Chrysanthemum Zawadskii Var Research Articles

Osteoarthritis improvement effect of Chrysanthemum zawadskii var. latilobum extract in relation to genotype.

Objectives: To determine whether SNPs of osteoarthritis (OA)-related genes predict the effect of Chrysanthemum zawadskii var. latilobum (CZ) extract in OA patients with OA. Subjects/methods: To analyze correlations between CZ extract effects in humans and their genotypes, 121 Korean patients with OA were recruited. Patients ingested 600 mg/day of the CZ extract GCWB106 (one tablet daily), including 250-mg CZ, or placebo (one tablet daily) for 12 weeks. Twenty SNPs were genotyped in 11 genes associated with OA pathogenesis, including tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and 9 genes involved in OA-related dietary intervention. The Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and Korean Western Ontario and McMaster Universities (K-WOMAC) were measured as indicators of GCWB106 effect. Statistical comparisons were performed using Kruskal-Wallis tests to identify associations between these scales and genotyped loci in patients with OA. Results: Three SNPs (PPARG rs3856806, MMP13 rs2252070, and ZIP2 rs2234632) were significantly associated with the degree of change in VAS pain score. Homozygous CC genotype carriers of rs3856806, G allele carriers (GA or GG) of rs2252070, and T allele carriers (GT or TT) of rs2234632 showed lower VAS score (i.e., less severe symptoms) in the GCWB106 group (n=53) than the placebo group (n=57) (p=0.026, p=0.009, and p=0.025, respectively). Gene-gene interaction effects on GCWB106-mediated pain relief were then examined, and it was found that the addition of each genotype resulted in a greater decrease in VAS pain score in the GCWB106 group (p=0.0024) but not the placebo group (p=0.7734). Conclusions: These novel predictive markers for the pain-relieving effects of GCWB106 may be used in the personalized treatment of patients with OA.

Efficacy of GCWB106 (Chrysanthemum zawadskii var. latilobum extract) in osteoarthritis of the knee: A 12-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.

Background:GreenCross Wellbeing Corporation (GCWB) 106 is a food item based on Chrysanthemum zawadskii var. latilobum extract. It has an inhibitory effect on joint inflammation.Objective:This study investigated the efficacy and safety of GCWB106 for osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee joint.Methods:Overall, 121 participants with mild OA were recruited and randomly divided into two groups. One group received GCWB106 for 12 weeks and the other group received placebo for 12 weeks. Outcomes were evaluated using the Korean-Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Index (K-WOMAC), visual analog scale, Korean Short Form Health Survey 36 score, and laboratory test results.Results:After 12 weeks of study treatment, the GCWB106 group exhibited a significant improvement compared with the placebo group in overall K-WOMAC score (P = .042) and K-WOMAC physical function score (P = .015). The GCWB106 group showed significant improvement in the visual analog scale pain score (P < .001) compared with the placebo group after 6 weeks and 12 weeks; no adverse drug reactions or serious adverse events were reported in either group.Conclusion:GCWB106 can safely reduce pain and improve knee function with therapeutic effects in OA of the knee joint.Level of evidence:Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical study, Level I

Lomens-P0 (mixed extracts of Hordeum vulgare and Chrysanthemum zawadskii) regulate the expression of factors affecting premenstrual syndrome symptoms.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVESPremenstrual syndrome (PMS) is a disorder characterized by repeated emotional, behavioral, and physical symptoms before menstruation, and the exact cause and mechanism are uncertain. Hyperprolactinemia interferes with the normal production of estrogen and progesterone, leading to PMS symptoms. Thus, we judged that the inhibition of prolactin hypersecretion could mitigate PMS symptoms.MATERIALS/METHODS Hordeum vulgare L. extract (HVE), Chrysanthemum zawadskii var. latilobum extract (CZE), and Lomens-P0 the mixture of these extracts were tested in subsequent experiments. The effect of extracts on prolactin secretion at the in vitro level was measured in GH3 cells. Nitric oxide and pro-inflammatory mediator expression were measured in RAW 264.7 cells to confirm the anti-inflammatory effect. Also, the hyperprolactinemic Institute for Cancer Research (ICR) mice model was used to measure extract effects on prolactin and hormone secretion and uterine inflammation.RESULTSAnti-inflammatory effects of and prolactin secretion suppress by HVE and CZE were confirmed through in vitro experiments (P < 0.05). Treatment with Lomens-P0 inhibited prolactin secretion (P < 0.05) and restored normal sex hormone secretion in the hyperprolactinemia mice model. In addition, extracts significantly inhibited the expression of pro-inflammatory biomarkers, including interleukin-1β, and -6, tumor necrosis factor-α, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and cyclooxygenase-2 (P < 0.01). We used high-performance liquid chromatography analyses to identify tricin and chlorogenic acid as the respective components of HVE and CZE that inhibit prolactin secretion. The Lomens-P0, which includes tricin and chlorogenic acid, is expected to be effective in improving PMS symptoms in the human body.CONCLUSIONSThe Lomens-P0 suppressed the prolactin secretion in hyperprolactinemia mice, normalized the sex hormone imbalance, and significantly suppressed the expression of inflammatory markers in uterine tissue. This study suggests that Lomens-P0 may have the potential to prevent or remedy materials to PMS symptoms.

Anti-Osteoarthritic Mechanisms of Chrysanthemum zawadskii var. latilobum in MIA-Induced Osteoarthritic Rats and Interleukin-1β-Induced SW1353 Human Chondrocytes.

Background and objectives: Chrysanthemum zawadskii var. latilobum (CZ), which has traditionally been used as a oriental tea in Asia, is known to have anti-inflammatory effects in osteoarthritis (OA). But the mechanism of these effects has not been made clear and it needs to be elucidated specifically for the clinical use of CZE in OA. Materials and Methods: To reveal this mechanism, we first identified which biomarkers were expressed in the joints of rats in which OA had been induced with monosodium iodoacetate and determined whether CZ extract (CZE) could normalize these biomarkers in the progression of OA. The anti-osteoarthritis effect of CZE was evaluated for its capability to inhibit levels of extracellular matrix (ECM)-degrading enzymes and enhance ECM synthesis. We also sought to identify whether the marker compound of CZE, linarin, has anti-osteoarthritic effects in the human chondrosarcoma cell line SW1353. Results: The changes in matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) were remarkable: among them, MMP-1, MMP-3, MMP-9 and MMP-13 were most strongly induced, whereas their expressions were inhibited by CZE dose dependently. The expressions of the ECM synthetic genes, COL2A1 and ACAN, and the transcription factor SOX9 of these genes were reduced by OA induction and significantly normalized by CZE dose dependently. SOX9 is also a repressor of ECM-degrading aggrecanases, ADAMTS-4 and ADAMTS-5, and CZE significantly reduced the levels of these enzymes dose dependently. Similar results were obtained using the human chondrosarcoma cell line SW1353 with linarin, the biologically active compound of CZE. Conclusions: These anti-osteoarthritic effects suggest that CZE has mechanisms for activating ECM synthesis with SOX9 as well as inhibiting articular ECM-degrading enzymes.

Inhibitory Effects of Eriodictyol-7-O-β-d-glucuronide and 5,7-Dihydroxy-4-chromene Isolated from Chrysanthemum zawadskii var. latilobum in FcεRI-Mediated Human Basophilic KU812F Cell Activation.

Chrysanthemum zawadskii var. latilobum (CZL) has been used in Eastern medicine for the treatment of various diseases, such as pneumonia, bronchitis, cough, the common cold, pharyngitis, bladder-related disorders, gastroenteric disorders, and hypertension. In the present study, we isolated two strong antiallergic compounds from CZL, namely, eriodictyol-7-O-β-d-glucuronide (EDG) and 5,7-dihydroxy-4-chromene (DC), and investigated their antiallergic effects in FcεRI-mediated human basophilic KU812F cells. EDG and DC downregulated the protein and messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of FcεRI on the cell surface. Moreover, Western blotting analysis showed that EDG and DC inhibited the expression of protein tyrosine kinases such as Syk and Lyn, and extracellular-regulated kinases (ERK) 1/2. These results suggested that EDG and DC, antiallergic constituents of CZL, are potential therapeutic candidates for protection against and for the treatment of allergic disorders.

Alpine Vegetation on the Paekdu-San (Changbaishan) Summit of the North-east China

We aim to provide a syntaxonomical scheme for the alpine tundra vegetation of volcano Mount Paekdu (Changbaishan) bordering China and North Korea. From the field investigations in 1991, 2004, and 2009 a total of 89 phytosociological releves were sampled by the Braun-Blanquet method. Obtained data sets were analyzed by tabular hand-sorting technique. Syntaxonomic position and nomenclature of units were determined by comparison with mainly Japanese relevant communities. Ten rankless units in four physiognomic vegetation types were classified: alpine desert vegetation (Papaver radicatum var. pseudoradicatum community, Minuartia arctica community, Polytrichastrum alpinum-Minuartia macrocarpa var. koreana community), alpine windswept dwarf vegetation (Chrysanthemum zawadskii var. alpinum-Festuca ovina var. koreano-alpina community, Scirpus maximowiczii community, Oxytropis anertii-Salix rotundifolia community, Carex longirostrata-Dryas octopetala var. asiatica community), snow-bed vegetation (Phyllodoce caerulea-Tofieldia coccinea community, Viola biflora-Calamagrostis langsdorfii community), and colluvial drainage channel vegetation (Carex atrata-Sanguisorba stipulata var. riishiriensis community). The variation of the vegetation resulted from primarily the rock and soil particle size and soil mobility, and slope inclination. Some of the plant communities were regarded as local and endemic types. Yet we firmly believe that further researches are requested by much richer materials and syntaxonomical comprehensive evaluation in between elsewhere in the Pan-East Sea (Sea of Japan).

Evaluation on the suspended solids and heavy metals removal mechanisms in bioretention systems

Application of bioretention systems in Korea is highly considered due to its minimal space requirements, appropriateness as small landscape areas and good pollutant removal and peak hydraulic flow reduction efficiency. In this study, the efficiency of two lab-scale bioretention types having different physical properties, media configuration and planted with different shrubs and perennials was investigated in reducing heavy metal pollutants in stormwater runoff. Type A bioretention systems were planted with shrubs whereas type B were planted with perennials. Chrysanthemum zawadskii var. latilobum (A-CL) and Aquilegia flabellata var. pumila (A-AP) respectively were planted in each type A bioretention reactors while Rhododendron indicum linnaeus (B-RL) and Spiraea japonica (B-SJ), respectively were planted in each type B bioretention reactors. Results revealed that the four lab-scale bioretention reactors significantly reduced the influent total suspended load by about 89 to 94% (p<0.01). Type B-RL and B-SJ reactors reduced soluble Cr, Cu, Zn, and Pb by 28 to 45% that were 15 to 35% greater than the soluble metal reduction of type A-CL and A-AP reactors, respectively. Among the pollutants, total Cr attained the greatest discharged fraction of 0.52-0.81. Excluding the effect of soil media, total Pb attained the greatest retention fraction in the bioretention systems amounting to 0.15-0.34. Considering the least discharge fraction of heavy metal in the bioretention system, it was observed that the bioretention systems achieved effectual reduction in terms of total Cu, Zn and Pb. These findings were associated with the poor adsorption capacity of the soil used in each bioretention system. The results of this study may be used for estimating the maintenance requirements of bioretention systems.

BST106 Protects against Cartilage Damage by Inhibition of Apoptosis and Enhancement of Autophagy in Osteoarthritic Rats.

Chrysanthemum zawadskii var. latilobum (CZ) has been used as a traditional medicine in Asian countries for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. Recently, CZ extract was shown to inhibit differentiation of osteoclasts and provide protection against rheumatoid arthritis. The aim of this study was to investigate the molecular mechanisms of BST106, the ethanol extract of CZ, for cartilage protection in monosodium iodoacetate (MIA)-induced osteoarthritis (OA), particularly focusing on apoptosis and autophagy. BST106 (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg) was orally administered once daily to MIA-induced OA rats. Swelling, limping, roentgenography, and histomorphological changes were assessed 28 d after MIA injection. Biochemical parameters for matrix metalloproteinase (MMP), apoptosis, and autophagy were also assessed. BST106 ameliorated the severity of swelling and limping after MIA injection. Roentgenographic and histomorphological examinations revealed that BST106 reduced MIA-induced cartilage damage. BST106 decreased MIA-induced increases in MMP-2 and MMP-13 mRNA levels. Increased levels of serum cartilage oligomeric matrix protein and glycosaminoglycan release were attenuated by BST106. Furthermore, BST106 suppressed the protein expression of proapoptotic molecules and increased the protein expression of autophagosome- and autolysosome-related molecules. These findings indicate that BST106 protects against OA-induced cartilage damage by inhibition of the apoptotic pathway and restoration of impaired autophagic flux.

구절초(Chrysanthemum zawadskii var. latilobum)에서 분리된 다당류의 대식세포 면역조절 활성

본 연구는 전통약재로 주로 사용되는 구절초에서 분리한 다당류(CZPS)가 선천 및 적응면역에서 중추적인 역할을 수행하는 대식세포의 활성화에 미치는 영향에 관하여 관찰하였다. 구절초에서 분리한 다당류를 마우스 유래 대식세포주인 RAW 264.7 cell에 처리하였을 때, iNOS의 발현을 조절하여 NO의 생성이 증가되었으며, 또한 면역활성 물질인 TNF-<TEX>${\alpha}$</TEX>, IL-<TEX>$1{\beta}$</TEX> 및 IL-6 등의 cytokine의 분비능이 증가되었으며, 이러한 면역활성 매개자인 NO 및 cytokine의 증가의 원인에 관한 정확한 면역세포내 신호전달에 관하여 알아본 결과, CZPS 처리는 MAPKs(ERK, p38)의 인산화를 촉진시키며, 이로 인한 전사인자인 NF-<TEX>${\kappa}B$</TEX>의 인산화를 증가시켜, 대식세포의 활성화를 유도시키는 것으로 관찰되었다. Macrophages play a pivotal role in the innate and adaptive immune systems. This study investigated the immuno-modulatory activities of polysaccharides separated from Chrysanthemum zawadskii var. latilobum (CZPS) in macrophages. Polysaccharides from Chrysanthemum zawadskii var. latilobum were extracted by the ethanol precipitation method. RAW 264.7 mouse macrophage cell line was treated with CZPS (4 to <TEX>$128{\mu}g/mL$</TEX>), and there was no cytotoxicity at a dose below <TEX>$32{\mu}g/mL$</TEX>. The levels of nitric oxide (NO) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-<TEX>${\alpha}$</TEX> and interleukin (IL)-6, IL-<TEX>$1{\beta}$</TEX>) production in the CZPS treated group (<TEX>$32{\mu}g/mL$</TEX>) were <TEX>$6.5{\pm}0.12{\mu}m$</TEX> (NO), <TEX>$1252.8{\pm}79.85$</TEX> (TNF-<TEX>${\alpha}$</TEX>), <TEX>$305.4{\pm}29.41$</TEX> (IL-6), and <TEX>$683.3{\pm}59.71$</TEX> (IL-<TEX>$1{\beta}$</TEX>), respectively, and they were significantly increased when compared to the control group; <TEX>$2.2{\pm}0.03{\mu}m$</TEX> (NO), <TEX>$452.3{\pm}38.34$</TEX> (TNF-<TEX>${\alpha}$</TEX>), <TEX>$31.7{\pm}5.75$</TEX> (IL-6), and <TEX>$184.1{\pm}11.52$</TEX> (IL-<TEX>$1{\beta}$</TEX>). Additionally, protein expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and phosphorylation of MAPKs and NF-<TEX>${\kappa}B$</TEX> expression were significantly increased upon CZPS treatment. Therefore, these results indicated that polysaccharides separated from Chrysanthemum zawadskii var. latilobum (CZPS) may have a potential immunomodulatory activity in macrophages through MAPKs and NF-<TEX>${\kappa}B$</TEX> signaling, and this information is useful for the development of immune enhancing adjuvant materials using a natural ingredient.

The Extract of Chrysanthemum zawadskii var. latilobum Ameliorates Collagen-Induced Arthritis in Mice.

Chrysanthemum zawadskii var. latilobum (CZ) has been used for beverage or tea and also as folk medicine for the remedy of diverse inflammatory diseases. Nevertheless, the therapeutic effect of CZ on arthritis remains to be unknown. In this paper we aim to investigate the CZ's antiarthritic effect and mechanism of action both in vitro and in vivo. To assess CZ's antiarthritic effect, mouse models of type II collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) were used. Mice were used to gauge clinical arthritis index and histopathological changes. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), western blotting, electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA), and other biological methods were adopted to measure CZ's effect on arthritis and to understand the veiled mechanism of action. CZ greatly suppressed CIA, histopathological score, bone erosion, and osteoclast differentiation. Mechanistically, CZ inhibited the production of various inflammatory and arthritic mediators like inflammatory cytokines, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and chemokines. Of note, CZ significantly suppressed the activation of the NF-κB pathway in vivo. CZ exerted an antiarthritic effect in CIA mice by curbing the production of crucial inflammatory and arthritis mediators. This study warrants further investigation of CZ for the use in human rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

First Report of Carnation Italian ringspot virus in Chrysanthemum zawadskii var. latilobum in Korea

First Report of <i>Carnation Italian ringspot virus</i> in <i>Chrysanthemum zawadskii</i> var. <i>latilobum</i> in Korea

In vivo hair growth-stimulating effect of medicinal plant extract on BALB/c nude mice

Context: Chrysanthemum zawadskii var. latilobum (Asteraceae) (CZ) and Polygonum multiflorum Thunb. (Polygonaceae) (PM) have been used traditionally to treat different systemic diseases and acclaimed for various biological activities including hair growth.Objective: This study investigates the hair restoration efficacy of selected medicinal plant extracts on nude mice.Materials and methods: Nude mice genetically predisposed to pattern balding were used in this study. Topical methanol extracts of CZ and PM (10 mg/mouse/d) with standardized vehicle formulation, only vehicle (propylene glycol:ethanol:dimethyl sulfoxide, 67:30:3% v/v) and Minoxidil (2%) were applied daily for 40 consecutive days.Results: In our study, the maximum hair score (2.5 ± 0.29) was obtained in the CZ-treated group. Histological observation revealed a significant increase (p < 0.001) in the number of hair follicles (HF) in CZ-treated mice (58.66 ± 3.72) and Minoxidil-treated mice (40 ± 2.71). Subsequently, immunohistochemical analysis also confirmed the follicular keratinocyte proliferation by detection of BrdU-labeling, S-phase cells in Minoxidil and CZ-treated mouse follicular bulb and outer root sheaths.Conclusion: Our study revealed the underlying mechanism of stimulating hair growth in athymic nude mice by repair the nu/nu follicular keratin differentiation defect. Thus, the topical application of CZ may represent a novel strategy for the management and therapy of certain forms of alopecia.

Chrysanthemum zawadskii var. latilobum Extracts Inhibits of TPA-induced Invasion by Reducing MMP-9 Expression Via the Suppression of NF-κB Activation in MCF-7 Human Breast Carcinoma Cells

Chrysanthemum zawadskii Herbich var. latilobum Kitamura (Compositae), colloquially known “Gujulcho” in Korea, has been used in traditional medicine for the treatment of various diseases, including cough, common cold, bladder-related disorders, gastroenteric disorders, hypertension, and inflammatory diseases, such as pneumonia, bronchitis, pharyngitis, and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) However, the effect of Chrysanthemum zawadskii var. latilobum on breast cancer invasion is unknown. In this study, we investigated the inhibitory effect of Chrysanthemum zawadskii var. latilobum extract (CZE) on 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) expression and cell invasion, as well as the molecular mechanisms involved in MCF-7 cells. CZE were not cytotoxic up to 100 ㎍/ml concentration in the MCF-7 cell line. CZE decreased MMP-9 expression. TPA substantially increased NF-κB DNA binding activity. Pre-treatment with CZE inhibited TPA-stimulated NF-κB binding activity and NF-κB related protein expression. To identify invasion ability of MCF-7 cells decreased by CZE, we used martrigel invasion assay. As a result, it is significantly decreased cell invasion. These results indicate that CZE-mediated inhibition of TPA-induced MMP-9 expression and cell invasion involves the suppression of the NF-κB pathway in MCF-7 cells. Chrysanthemum zawadskii var. latilobum may have potential value in restricting breast cancer metastasis.

Chrysanthemum zawadskii var. latilobum extract inhibits the production of nitric oxide and PGE2 through inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2(COX-2) in RAW 264. 7 cells

In this study, the anti-inflammatory effects of Chrysanthemum zawadskii var. latilobum were evaluated on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated RAW 264.7 macrophages. C. latilobum ethanolic extracts were fractionated sequentially with n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol. C. latilobum extracts significantly decreased LPS-induced nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production in a concentration-dependent manner. In particular, n-hexane soluble fractionates from 95% ethanol of C. latilobum (CLNH, at a concentration of over 20 μg/mL, P < 0.001) strongly inhibited NO and PGE2 synthesis. Consistent with these findings, CLNH reduced the LPS-induced expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) gene expression. iNOS and COX-2 mRNA expression in LPS-treated RAW cells was tested by using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). These results suggest that C. latilobum may have a strong inhibitory effect against iNOS and COX-2 gene expression and may be useful for reducing the production of inflammatory mediators in chronic diseases and oxidative stress.

Volatiles of Chrysanthemum zawadskii var. latilobum K.

The volatile aroma constituents of Chrysanthemum zawadskii var. latilobum K. were separated by hydro distillation extraction (HDE) method using a Clevenger-type apparatus, and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The yield of C. zawadskii var. latilobum K. flower essential oil (FEO) was 0.12% (w/w) and the color was light green. Fifty-five volatile chemical components, which make up 88.38% of the total aroma composition, were tentatively characterized. C. zawadskii var. latilobum K. FEOs contained 27 hydrocarbons, 12 alcohols, 7 ketones, 4 esters, 1 aldehyde, 1 amine, and 3 miscellaneous components. The major functional groups were terpene alcohol and ketone. Borneol (12.96), (±)-7-epi-amiteol (12.60), and camphor (10.54%) were the predominant volatiles. These compounds can be used in food and pharmaceutical industries due to their active bio-functional properties.

도시농업 활성화를 위한 토양조건별 초본식물의 생육특성

This study is carried out to find the most optimal soil-plant combination in the urban agriculture by analyzing the association of soil base material which is being used in the urban agriculture with the growth of plants. 4 types of easily purchased soil (bed soil(A), animal vermicast soil(B), earth worm soil(C) and matured compost(D)) verified in aspects of effect and safety of soil in terms of growth of crop is selected as experimental soil and B, C, D type soils are mixed with granite soil at the ratio of 7 : 3. And granite soil(E) is set as a controlled soil and is compared to verify the effect of the experimental mixed soil. Herbaceous plants are classified into the fruit vegetables (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. and Capsicum annuum L.), leafy vegetables (Brassica campestris L. ssp. Pekinensis and Lactuca sativa L.), medicinal vegetables (Chrysanthemum zawadskii var. latilobum and Liriope platyphylla F. T. Wang & T. Tang). The results of comparison of growth of herbaceous plants in different soil types showed that fruit vegetables and leafy vegetables in general had excellent growth in D type soil mixture and A type soil in general and had the poorest growth in E type (controlled) soil. 'Chrysanthemum zawadskii var. latilobum' had the excellent growth in D type, B type, C type mixed soil and A type soil and E type (controlled) soil are followed in order. In the case of 'Liriope platyphylla F. T. Wang & T. Tang', the difference in growth by each soil was shown to be insignificant. Therefore, the soil applied in the urban agriculture varies depending on each species of herbaceous plants, but it is considered effective to cultivate herbaceous plant which is economical and productive by using D type mixed soil which can be recycled and inexpensive compared with other experimental soils in the urban agriculture.

Isolation and identification of flavonoids from Gujeolcho (Chrysanthemum zawadskii var. latilobum) as inhibitor of histamine release

In an ongoing search of compounds from natural sources that exhibit anti-allergic properties, 3 flavonoids were isolated from the ethyl acetatefraction of methanol extracts of gujeolcho (Chrysanthemum zawadskii var. latilobum), with guided histamine release inhibitory effects. The isolated compounds were identified as eriodictyol-7-O-β-d-glucuronide, 5,7-dihydroxy-4-chromene, and 6-methoxyluteolin based on spectroscopic evidences including NMR and MS spectra. These results suggest that gujeolcho extracts and 3 compounds would be candidates as therapeutic or preventive agents for allergic reaction.

Anti-inflammatory activity of Chrysanthemum zawadskii var. latilobum leaf extract through haem oxygenase-1 induction

Chrysanthemum zawadskii var. latilobum (CZ) has been widely used as a tea in Korea. In this study, we investigated the involvement of anti-inflammatory haem oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in the inhibitory activity of a CZ leaf extracts on nitric oxide (NO) production and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. At the highest concentration of CZ leaf extract (50μg/mL), NO production was 10% of that in LPS-stimulated macrophages, whereas iNOS protein expression was 5% of that in LPS-stimulated macrophages. CZ leaf extract also inhibited iNOS mRNA expression in a concentration-dependant manner, and at 50μg/mL, iNOS mRNA expression was approximately 15% of that in LPS-stimulated cells. The CZ leaf extract induced HO-1 expression in a dose-dependent manner, and blocking HO-1 activity abolished the anti-inflammatory effect of CZ leaf extract. These results suggest that CZ leaf extract has a potent anti-inflammatory activity in RAW264.7 cells through the induction of HO-1.

Sclerotium rolfsii에 의한 구절초 흰비단병의 발생 및 특징

The stem rot of Chrysanthemum zawadskii var. latilobum occurred in the landscape field of Sanggwan-myeon, Wanju-gun, Jeonbuk, Korea in September 2009. The typical symptoms of the disease were water-soaking and dark brown rot on the stem, wilting and blighting. Most infected plants died of the disease. White mycelial mats were spread over lesions and brown sclerotia were formed on stems and near soil surface. The sclerotia were spherical or irregular, 0.8-3.5 (mean 1.8) mm in size on potato dextrose agar, brown in color. The optimal temperature range of hyphal growth was and the hyphal diameter was 4-9 . Clamp connections were observed in the hyphae of the fungus grown on potato dextrose agar. Pathogenicity of the casual organism was provided on C. zawadskii according to Koch`s postulate. The fungus was identified as Sclerotium rolfsii on the basis of mycologiclal characteristics and pathogenicity test to host plants. This is the first report on the stem rot of C. zawadskii caused by S. rolfsii in Korea.

빗물활용 옥상녹화 식재지반에 따른 한라구절초의 생육 변화

본 연구는 빗물 활용 옥상녹화에서 식재기반 차이에 따른 한라구절초의 생육 변화를 살펴보고, 적합한 토심과 토양배합비를 제시함으로써 옥상조경 식물소재로 활용성을 높이고자 한다. 토심(15cm, 25cm)과 토양배합비(SL, <TEX>$P_7P_1L_2$</TEX>, <TEX>$P_6P_2L_2$</TEX>, <TEX>$P_5P_3L_2$</TEX>, <TEX>$P_4P_4L_2$</TEX>)를 각각 다르게 실험구를 조성하였으며, 내건성과 관상가치가 뛰어난 한라구절초를 식재한 후 초장, 녹피율, 엽록소 함량, 생체중과 건조중, T/R율 등을 측정하였다. 토심 15cm처리구에서 토양배합비에 따른 한라구절초의 초장의 경우 통계적 유의성은 발견되지 않으나, 전반적으로 PPL배합토인 <TEX>$P_7P_1L_2$</TEX>, <TEX>$P_6P_2L_2$</TEX>, <TEX>$P_5P_3L_2$</TEX>, <TEX>$P_4P_4L_2$</TEX>가 사양토인 SL보다 높았다. 토심 25cm처리구의 경우, SL < <TEX>$P_7P_1L_2$</TEX>, <TEX>$P_6P_2L_2$</TEX>, <TEX>$P_5P_3L_2$</TEX> < <TEX>$P_4P_4L_2$</TEX> 순으로 초장이 길었다. 녹피율의 경우 토심 15cm처리구에서는 초장과 같이 토양배합비에 의한 차이는 뚜렷하지 않았으나, 수치적으로는 SL처리구에서 가장 낮았다. 토심 25cm처리구의 전체적으로 86~89%의 높은 피복률을 나타냈다. 엽록소 함량은 토심 15cm처리구에서 SL이 가장 높게, <TEX>$P_5P_3L_2$</TEX>이 가장 낮았으며, 토심 25cm처리구에서는 <TEX>$P_4P_4L_2$</TEX>과 SL에서 가장 높은 값을, <TEX>$P_7P_1L_2$</TEX>에서 가장 낮은 값을 보였다. 생체중과 건물중의 경우 배합비보다는 토심에 따른 차이가 더 뚜렷하여 토심 25cm처리구가 15cm처리구보다 높았다. 따라서 빗물활용 옥상녹화 식재지반에 있어 한라구절초의 생육은 토심 25cm가 토심 15cm보다, PPL배합토, 특히, 피트모스함량이 높은 <TEX>$P_4P_4L_2$</TEX>이 사양토보다 더 적합한 생육환경을 제공해 주는 것으로 분석되었다. This study aims to suggest a suitable soil thickness and soil mixture ratio of a green roof system by verifying the growth of Chrysanthemum zawadskii var. coreanum as affected by different green roof systems using rainwater. The experimental planting grounds were made with different soil thicknesses(15cm, 25cm) and soil mixing ratios (SL, <TEX>$P_7P_1L_2$</TEX>, <TEX>$P_6P_2L_2$</TEX>, <TEX>$P_5P_3L_2$</TEX>, <TEX>$P_4P_4L_2$</TEX>) and with excellent drought tolerance. Ornamental value Chrysanthemum zawadskii var. coreanum was planted. The change in plant height, green coverage ratio, chlorophyll content, fresh weight, dry weight, and dry T/R ratio of Chrysanthemum zawadskii var. coreanum were investigated from April to October 2009. For 15cm soil thickness, the plant height of Chrysanthemum zawadskii var. coreanum was not significantly different as affected by the soil mixing ratio. However, it was found to be higher in the amended soil mixture, <TEX>$P_7P_1L_2$</TEX>, <TEX>$P_6P_2L_2$</TEX>, <TEX>$P_5P_3L_2$</TEX> and <TEX>$P_4P_4L_2$</TEX> than in the sandy loam soil, as it was SL overall. For 25cm soil the plant height differences were in order to SL < <TEX>$P_7P_1L_2$</TEX>, <TEX>$P_6P_2L_2$</TEX>, <TEX>$P_5P_3L_2$</TEX> < <TEX>$P_4P_4L_2$</TEX>. The green coverage ratio was observed not to be different by soil mixing ratio with soil thickness of 15cm, but, the lowest green coverage ratio in the SL. In the 25cm soil thickness, the green coverage ratio was 86-89% with a good coverage rate overall. The change in chlorophyll contents with 15cm soil thickness was found to be the highest in the SL treatment and the lowest in the <TEX>$P_5P_3L_2$</TEX> treatment. For 25cm thickness, the highest value was in the <TEX>$P_4P_4L_2$</TEX> and SL, and the lowest in the<TEX>$P_7P_1L_2$</TEX>. Fresh weight and dry weight were larger in soil with 25cm thickness. Therefore, the growth of Chrysanthemum zawadskii var. coreanum as affected by a different green roof system for using rainwater was higher in soil with 25cm thickness than 15cm, and in PPL amended soil than in sandy loam.