and emissions of CI engine

Pentanol or n-pentanol is a strong contender that increases the phase stability of the diesel-methanol blends. In the current study, n-pentanol is used as a co-solvent to avoid the phase separation of diesel-methanol blends. The combustion, performance and emission characteristics of the diesel engine are evaluated at different loads using diesel/methanol/n-pentanol blends. The results indicate the novelty of MnP15 fuel blend, among all the test fuel blends with appreciable highest peak cylinder pressure, heat release rate and brake thermal efficiency at full load condition. Furthermore, HC, NOx and smoke emissions for MnP15 reduced by 34.61%, 3.98% and 41.29% respectively, at full load when compared to diesel. The study also reveals that fuel blend MnP25 cannot be used as CI engine fuel due to its poor combustion and performance. However, MnP blends up to 20% can be used in unmodified CI engine and MnP15 may be recommended as CI engine fuel.

Multiple objective optimization of a diesel engine fueled with Karanja biodiesel using response surface methodology

This study optimizes the fuel quality of a diesel fuel while using biodiesel blends as fuel. Using the response surface Design of Experiments and Taguchi approach, the effects of load, compression ratio, and mixture on thermal efficiency (BTE) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) were statistically investigated. All input parameter is examined. at four specific levels. The findings shows that the highest values for BTE and NOx were discovered when the load was at its highest level, while the optimum values for the other two input parameters were obtained at various levels. As an outcome, the response surface technique is utilized in addition to the Taguchi method to reduce variance. In this study, engine performance is optimised for Kusum Oil in terms of thermal efficiency (BTE) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) Using Taguchi's method, an optimised dataset of the input parameters, such as Engine Load (percent), Blend (percent), and Fuel CR, is generated, which is then input into the prediction methods, such as response surface methodology and multiple regressions. Based on the evidence collected, these approaches are also evaluated in terms of accuracy.Mathematical Regression model created using RSM-based design of experiments. Effects of operational conditions on CI engine emissions and performance the fuel for the analysis was biodiesel blends. RSM's desirability technique is used to optimise input parameters. Optimal process Engine Load (%) 100, Blend (%) 20 and CR18 with their proper effects parameters obtained are BTE (%) 27.3264, NOx (ppm). = 550.5.

Comparative study of gasification and pyrolysis derived from coconut shell on the performance and emission of CI engine

The depletion of fossil fuel and environmental impacts due to emissions of IC engines forces the researchers to discover various alternate fuels. The project aims to develop the bio-fuel by various methods from a feedstock and analyzes the properties of the fuel. The locally accessible wastages were used to substitute fuel for diesel in the appropriate manner. Waste management is an important factor that has an impact on the development and the welfare of the population. In this project, an attempt has been made to evaluate the pyrolysis and gasification process. Pyrolysis oil has carboxylic acids, alkenes, aromatics, alkaline and little gaseous amount yield from the pyrolysis process. In the gasification process the producer gas was obtained. At these optimum process conditions, the obtained pyrolysis oil and producer gas were analyzed for physical and chemical properties to be used in the CI engine as an alternative fuel. The performance parameters like brake thermal efficiency (ƞBTE), brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) and emission parameter like carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), hydrocarbon (HC), oxides of nitrogen (NOX) and smoke emission were examined.

Optimization of simultaneous reduction of NO and soot by using simulated‐exhaust gas recirculation (CO2 + N2) in compression ignition engine under early combustion conditions

AbstractThe objective of this study is to investigate the effect of CO2 mole fraction by simulated‐exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) on the simultaneous reduction of exhaust emission in CI engine, and to find the optimal operating conditions.For the better expression of the actual EGR, the different CO2 mole fractions from 0% to 20% were applied for the simulated‐EGR. The CO2 mole fraction by simulated‐EGR was changed in the initial air in steps of 5% from 0% to 20% in the cylinder. The N2 mole fraction in the initial air was also changed according to the CO2 mole fraction, and the O2 mole fraction was fixed by 16.2% due to the same overall equivalence ratio.When the CO2 mole fraction by simulated‐EGR increased by 5%, the peak cylinder pressure was decreased by about −1.5% and the indicated specific nitrogen oxide value was also reduced from −4.9% to −48.8% because the ignition delay was longer by the higher specific heat of CO2 than N2, it induced to suppress the rise of cylinder temperature. In addition, when the start of energizing timing was advanced until BTDC 23 deg, the ISSoot value was decreased because the proportion of premixed combustion was increased.

Influence of carbon nanotubes as additive in diesel-biodiesel blends in CI engine - an experimental investigation

ABSTRACT This study reports on the experimental investigation performed to get the most appropriate dose of carbon nanotubes in the diesel-biodiesel fuel blend. The performance tests were carried on four-stroke single-cylinder diesel engines at different loads. In this study, the B10 and B15 fuel blends of biodiesel made from cottonseed oil and diesel were mixed with the Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNTs) as an additive to analyse the performance and exhaust emissions of CI engine. The Carbon Nanotubes were used for each fuel blends with the doses of 100 and 150 ppm. Tested characteristics were Brake Power, Brake Thermal efficiency (BTE), Specific fuel consumption (SFC), and analysis of exhaust gases like hydrocarbons (HC), CO2, CO, and smoke. The data showed that there was an average increment in SFC about 7.69% and decrease in BTE about 5.50% in case of blends with MWCNTs. The power was slightly increased on an average of 0.60% while operating on blends with MWCNTs. It was also observed that exhaust gases like CO, HC, and smoke percentage got decreased by an average of 6.25%, 11.32% and 7.31 %, respectively, with the inclusion of CNTs as compared to neat diesel fuel.

Enhancing the combustion and emission parameters of a diesel engine fueled by waste cooking oil biodiesel and gasoline additives

The main challenges of utilizing the Waste Cooking Oil (WCO) in diesel engines are that it released a large amount of NOx level, and it has a high viscosity, high pour point, and low volatility. Therefore, this study aims to scrutinize the impacts of adding gasoline as additives with WCO biodiesel on the combustion, emission, and exergy characteristics of a diesel engine run under various loads and a constant speed of 1500 rpm. The WCO biodiesel is produced employing the transesterification process with assisting of ultrasonic and mechanical dispersion devices, and it is characterized by applying GC–MS and FTIR analysis. The viscosity is diminished by approximately 5%, 11%, and 21% for BG2, BG4, and BG8, respectively. Three blending ratios of 2%, 4%, and 8% gasoline and 98%, 96%, and 92% WCO which are represented as BG2, BG4, and BG8, respectively. The results illustrate that the cylinder pressure and HRR are enlarged with the addition of gasoline with WCO. Fuel exergy rate and exergitic efficiency are heightened with adding gasoline. Engine emissions of CO, UHC, NOx, and smoke opacity are pointedly diminished by 25%, 30%, 20%, and 30% for WCO-gasoline blends compared to that of pure WCO. It can be deduced that the recommended mixing ratio of gasoline-WCO biodiesel blend is BG8 which achieved a considerable heightening in emission formations, principally NOx level and providing an acceptance value of fuel consumption.

Experimental Study of the Performance and Emission Characteristics of a Compression Ignition (CI) Engine Using Syngas-Diesel Blend

The research is financed jointly by TUM and Self. The content contained herein is my original work. Abstract The main purpose of this study was to investigate the performance and emissions characteristics of the compression ignition engine when operated with several blends of syngas-diesel fuel. The aim is to identify the best conditions of fuel-blend proportion, compression, fuel ignition timing, speed and load under which the engine is to be operated for maximum power output and minimum emissions. Syngas used was generated from a bench-scale gasifier and mixed with air at mixing unit before the mixture is supplied to the engine combustion chamber for the mixing with a controlled amount of neat diesel. The gas was first cleaned and cooled before delivery to the mixing unit. Tests were done for fuel consumption, power output and emissions for each aforementioned condition. It is known, coal has been a major source of energy for many countries of the developed world, especially where coal deposits exist. This situation is expected to persist for a long time to come; more so, in light of the rapid depletion of the world’s oil reserves, underdevelopment of conversion equipment for renewable energy and the uncertainty of nuclear energy. However, coal has been the major contributor to global warming and the greenhouse effect. These problems associated with coal have necessitated carrying out of studies under the clean coal technology and green coal programs. Both aimed at reducing its negative environmental impact and health hazard in power and industrial plants, and as an alternative fuel in ICE engines. This is partly achieved through the gasification of existing coal to produce a combustible gas called synthetic gas (syngas). Syngas can meet energy needs in an economical and environmentally friendly way, especially in the areas where coal is available, the price of petroleum fuels is high, or where supplies are uncertain. This study has established that a CI engine using syngas, though generates less power than an engine operated with neat diesel, emits less and fewer emission(s) and therefore is promising and even cost-competitive alternative to the conventional diesel fuel engines. Therefore, this paper has included information on the performance and emissions of CI engine when using syngas-diesel blend and compared it with when the engine is operated on neat diesel. Keywords: Brake thermal efficiency (BTE), emissions, Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) specific fuel consumption (BFC), Synthesis Gas (syngas). DOI : 10.7176/JETP/10-1-07 Publication date : March 31 st 2020

Effect of Simarouba Biodiesel on Performance and Emissions of CI Engine

Biodiesel is explored as one of the promising fuel alternative to diesel. Most of the biodiesel production comes from first generation feedstocks like edible oils. Nowadays, nonedible oils are getting much attention as potential second generation tree borne oil feedstock. In this regard, the present investigation focusses on preparation of biodiesel from non edible simarouba oil with NaOH and Conc. H2SO4 as catalyst using methanol. The simarouba biodiesel is blended with diesel by 5 % and 20% on volume basis. The fuel properties of simarouba biodiesel blends B5 and B20 were estimated using standard methods and matched with ASTM standards. The SB5 and SB20 biodiesel blends were experimented on CI engine at injection pressure (IP) of 200 bar and 250 bar for improved performance and reduced emissions.

Effect of methane augmentations on engine performance and emissions

Automobile numbers are increasing day by day that demand more fuel and produce more emission. In addition, petroleum sources are limited in nature and emission norms are tightening day by day. Those scenarios are motivating the researcher to find non-petroleum clean energy source. Gaseous fuel supplementation is helpful in obtaining the above stated objective. In this study, methane gas supplementation has done to diesel engine. The investigation was carried out to analyze the performance and emission of CI engine using 0–75% substitution of diesel indicated power by methane energy in dual fuel mode at varying load (25%, 50% and 75%). The result shows that brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and relative air fuel ratio decreases with methane energy share (MES), while unaccounted heat loss increases. Here, a comparison of NO and NO2 emissions have been presented to investigate the non-thermal effect of CH4 on NOx emission. Combined reduction in nitrogen oxide and soot emission makes the outcomes of this study more suitable to implement for achieving the strict emission norms. Hence, CH4 augmentation is beneficial at mid and higher load conditions with lower emissions and energy consumption.

Experimental Investigation of Performance and Emission of CI Engine using Alumina Nanoparticles with Waste Plastic Oil and Honge Bio Diesel

Demand for fuel and the use of petroleum products are increasing day by day which causes serious problems such as petroleum depletion, environment degradation etc. So biodiesel is a good alternative for conventional diesel fuel. By using biodiesel there are also some disadvantages such as high oxides of nitrogen, high fuel consumption and higher density. To overcome this problems from biodiesel using additives. Additives play an significant role in enhancing the properties of biodiesel. In this context, oxygenated additives such as Alimina which are rich in oxygen content are used.Biodiesel is obtained from honge oil by transesterification process and waste plastic oil is obtained by pyrolisis process. The experiment work is done by a CI engine using honge biodiesel, waste plastic oil and alumina nanparticles as an additive. The present investigation was to study the combustion and performance characteristics of all the blends by compare them with diesel. Experimental results show that performance and combustion characteristics improved with B20 biodiesel blend with WPO(waste plastic oil) and with or without nanoparticles as additive. The thermal efficiency will increase and SFC( Specific fuel consumption) is better in case of oxygenated additive blend. Considerable reductions parameters like carbon monoxide, unburned hydrocarbon and increases in nitrogen oxide emissions are attained while using B20 biodiesel blend and B20 biodiesel blend with waste plastic oil compared with diesel. However there is a significant reduction in CO, UBHC and NOx emission parameters for B20 biodiesel blend with WPO and nanoparticles as an additive.

A Review on Performance and Emission of CI Engine using Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR)

The diesel engine has the advantage over gasoline engine due to its low fuel consumption, higher combustion efficiency, durability and low hydrocarbons (HC), particulate, carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO) and NOXemission as a major source. Due to abovesaid problems, diesel is now blended with Biofuels and play a significant role to meet its energy and environmental challenges. Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) is an eco-friendly alternativeto lower NOX and particulates emission. The use of EGR in compression ignition engines, lowers the concentration of oxygen mixture and flame temperature. However, it has been observed that advantages of EGR is fuel specific. In present paper a performance review of compression ignitionengine using EGR with blended fuelshas been carried out. The effect on break power, break specific fuel consumption, thermal efficiency has been reported. Further aspects of response surface methodology on optimization of NOx emission, smoke opacity and BSFChasbeen carriedout using blended fuel, EGR rate, injection timing etc.

Effect of nano-additives blended diesel-biodiesel on performance and emissions of CI engine in the presence of magnetic field

ABSTRACTIn the present study, biodiesel produced from waste cooking oil was added to the diesel fuel at various volume percentages. Nanoparticles of cobalt oxide and cerium oxide were also used as additive to diesel-biodiesel blends. The fuel was magnetized by two neodymium magnets with grade of 42. The effect of six parameters including the magnetic field, biodiesel percent, nano-additives concentration, nano-additives ratio (CeO2 to Co3O4), engine speed, and engine load were evaluated using the Box-Behnken experiment design and RSM method. Optimization of performance parameters and engine emissions showed that the best conditions involved the magnetic field of 1,561.66 Gauss, nano-additives concentration of 12.26 ppm, nano-additives ratio of 56.37%, biodiesel volume fraction of 4.98 vol%, engine speed of 1,962 rpm and engine load of 66.14%. Under these conditions, the engine performance and emissions were as follows: maximum engine torque of 14.67 ± 0.73 Nm, maximum engine power of 3.36 ± 0.14 kW, minimum brake special fuel consumption (BSFC) of 272.50 ± 140.77 gr/kW.h, minimum carbon monoxide (CO) emission of 0.136 ± 0.086 vol%, minimum carbon dioxide (CO2) emission of 0.027 ± 0.28 vol%, minimum-unburned hydrocarbons (UHC) of 0.032 ± 48.12 ppm and minimum nitrogen oxide (NOx) of 4 ± 13.78 ppm with the desirability of 0.89.