Chrysopa Perla Research Articles

Cinq espèces de Névroptères nouvelles pour la Corse découvertes lors du programme La Planète Revisitée en Corse 2019-2021 (Neuroptera)

Five species of Neuroptera new for the Corsican fauna, collected during Our Planet Reviewed in Corsica 2019-2021. Chrysopa perla (Linnaeus, 1758), Sympherobius (Niremberge) klapaleki Zelený, 1963, Sisyra corona Rausch & Weißmair, 2007, Coniopteryx (Holoconiopteryx) drammonti Rousset, 1964, and Parasemidalis fuscipennis (Reuter, 1894) were collected during Our Planet Reviewed – Corsica 2019-2021. These are the first mentions of these species for the island. The discovery of a station S. corona is remarkable because it is the seventh known station in the world. An updated list of the Neuroptera from Corse is provided.

HELICOVERPA ARMIGERA-PEST ON TOBACCO PLANTS

Helicoverpa armigera Hubner is а migratory, cosmopolitan and polycyclic species. The pest is known as tobacco bollworm or budworm. The species is polyphagous and is an economically important agricultural pest. The studies were conducted on tobacco plants in the Experimental Field of the Scientific Tobacco Institute - Prilep during 2017/2018. Monitoring of population dynamics of H. armigera was performed during tobacco vegetation in a 10 -day period, using the method of examining 100 tobacco plants, with Zig-Zag review of pest scouting. The collected larvae were additionally fed and grown in a laboratory according to the standard laboratory methodology. Field and laboratory trials were carried out for control of H. armigera, with five insecticides/ active ingredients: Spinetoram (a.i. 250 g/kg)- 0.3 kg/ha, Indoxacarb (a.i. 150 g/L)- 0.3 L/ha, Metaflumizone (a.i 240 g/L)- 1 L/ha; Emamectin (a.i. 9.5 g/kg)- 2 kg/ha and Flubendiamide (a.i. 480g/L)- 250 g/ha. Larvae of tobacco budworm damage flowers, seed capsules and top tobacco leaves. The population dynamics of H. armigera showed that the species was present on tobacco from the beginning of July (when plants produce flowers) until the end of tobacco vegetation. The population was the most numerous in August and reached its highest level of density on 20th August in both years. In field trials, were determined five predatory species that fed with young larvae of H. armigеrа: Chrysopa formosa (Neuroptera, Chrysopidae), Chrysopa perla (Neuroptera, Chrysopidae), Chrysopa carnea (Neuroptera, Chrysopidae), Coccinella septempunctata (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae) and Adonia variegata (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae). In the beginning of October on tobacco plants we found parasitized larvae of H. armigera. In laboratory conditions parasitized larvae ate less and ceased developing at their 4th stage- L4. In each parasitized larva was developed one parasite species of Hyposoter didymator (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae). H. didymator is endoparasitoid wasp, and it lives on host tissues. According to field and laboratory trials during 2017/2018, all applied insecticides showed high efficacy in H. armigera control. The highest average mortality of 100% was caused by insecticides: Spinetoram, Indoxacarb and Emamectin. Flubendiamide had 97.5% efficiency in control of this pest, and the insecticide Metaflumizone 95.0%. This pest represents a significant challenge to tobacco filed and it produces high economic losses of tobacco seed each year. For the control of H. armigera, it is required constant monitoring of the lifecycle of the pest. One part of management strategy is to study parasitoids, predators and microorganisms and use them against H. armigera. Chemical control is still the most reliable and economic way of protecting tobacco crop from tobacco bollworm.

Lacewings Fauna of Çimen Mountain and Its Surroundings (Neuroptera: Planipennia) Kahramanmaraş, Turkey

In this study, totally 146 specimens belonging to the Neuroptera Order (Neuroptera: Planipennia) were collected and evaluated in Çimen Mountain, between May and August in the years of 2015 and 2016. Totally, 16 species belonging to the Neuroptera Order have been determined. All of those species were recorded from Çimen Mountain for the first time. Among these species; Chrysopa perla (Linnaeus, 1758), Italochrysa italica (Rossi, 1970) and Palpares libelluloides (Linnaeus, 1764) are abundant and widespread species in the research area.

THE IMPORTANCE OF PREDATORS IN CEREAL CROP AGROBIOCENOSIS IN LESKOVAC

The monocultural way of grain crop production may cause the massive emergence and development of both harmful and useful organisms in agrobiocenosis. Predators as natural enemies give a significant contribution to the reduction of pest population. The aim of the research was to monitor the biodiversity of predators and establish the differences in their faunistic composition, with regard to the agrobiocenosis of both spring and winter crops. The following standard entomological methods were used throughout the research: visual inspection, examination of above-ground parts of a plant, the sweep net method and laboratory processing of gathered material. The research was carried out from 2011 to 2013 on the experimental plot of the Agricultural High School in Leskovac. The research shows that the diversity maintenance and natural bioregulatory mechanisms are the basic rule in preservation of the grain agrobiocenosis against harmful insects. The predatory activities towards aphids were registered among the following five species of ladybirds belonging to the family of Coccinellidae: Coccinella septempunctata L., Adalia bipunctata L., Hippodamia variegata Goeze, Propylea quatourdecimpunctata L. and Calvia quatourdecimpunctata L. and 2 predators of family Chrysopidae: Chrysopa perla L. and Chrysopa carnea Steph. The research results showed similarity among ogranisms present in respective agrobiocenoses of spring and winter crops that were compared.

Arthropods assiciated with the stinging nettle in Hungary

Stinging nettle (Urtica dioica Linnaeus) (Urticaceae) is a well known medicinal plant cultivated in some European countries for a long time. Because of its multiple usability (food, medicinal plant, feed, fiber), adventageous agrotechnical qualities and low demands for plant protection, its more extensiv utilization can be expected. However, during cultivation from time to time little damages can be occurred on it. The aim of this paper is to show and estimate the most important arthropods (pests and natural enemies) of stinging nettle. Under the pests characterized in the paper according to the references the peacock and the small tortoiseshell are the most important species living on stinging nettle. Their individuals from time to time propagated can cause an important damage on nettle leaves in cultivated nettle stands or assemblages. On the base of a 12 year observation period (Gödöllő, Debrecen, 1998-2010) the following species have been observed: Psylliodes attenuata, Chrysomela fastuosa, Phyllobius pomaceus, Pleuroptya ruralis, Inachis io, Aglais urticae, Microlophium evansi, Microlophium carnosum, Aphis urticata, Dasineura urticata, Tritomegas sexmaculatus. Inachis io has been the only species which during the observation period did danger the stinging nettle stand. The other pest species have not threated even timely either the stinging nettle stand or a single plant. The number and diversity of natural enemies was rather low: running crab spiders (Philodromidae), tangle-web spiders (Theridiidae), crabbing spiders (Thomisidae), lacewings (Chrysopa perla, Chrysopa formosa), coccinellids (Coccinella septempunctata, Propylea quattuordecimpunctata, Adonia variegata), hoverflies (Episyrphus balteatus), earwigs (Forficula auricularia), scorpionflies (common scorpionfly (Panorpa communis) and European paper wasp (Polistes dominula) predominated.

Broad-Complex acts downstream of Met in juvenile hormone signaling to coordinate primitive holometabolan metamorphosis

Metamorphosis of holometabolous insects, an elaborate change of form between larval, pupal and adult stages, offers an ideal system to study the regulation of morphogenetic processes by hormonal signals. Metamorphosis involves growth and differentiation, tissue remodeling and death, all of which are orchestrated by the morphogenesis-promoting ecdysteroids and the antagonistically acting juvenile hormone (JH), whose presence precludes the metamorphic changes. How target tissues interpret this combinatorial effect of the two hormonal cues is poorly understood, mainly because JH does not prevent larval-pupal transformation in the derived Drosophila model, and because the JH receptor is unknown. We have recently used the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum to show that JH controls entry to metamorphosis via its putative receptor Methoprene-tolerant (Met). Here, we demonstrate that Met mediates JH effects on the expression of the ecdysteroid-response gene Broad-Complex (BR-C). Using RNAi and a classical mutant, we show that Tribolium BR-C is necessary for differentiation of pupal characters. Furthermore, heterochronic combinations of retarded and accelerated phenotypes caused by impaired BR-C function suggest that besides specifying the pupal fate, BR-C operates as a temporal coordinator of hormonally regulated morphogenetic events across epidermal tissues. Similar results were also obtained when using the lacewing Chrysopa perla (Neuroptera), a member of another holometabolous group with a primitive type of metamorphosis. The tissue coordination role of BR-C may therefore be a part of the Holometabola groundplan.

Neuroptera, Raphidioptera and Mecoptera assemblages inhabiting young spruce (Picea abies) forests: dominance structure and seasonal activity patterns

Neuropteroid insects (Neuroptera, Raphidioptera) and scorpion flies (Mecoptera) were studied in six young spruce forest localities in the eastern part of the Czech Republic during years 2005 and 2006. Twenty-seven species of lacewings, four species of snake flies and four species of scorpion flies were found using the Malaise traps. Consequently, the seasonal flight activity of the seven most abundant species (<I>Chrysopa perla, Hemerobius pini, Hemerobius humulinus, Dichrostigma flavipes, Phaeostigma notata, Panorpa communis and Panorpa germanica</i>) is discussed.

Persistence of deterrent larval tracks in Coccinella septempunctata, Cycloneda limbifer and Semiadalia undecimnotata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)

The persistence of oviposition-deterring effects of coccinellid and chrysopid larval tracks on females of three aphidophagous coccinellid species was compared. One month old tracks of first instars of the coccinellid Cycloneda limbifer Casey deterred conspecific females from oviposition in choice tests with clean and contaminated substrates. Intraspecific effect of larval tracks in Semiadalia undecimnotata Schneider was statistically significant after 10 days. Although fresh tracks of conspecific first instars effectively deterred females in both tested populations of Coccinella septempunctata L., deterrent effects disappeared when tracks of larvae were only one day old. However, females of C. septempunctata laid fewer eggs on sites with 10 days old tracks of Chrysopa oculata Say or sites with one month old tracks of Chrysopa perla (L.) first instars than on clean sites. In contrast to females of C. septempunctata and S. undecimnotata, C. limbifer females left significantly more faecal spots on clean sites than on sites with 5-30 days old tracks of conspecific first instars. This indicates that sites with tracks of larvae can also effectively repel conspecific females of some coccinellid species from searching.

Chrysopids and Hemerobiids (Plannipenia) of young spruce forests in the eastern part of the Czech Republic

Chrysopids and Hemerobiids were studied using Malaise traps in young spruce forests in the eastern part of the Czech Republic. A total of 12 species were found. The most abundant species were eurytopic Chrysopa carnea, Chrysopa perla, Hemerobius humulinus and Hemerobius pini associated with conifers. The seasonal flight activity of these species is discussed.

Response of chrysopids (Neuroptera) to larval tracks of aphidophagous coccinellids (Coleoptera)

Choice tests showed that tracks left by coccinellid larvae have generally little effect on oviposition site selection by chrysopid females. Fresh tracks of first instar larvae of the coccinellid species Coccinella septempunctata, Cycloneda limbifer, Leis dimidiata and Semiadalia undecimnotata, did not deter females of the chrysopid Chrysopa oculata from laying eggs. Females of Chrysopa perla avoided ovipositing only on substrates with tracks of L. dimidiata larvae.

Study of Neuropteroidea (Raphidioptera, Neuroptera) Communities by Using Malaise Traps in an Untreated Orchard and its Environment

Neuropteroidea communities were studied near Budapest (Nagykovacsi) in an abandoned, mixed orchard and its neighbouring environment: a shrub community without a closed canopy; a shrub level of the canopied oak forest by using Malaise traps. In the open shrub verge of the orchard larger, and in the oak forest more diverse Neuropteroidea community developed than in the other investigated habitats. The Neuropteroidea communities studied did not show stable compositions in the investigated habitats and years. By studying the linkage conditions of different species to different habitats, it was established that Hypochrysa elegans was strongly bound to the shrub level of the closed oak forest. Besides that, both in the shrub level and in the open forest edge, the species Micromus lanosus, Micromus angulatus, Hemerobius micans, Hemerobius lutescens and Hemerobius humulinus were found with higher density. The species Dichrostigma flavipes, Chrysopa formosa, Chrysopa perla, Xanthostigma xanthostigma, Chrysoperla carnea and Dichochrysa prasina occurred in all three habitats, thus they have to be regarded as habitat generalists. By passing beyond these tendencies Dichrostigma flavipes, Chrysopa formosa and Chrysopa perla seemed to be more attached to the shrubby edge.

Patterns of Developmental Stability of Chrysopa perla L. (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) in Response to Environmental Pollution

The level of developmental stability of Chrysopa perla L. (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) collected from control and contaminated sites in the vicinity of an agrochemical manufacturing facility was assessed using fluctuating asymmetry and phenodeviant analyses. There were no significant differences in the level of asymmetry between control and contaminated sites for four characters. The number of phenodeviants for two characters was significantly greater at sites located in close proximity to the facility compared with a control site. Results are discussed with reference to the relationship between asymmetry and phenodeviants as indicators of stability and the use of developmental stability as a means of assessing environmental quality.

Étude Biométrique de la Croissance Ovarienne Chez Chrysopa Perla en Régime Alimentaire Optimal et en Régime Déficient (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae)

SummaryFemale Chrysopa perla needs a diet containing protein, during the preoviposition stage after the emergence of the imago, for normal development of the oocytes.During the first three days ovarian growth is exponential (V = VoKt). For an optimal diet and selected climatic conditions the parameters are: Vo = 0,028 mm3, K = 3,32 (t from 0 to 3 days). After, the fourth and fifth days, growth of the ovarian becomes slower and finally the ovary reaches a maximum volume during oviposition.The ovarian growth rate is derived from the preceeding equation. During the first three days it is also exponential and corresponds to the productivity of yolk.With sugar diets, growth of the ovary is slight and no fertile eggs are laid. Total starvation causes ovarian degeneration and death of the insect after 3 or 4 days. A diet made with pollen and honey does not allow normal vitellogenesis but the reproductive potential of the female is maintened and the ovaries can normaly develop if refeeding with an optimal diet occurs.

Ultrastructure of pheromone-producing eversible vesicles in males of Chrysopa perla L. (Insecta, Neuroptera)

During courtship, males of Chrysopa perla extrude from the genital aperture two eversible vesicles that bear approximately 50 sclerotized tubercles with a long, apical hair. Ultrastructural study reveals within each tubercle two juxtaposed subunits: a sensory subunit formed by a mechanoreceptor neuron, a glial cell, two enveloping cells, and a glandular subunit consisting of a glandular cell provided with an extracellular reservoir, a duct cell and an enveloping cell. The glandular-cell cytoplasm is characterized by extensive RER, a large amount of SER, probably involved in lipid elaboration, and voluminous myeloid bodies encircling the reservoir. The secretion is released to the outside by a cuticular duct that opens into the side of the tubercle. The function of the mechanoreceptor associated with the glandular subunit is discussed.

La formation des cystes dans l'ovariole de chrysopa perla (L.) (neuroptera: Chrysopidae)

In the polytrophic ovarioles of Chrysopa perla, the germarium is the site of formation of the cyst or functional oocyte-nurse cells complex. Descended from a cystoblast, the cyst shows frequently 12 cystocytes (12–14: exception to the 2 n rule); the latter are connected by intercellular bridges. The relationships between the cystocytes was discovered and a pattern proposed. As early as the second mitotic division, there is loss of synchrony; after 2 other mitoses, the lateral cells develop immediately into nurse cells (early nurse cells); the medial cells divide only 3 times and the complete cyst shows 3 categories of cells: (1) 2 (or 3) cells of type A, one of which grows into the oocyte; (2) 2 (or 3) cells of type B which are smaller; all (except the oocyte) develop into late nurse cells after the beginning of the meiosis; (3) 8 early nurse cells (type C), descended from the lateral cells. The cyst, at first globular, becomes cylindrical as a result of the cell's growth and the presence of a differentiated axial region, the fusome, formed by the alignment of intercellular bridges. Later the fusome loses its cohesion and the differentiated cystocytes take their definitive position in the ovariole: a posterior oocyte preceded by 11 nurse cells.

Les Stades du Développement Ovarien de Chrysopa Perla [Neuroptera]. Étude Histologique Sur des Femelles Soumises A Des Conditions Trophiques Optimales

SummaryA. Rousset: Stages of the ovarian development in Chrysopa perla (Neuroptera). Histological study concerning rightly fed female.Laboratory experiments have pointed out the importance of the nutritional factors in the fecundity of Chrysopa perla (L.). In order to precise the part of these factors, a study of oogenesis has been undertaken. The polytrophic ovariols are composed of the three usual regions: germarium, previtellarium and vitellarium. The nuclear and cytoplasmic transformations of the oocyte (particularly the formation in the nucleus of a complex karyosphere), those of the nurse cells and those of the follicular cells are described by determination of eleven successive stages, six for the previtellogenesis, and five for the vitellogenesis. The latter occurs in the imago only if the female receives a suitable alimentation during four or five days following the emergence.

Functional organization of the nucleus in the oogenesis of chrysopa perla L. (insecta, neuroptera).

On the basis of light, autoradiographic (uridine-3H incorporation) and electron microscopic investigation changes of nuclear structures were examined during the oogenesis in Chrysopa perla L. — In early meiotic prophase the oocyte nuclei were found to contain a large body of extrachromosomal DNA. In certain cases the latter splits up into several DNA clumps giving rise to a few (4–7) primary nucleoli, 3–5 μ in diameter. The primary nucleoli consist of densely packed fibrils 50–100 A thick. They contain no granular component and are inactive in RNA synthesis. — At the beginning of large growth the extrachromosomal DNA bodies disappear and numerous electron-dense clumps, 0,5–1 μ in diameter, appear in the nucleus. Instead of the primary nucleoli, the nucleus now contains a great number of ring nucleoli about 0,5–1 μ in diameter with a granular component (granules are 150 A). The space between them is filled up with nucleolar strands running from the surface of the ring nucleoli. — At the stage ring nucleoli of uridine−3 H incorporation into the oocyte nucleus begins. — During later previtellogenesis and at the beginning of vitellogenesis the ring nucleoli disappear and the nucleus is filled with the network of nucleolar strands. Among them there are specific complexes. These consist of electron dense masses, of granular clusters (granules 500 A in diameter) and large fibrillar electron light bodies. At this stage the nucleus takes the most active part in RNA synthesis. — The process of karyosphere capsule formation was studied by electron microscopy. The capsule was found to be of fibrillar nature; its structure is very peculiar and unlike any known membrane components of the cell. On the basis of cytochemical evidences the characteristics of the capsule are given. — The development of a powerful nucleolar apparatus based on the extrachromosomal DNA and a possible role of the synaptonemal complex and extrachromosomal DNA in formation of the karyosphere capsule is discussed.

L'OOPHAGIE DES LARVES DU PREMIER STADE DE CHRYSOPE (NEUROPTERA, CHRYSOPIDAE)

L'oophagie précoce par les jeunes larves de Chrysopa perla dès leur éclosion est étudiée expérimentalement au laboratoire. Les conditions de cette oophagie sont précisées en rapport avec l'âge de l'œuf, l'état physiologique de la larve, son comportement, ainsi qu'avec les facteurs écologiques (température, humidité). La valeur biologique pour la larve cannibale est certaine si l'on considère la durée et les conditions climatiques de sa survie; mais l'état de développement de l'embryon fait varier considérablement ces résultats.SummaryOOPHAGY IN FIRST STAGE CHRYSOPID LARVAE (NEUROPTERA, CHRYSOPIDAE)Some factors concerned in early cannibalism through oophagy, and the biological worth of the latter, have been studied with Chrysopa perla in the laboratory. Eggs offered as prey are differently accepted according to the stage of embryonic development. Before the third day after laying, acceptance is 100%; after the fifth day, refusal is 80%. The hardness of the embryonic membranes, which was measured with tactile needles, is solely responsible for this. It increases over 17 times from the first to the fifth day, then on the last day declines to a little less than 7 times the initial value. Independently of the probability that a newly hatched larva will come upon an egg, the long time during which all the eggs of a given batch are hatching, even taking into account the resting period that follows hatching, always allows cannibalism by means of oophagy. But the act of sucking out the very first prey immobilizes the predatory larva for a rather long time, which diminishes later. Stalked eggs are found by the larvae only about two times out of three during half a day of searching. The protective value of the footstalk varies greatly with temperature and with the dryness of the air. In a compact batch, stalked eggs seldom are eaten. The duration of larval survival after egg‐eating changes with the embryonic stage of the eggs consumed; an egg when first laid is a food of good quality which is in many ways better than an aphid. Ecdysis may take place after three newly laid eggs have been eaten; in the case of a mixed feeding (first with eggs, then aphids) the duration of the first larval instar may be shortened. An egg that contains an embryo is but poor food. Whatever the state of their development, eggs ensure a better resistance to desiccation. Eggs wounded only superficially by the mouthparts of the young larvae do not hatch normally; the secondary mortality resulting from these wounds increases with saturation deficiency.