Chrysosporium Research Articles

Effect of Acetic Acid on Succinic Acid Production of Fungal Co-culture in Slurry Fermentation

The effect of initial acetic acid concentration on succinic acid production from biologically pretreated birchwood chip-soybean hull mixture using co-culture of Aspergillus niger, Phanerochaete chrysosporium, and Trichoderma reesei in a slurry batch fermentation set-up was investigated. Acetic acid was supplied in various initial concentration: 1.65 g/L, 3.75 g/L, and 5.85 g/L. Low initial acetic acid resulted in decline of succinic acid production which coincided with declining acetic acid concentration. On the other hand, both medium and high initial acetic acid sustained higher succinic acid production with nearly constant acetic acid concentration throughout the five-day slurry batch fermentation. The residual sugar concentration was also observed as this was indirectly affected by the presence of acetic acid in the mixture. The presence of acetic acid in the fermentation media plays a crucial role in the production of succinic acid from a non-conventional source, the fungal co-culture.

Lignin Degrading System of Phanerochaete chrysosporium and its Exploitation for Degradation of Synthetic Dyes Wastewater

Lignin Degrading System of Phanerochaete chrysosporium and its Exploitation for Degradation of Synthetic Dyes Wastewater

Antimycotic activity of some essential oil against keratinophlic fungi

In the present investigation experiment were performed to evaluate the effect of some essential oils on the growth of four test organism i.e., Arthrodermae benhamial , chrysosporium indicum Malbranchea aurantiaca and Microsporium gypseum. Oil of Ocimum basilicum seems to be toxic against A. benhamiae and M. gypseum caused maximum inhibition of 40 mm. Young - Young Oil showed minimum inhibition Zone (9 mm) against A. benhancial and M. aurantiaca . Among the contituents of essential oil of O. americanum , acetate of Eugenol and Geranyl showed toxic effect against almost all the keratinophilic fungi tested here.

PERFORMANCE STUDY OF MOVING BIOFILM AEROBIC SEQUENCING BATCH REACTOR (MBASBR) FOR THE TREATMENT OF PAPER AND PULP MILL EFFLUENT

In this study the experiments are conducted to remove the Chemical oxygen demand (COD),Total suspended solids (TSS) and Lignin from paper and pulp mill wastewater using Moving biofilm aerobic sequencing batch reactor (MBASBR) .The laboratory scale reactor of working volume 20 liters used for the study. In addition to the conventional reactor the plastic carrier is used as the moving biomedia for the suspended and attached growth treatment in the reactor. Microbial culture of Phenerochetes chrysosporium and Pseudomonas alcaligens is used for the treatment. These microbes show good attachment with the carrier for the biochemical degradation of the paper and pulp mill wastewater during the treatment process. The average removal efficiencies for COD, TSS and lignin are found to be 96%, 98% and 84 % respectively.

Evaluation of Two Operational Regimes: Fed-Batch and Continuous for the Removal of Pharmaceuticals in a Fungal Stirred Tank Reactor

Two operational conditions were evaluated to maximize the removal of three anti-inflammatory drugs (diclofenac, ibuprofen and naproxen) and an antiepileptic (carbamazepine) in a stirred tank reactor (STR) operating with free pellets of Phanerochaete chrysosporium. First, the bioreactor was operated in a fed-batch mode (stage I) for 26 days and thereafter changed to continuous mode until day 70 (stage II). Time-course degradation experiments were carried out at days 0, 4, 7, 14 and 20 in order to compare the effect of the culture age on the degradation of the target compounds. The results showed that during stage I the fungus was able to completely remove the three anti-inflammatory drugs meanwhile only partial removal was attained for carbamazepine, between 30 % and 63 %. The maximum removal percentages were obtained on day 20, indicating that the culture age has an influence on the degradation efficiency. When the reactor operation was changed to a continuous feeding, the removal of the three anti-inflammatory drugs decreased until percentages in a range between 17 % up to 95 %; whereas, a recalcitrant compound such as carbamazepine achieved high removal percentage during this stage in comparison with the previous stage (93 % vs. 63 %).

Degradation of feather and hair by Chrysosporium tropicum: A potent keratinophilic fungus

The current study was aimed at the degradation of feather and hair wastes in an eco-friendly way, which should further be helpful to make the waste dumping soils fertile. Degradation of feathers and hair was assessed by a highly potent keratinophilic fungi namely Chrysosporium tropicum. The 60 day experiment was set up with sterile defatted feather and hair as substrates in a mineral medium along with the inoculum of the organism. The culture filtrate was analyzed at every 10 days interval, for the release of catabolic products such as protein and keratinase, along with the concomitant increase in pH. Maximum degradation was found at the 40th day sample, where the protein released was 6.9 mg/ml and the keratinolytic activity was 8.56 KU/ml. There was increase in pH (from neutral) towards alkalinity up to 40 days (9.0) of incubation and decline thereafter, indicating the maximum release of soluble protein into the medium. Among the two substrates used, C. tropicum had more effect on hair than that of feather. Key words: Feather waste, hair waste, keratinophilic fungi, Chrysosporium tropicum.

Incidence of dermatophytes and other keratinophilic fungi in the schools and college playground soils of Jaipur, India

A total of 50 soil samples collected from school and college playgrounds soil of Jaipur, India were examined for the prevalence of keratinophilic fungi and related dermatophytes. Two keratinous fragments, human hair and nails were used for the growth of fungi by hair-baiting technique. A total number of 25 species belonging to 16 genera were recovered, 8 of which were common to both the school and college playgrounds soil. Dermatophytes and closely related species were represented by 25 species; of which the following were the most commonly found species in soil:Chrysosporium tropicum (26%), Chrysosporium indicum (22%), Trichophyton mentagrophytes (16%), Microsporum gypseum (14%), etc. Some of the isolates of these related and dermatophytes like Trichophyton verrucosum, Trichophytontonsurans, Cladosporium sp., Paecilomyces sp., Aspergillus nidulans, Aspergillusversicolar, Alternaria sp., Fusarium moniliforme, etc, were first isolated from playgrounds soil of Jaipur. The selection of certain keratinolytic isolates could become useful in managing polluted soil of playgrounds by students and people. To our knowledge, This appears to be the first report concerning the isolation of T. tonsurans, A. versicolar, Cladosporium sp., Trichophyton verrucosum, Alternaria sp.,Paecilomyces sp., F. moniliforme and A. nidulans as keratinolytic fungi from soil samples of Jaipur (India). Key words: Playgrounds soil, keratinophilic fungi, dermatophytes, Jaipur.

Mycoflora identified from loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta) egg shells and nest sand at Fethiye beach, Turkey

The aim of this study was to investigate the mycoflora of the loggerhead turtle,Caretta caretta, from its nests and eggshells at Fethiye beach, Turkey. During the 2004 breeding season, following the complete emergence of the hatchlings, sand samples were collected from 15 nests and eggs from these nests were swabbed. Rose Bengal chloramphenicol agar was used for isolation, and then mycoflora were subcultured onto suitable media. Fungi were counted and identified at genus level. Ten genera were identified within the nests and eggshells. Aspergillus sp.,Chrysosporium sp., Fusarium sp. and Penicillum sp. were identified both in nests and eggshells. Furthermore, while Absidia sp., Cylindrocarpon sp., Emericella sp. and Mucor sp. were only identified in the nests, Cladosporium sp. and Thielavia sp. were only identified in eggshells. In addition, there was a positive correlation between total number of isolated fungus and embryonic death in nests (r = 0.53, p < 0.05). Hatching success was negatively correlated with total number of isolated fungus (r = -0.54, p < 0.05). Our study indicates a relation between hatching success and fungal flora of the nests. Presence of fungi may also be important for the researchers who digs nest to avoid infections or allergies due to these fungi. Key words: Mycoflora, fungus, Caretta caretta, Fethiye beach.

Cell-Free Protein Synthesis Containing Disulfide Bonds and Its Application to Protein Engineering

The cell-free protein synthesis system, which is sometimes called in vitro expression, has been remarkably improved in the past decade. However, proteins containing disulfide bonds could not been produced as active forms using the conventional cell-free system because it was carried out under reduced conditions. We have demonstrated that modification of the reaction conditions, i.e., no addition of reducing reagent, removal of the reducing reagent from the E. coli S30 extract by dialysis, and the addition of some molecular chaperons, enabled the correct folding of such proteins as Burkholderia cepacia lipase, Streptomyces antibioticus phospholipase D, Phanerochaete chrysosporium manganese peroxide (MnP), and artificial antibodies (scFv and Fab). As an application of cell-free protein synthesis, we have developed a novel high-throughput protein library construction system by combining the amplification of a single DNA molecule by means of PCR with a cell-free protein expression system. This completely cell-free system is termed SIMPLEX (single-molecule-PCR-linked in vitro expression). By applying SIMPLEX, we have achieved (1) inversion of the enatioselectivity of the bacterial lipase, (2) improvement in the H2O2 stability of the fungal MnP, and (3) enhancement of the binding affinity of anti-human-serum-albumin scFv.

High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of soluble and total oxalate in Ca- and Mg-amended liquid cultures of three wood decay fungi

Two brown-rot wood decay fungi, Fomitopsis pinicola and Meruliporia incrassata, and the white-rot species Phanerochaete chrysosporium were grown for 4 weeks in liquid culture at 0.35, 0.70, 1.05, and 5.00 mM calcium (Ca) and 1.35 and 2.70 mM magnesium (Mg) concentrations. Soluble and total oxalate levels were quantified using a revised ion-exchange HPLC protocol developed specifically for resolving oxalate and other organic acid anions from medium components. Total oxalate concentrations in brown-rot filtrate were not significantly different among treatments; however, soluble oxalate decreased significantly with increasing Ca concentration. Higher Mg concentrations increased soluble oxalate levels only slightly. There was a significant decrease in medium pH at 5.00 mM Ca for all species, as well as an apparent increase in decarboxylation activity in brownrot fungi. Total and soluble oxalate levels in the white-rot cultures were generally below detection for all treatments. The results show a significant influence of Ca on soluble oxalate concentrations not seen previously in the brown-rot species Postia placenta.

The genus &lt;I&gt;Uncinocarpus&lt;/I&gt; (Onygenaceae) and its synonym &lt;I&gt;Brunneospora&lt;/I&gt;: new concepts, combinations and connections to anamorphs in &lt;I&gt;Chrysosporium&lt;/I&gt;, and further evidence of relationship with &lt;I&gt;Coccidioides immitis&lt;/I&gt;

The genus &lt;I&gt;Uncinocarpus&lt;/I&gt; (Onygenaceae) and its synonym &lt;I&gt;Brunneospora&lt;/I&gt;: new concepts, combinations and connections to anamorphs in &lt;I&gt;Chrysosporium&lt;/I&gt;, and further evidence of relationship with &lt;I&gt;Coccidioides immitis&lt;/I&gt;

Enhanced production of cellobiose dehydrogenase in cultures of Phanerochaete chrysosporium supplemented with bovine calf serum.

The enzyme cellobiose dehydrogenase (CDH), produced by many wood-degrading fungi has, in recent years, attracted considerable interest for its possible role in both cellulose and lignin degradation. To characterize the enzyme better and to identify its role in the degradation of wood and wood components, it is desirable to produce it in higher amounts. We report here that the addition of bovine calf serum to cellulose-grown cultures of Phanerochaete chrysosporium enhances the production of certain enzymes, CDH in particular. The highest CDH production was obtained with 45 ml of serum/litre of medium added on day 3 or 4. The resultant CDH yield was approx. 700-800 units/litre, which was 3.5-4 times higher than that in cultures without serum. Serum addition also enhanced the production of beta-glucosidase. However, the impact on CDH production was the most dramatic. The enhanced enzyme production cannot be explained by increased rates of spore germination, simple nutrient effects or cofactor effects. Fractionation of serum by Cohn's fractionation technique showed that the albumin (BSA) fraction had almost the same effect as whole serum. However, purified BSA had less effect than crude BSA (fraction V of Cohn's fractions), suggesting that an additional factor, probably a protease inhibitor in serum, also contributed to the effect of serum.

Comparison of coal solubilization by bacteria and fungi

Coal-solubilizing agents produced byTrametes versicolor, Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Aspergillus sp., a bacterial consortium, and a bacterial isolate,Arthrobacter sp., from that consortium were compared in terms of pH dependence, thermostability, molecular mass, mechanism of action, and product diversity. The thermostability and low molecular weights exhibited by the coal-solubilizing agents indicated a non-enzymatic mechanism of action. Competition studies using cupric copper indicated that coal solubilization by these agents involved metal chelation. Results demonstrated that oxalate could account for some but not all of the coal solubilization observed forT.versicolor andP.chrysosporium. The very low levels of oxalate detected inAspergillus sp. and the bacterial cultures indicated that oxalate is not an important factor in coal solubilization by these microbes. When subjected to gel permeation chromatography, the soluble coal products generated by each microbial coal-solubilizing agent yielded unique molecular mass profiles suggesting substantial product diversity. Such diversity increases the possibility of identifying potentially valuable compounds and extending the commercial utilization of coal.

Multiple enzymatic pathways involved in the metabolism of glyceryl trinitrate in Phanerochaete chrysosporium.

A study of glyceryl trinitrate metabolism by a filamentous fungus, Phanerochaete chrysosporium, carried out with the 14C-labeled substrate, provides evidence for a multienzymatic system leading to di- and mononitrate derivatives. At least two independent enzymatic activities were detected in the cytosolic fraction: an aerobic glutathione S-transferase activity and an anaerobic NADPH-dependent soluble cytochrome P450-like activity. Other hemoproteins with enzymatic activities dependent upon the presence of NADPH or ferrous ions were also detected in the microsomal fraction. Electron paramagnetic resonance spectra characteristic of an interaction between a hemoprotein and nitric oxide appeared in these two subcellular fractions during the anaerobic metabolism of glyceryl trinitrate.

Formation of glyceryl 2-mononitrate by regioselective bioconversion of glyceryl trinitrate: efficiency of the filamentous fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium.

Various microorganisms have been evaluated for their ability to hydrolyze glyceryl trinitrate (GTN) to glyceryl dinitrates and mononitrates. Provided that the GTN extracellular concentration was under the lethal dose, metabolite formation and regioselectivity depend on the nature of the strain used. In particular, Phanerochaete chrysosporium at a sublethal dose (3 mM) converts GTN into 1,2-glyceryl dinitrate and 2-glyceryl mononitrate (2-GMN) with a 80% regioselectivity in both steps. This bioconversion, when carried out in fermentors at 28 degrees C, allowed formation of 2-GMN at a rate of 12 mumol/h/g of dried mycelium. Successive batches of 3 mM GTN could be converted into 2-GMN as long as consecutive additions of glycerol or glucose were effected to ensure cell survival and the efficiency of the enzymatic system involved.