Chrysanthemum Balsamita Research Articles

Allelopathic Effects of Essential Oils on Seed Germination of Barley and Wheat.

In this study, we evaluated the allelopathic effects of essential oils (EOs) from six different plant species, namely, lavender (Lavandula angustifolia), hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis), English thyme (Thymus vulgaris), lovage (Levisticum officinale), costmary (Chrysanthemum balsamita), and cumin (Cuminum cyminum), on seed germination and seedling growth of barley (Hordeum vulgare) and wheat (Triticum aestivum). The main constituents of the EOs of L. angustifolia were 47.0% linalool acetate and 28.4% linalool; H. officinalis’ main constituents were 39.8% cis-pinocamphone, 9.8% trans-pinocamphone, 11.4% β-pinene, and 7.5% β-phellandrene; T. vulgaris’ were 38.2% para-cymene, 25.6% thymol, and 13.6% γ-terpinene; L. officinale’s were 64.8% α-terpinyl acetate and 14.7% β-phellandrene; C. balsamita’s were 43.7% camphor, 32.4% trans-thujone, and 11.6% camphene; C. cyminum’s were 49.6% cumin aldehyde, 10.4% para-cymene, 11.6% α-terpinen-7-al, and 9.1% β-pinene. All six EOs exhibited an allelopathic effect and suppressed the seed germination and seedling development of wheat and barley; however, the concentrations that exhibited a suppressing effect were different among the plants. C. cyminum EO completely suppressed both barley and wheat germination at 10-, 30-, and 90-µL application rates, making it the most effective treatment among the tested EOs. C. balsamita’s and H. officinalis’ EOs at 30 and 90 µL application rates completely suppressed barley and wheat radicles per seed, radicle length (mm), seedling height (mm), and germination (%). L. angustifolia’s EOs at 30- and 90-µL and T. vulgaris’ EO at 90 µL application rates also completely suppressed barley and wheat radicles per seed, radicle length (mm), seedling height (mm), and germination (%). C. balsamita’s, H. officinalis’, L. angustifolia’s, and T. vulgaris’ EOs at a 10 µL application rate reduced barley radicle length, seedling height, and % germination relative to the control. Wheat seed germination % was completely suppressed by the application of L. angustifolia’s and T. vulgaris’ EOs at 30 and 90 µL, while T. vulgaris’ EO at 10 µL rate reduced the germination relative to the control. Interestingly, C. balsamita and H. officinalis at 10 µL did not reduce wheat germination; however, they did reduce the number of radicles per seed, radicle length (mm), seedling height (mm), germination (%), and vigor index. Furthermore, L. officinale’s EO reduced the measured indices (radicles per seed, radicle length, seedling height, and vigor index) at the 10, 30, and 90 µL application rates relative to the non-treated control; however, none of the application rates of L. officinale’s EO had a suppression effect on wheat germination. This study demonstrated the allelopathic effects of the EOs of six different herbal plant species on seed germination of barley and winter wheat. The results can be utilized in the development of commercial products for controlling pre-harvest sprouting of wheat and barley. Further research is needed to verify the results under field conditions.

Effect of Plant Essential Oils against Rophalosiphum padi on Wheat and Barley

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of six EOs against Rhopalosiphum padi L. (Homoptera: Aphididae). This aphid is one of the most important cereal pests worldwide. EOs used in this study were from cumin ( Cuminum cyminum L.; Apiaceae), hyssop ( Hyssopus officinalis L.; Lamiaceae), costmary ( Tanacetum balsamita L. syn. Chrysanthemum balsamita L. Baill; Asteraceae), lovage ( Levisticum officinale W.D.J. Koch; Apiaceae), lavander ( Lavandula angustifolia Mill; Lamiaceae) and thyme ( Thymus vulgaris L.; Lamiaceae). Cultivar ORCF-10, a soft white winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) cultivar and barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.) cv. ‘Alba’ were selected for the bioassays. Each EO was diluted with acetone (w/v) at different concentrations ranging from 0.1 % to 1.0 %. Number of R. padi landing on treated or untreated leaves was counted 24 h after the initial aphid transfer. In general, the repellency effect increased as the concentration of EOs increased regardless of treatments with the exception of lovage. Regardless of the substrate and treatment, lower numbers of aphids were observed on treated leaves at higher concentrations compared to the untreated control stressing the repellency effect. This study demonstrated that the EOs of cumin, hyssop, costmary, lavender, and thyme may have potential for aphids control.

Influence of phytochemical profile on antibacterial activity of different medicinal plants against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria

Nettle (Urtica dioica), basil (Ocimum basilicum), thyme (Thymus serphyllium), costmary (Chrysanthemum balsamita) and yarrow (Achillea millefolium) are used worldwide as aromatic herbs and medicinal plants. The alcoholic macerates of these plants were prepared and their chemical composition was investigated by spectrophotometric methods and HPLC chromatography with photodiode array detection. Alcoholic extracts were tested also in vitro against 5 pathogenic bacterial strains: 2 Gram-positive (Staphyloccocus aureus and Bacillus cereus) and 3 Gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella typhimurium). Minimum inhibitory concentrations for the extracts against all the microorganisms were determined by serial dilutions method. All the extracts demonstrated antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria and partially against Gram-negative bacteria. In addition, nettle extract possessed the highest polyphenolic and flavonoid content. The results obtained indicated that these plants represent a potential source of natural antibacterial substances and can be used for the production of natural antibacterial formulations.

Growth Characters, Essential Oil Content and Terpene Composition of Costmary (Chrysanthemum balsamita L.) as Influenced by Zinc Nutrition and Different Moisture Regimes

To investigate the effects of zinc nutritional treatments (1 and 2 mg kg-1 in soil application and 1 and 3 g L-1 in foliar application) and moisture regimes (2, 4 and 8 days irrigation intervals) on growth parameters and essential oil of costmary (Chrysanthemum balsamita L.), a pot experiment was conducted. Growth characteristics were significantly decreased as irrigation intervals were increased. Moreover, essential oil content and yield were significantly increased and reduced under water deficit, respectively. Zinc had an additive effect on growth parameters, essential oil content and yield. Oxygenated monoterpenes (especially carvone) were appointed as the most principle class of essential oil constituents. Regardless of zinc nutrition, the highest and the lowest carvone content were observed in 4 and 8 irrigation intervals, respectively. Zinc had also, additive effect on carvone content. The results showed that the effects of zinc and moisture regimes on oil composition appear to be variable.

Contribution à l’étude clinique des taxons chimiques de l’espèce Chrysanthemum balsamita L.

This article presents a clinical study of two dermatopharmaceutical products (massage lotion and massage cream) obtained on the basis of biologically active substances of the Chrysanthemum balsamita L. species who has at least two infraspecific taxa well morphologically and chemically caracterized: Chrysanthemum balsamita var. balsamita (chemovar camphora) Chrysanthemum balsamita var. tanacetoides (chemovar carvone). We marked out an important biological activity of the two essential oils (obtained from the two varieriety of Ch. balsamita) by a strong antibacterial and antifungal activity.The pharmacodynamic study (realized on the massage lotion and massage cream) demonstrated the anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anti-congestive and stimulative action for the peripheral nervous and circulatory systems and also a tonic and myorelaxing activity.The two dermatopharmaceutical products (massage lotion and cream) have been clinically tested, with very good results, in sports medicines clinics, rheumatology and orthopedic clinics.

Effect of Zinc Application on Growth and Some Biochemical Characteristics of Costmary (Chrysanthemum balsamita L.)

A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of different zinc (Zn) application methods (soil and foliar application) and concentrations (1 and 2 mg kg−1 in soil application and 1 and 3 g L−1 in foliar application) on the growth, some biochemical characteristics, and nutrient concentrations of costmary (Chrysanthemum balsamita L.). Growth parameters were increased by zinc application regardless of its concentration and application method. Protein and total phenol content, antioxidant capacity, and chlorophyll index were increased by zinc supply. In contrast, proline and soluble sugars content showed a decreasing pattern with zinc application. Zinc application, either through soil or foliar application, increased the zinc content of shoots. Manganese uptake potential of plants was increased by foliar zinc application method but not by soil application of zinc. Zinc application had no significant effect on potassium content of plants.

Effect of Plant Hormones and Distillation Water on Mints

Steam distillation of essential oil crops produces residual distillation wastewater that is released into the environment. This study evaluated the effects of three plant hormones [methyl jasmonate (MJ); gibberellic acid (GA3); and salicylic acid (SA)] at three concentrations and the residual distillation water from 15 plant species applied as foliar spray on biomass yields, essential oil content, and essential oil yield of Mentha ×piperita ‘Black Mitcham’ and Mentha spicata ‘Native’. Overall, the application of SA at 1000 mg·L−1 increased biomass yields of both species. More treatments influenced essential oil content in ‘Black Mitcham’ peppermint than in ‘Native’ spearmint. Application of MJ at 100 and 1000 mg·L−1, GA3 at 10 mg·L−1, SA at 10 or 100 mg·L−1, and distillation water of Achillea millefolium, Ammi majus, Artemisia absinthium, Cymbopogon flexuosus, Cymbopogon martinii, Chrysanthemum balsamita, and Hypericum perforatum increased the essential oil content of peppermint, whereas the oil content of spearmint was increased only by application of Monarda fistulosa distillation water. Application of MJ at 100 mg·L−1, SA at 100 mg·L−1, and A. absinthium, C. flexuosus, and C. balsamita distillation waters increased essential oil yields of peppermint, whereas the application of SA at 1000 mg·L−1 and distillation water of A. absinthium, Lavandula vera, and M. fistulosa increased oil yields of spearmint. This study demonstrated that the residual distillation water of some aromatic plant species may be used as a tool for increasing essential oil content or essential oil yields of peppermint and spearmint crops.

Isolation, identification and activity of natural antioxidants from costmary (Chrysanthemum balsamita) cultivated in Lithuania

Abstract The sweet, minty-lemony leaves of costmary ( Chrysanthemum balsamita ) are used for salads and tea, and as flavourings in meats, sausages, cakes and ale. In this study, the extracts isolated from costmary aerial parts were investigated as antioxidants in rapeseed oil and as free radical-scavengers in DPPH and ABTS + assays. It was found that costmary extracts and their fractions were weak antioxidants in rapeseed oil; however, some fractions were active in scavenging synthetic free radicals. Crude methanol–water extract, its tert -butyl methyl ether and butanol fractions were the most effective in DPPH assay by scavenging 87.0%, 86.9% and 86.4% of radicals present in the reaction, respectively. Several active compounds were detected in these fractions, using HPLC with on-line radical-scavenging detection. After multi-step fractionation of these fractions, four radical-scavenging constituents were isolated and their properties were assessed by DPPH (antiradical power, ARP, calculated as an inverse value of the effective concentration, 1/EC 50 ) and ABTS + (Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity, TEAC 6min ) free radical-scavenging assays. The following structures were elucidated by NMR and MS: 5- O -caffeoylquinic acid (ARP = 3.85; TEAC 6min = 0.60), 3,5- O -dicaffeoylquinic acid (ARP = 6.25; TEAC 6min = 1.16), 5,7,4′-trihydroxy-3′,8-dimethoxyflavone (ARP = 0.03) and 5,7,3′,4′-tetrahydroxy-3,8-dimethoxyflavonol (ARP = 3.79; TEAC 6min = 1.50).

Flowerhead volatile oil composition of soilless culture-grown Chrysanthemum balsamita L.

Hydrodistilled flowerhead volatile oil composition of soilless culture-grown Chrysanthemum balsamita L. was studied for its components by GC/MS. Thirty-one constituents were quantified, comprising 94.08% of the oil. Oxygenated monoterpenes (78%) and sesquiterpenes (sesquiterpene hydrocarbons and oxygenated sesquiterpenes) (14.88%) were the major classes of identified components occurring in higher proportions. The predominant constituents of the volatile oil were carvone (52.01%), α-thujone (11.04%), (E)-β-farnesene (3.91%), limonene (2.7%) and δ-cadinol (2.18%). Five sesquiterpenoidal components, namely γ-gurjunene (1.74%), (Z, E)-farnesol (1.16%), δ-cadinene (1.14%), α-cedrene (1.11%) and β-copaene-4-α-ol (0.44%) were identified for the first time from the volatile oil of costmary. Considering volatile oil components, the chemical profile of flowerhead volatile oil of soilless culture-grown C. balsamita L. was comparable with previously reported wild- and field- grown plants of C. balsamita L.

Total content of phenols and anthocyanins in leaves and flowers of some medicinal plants from Bosnia

AIM: The aim of this study was to determine the total content of phenols and anthocyanins in some medicinal plants. METHODS: Total phenols were estimated by a spectrophotometric method, and anthocyanins were measured using pH differential spectrophotometry. RESULTS: The total phenol content in rose was 106.0mg/g. In the leaves of medicinal plants the total phenol content (in mg/g) was as follows: palmarosa (Pelargonium condensatum) 66.7, yew (Taxus baccata) 31.6, lovage (Levisticum officinalis) 19.0, lemon balm (Melissa officinalis) 17.8, peppermint (Mentha piperita) 15.4, garlic (Allium sativum) 15.4, onion (Allium cepa) 14.6, wild garlic (Allium ursinum) 13.3. The total phenol content in a mixture of the leaves and flowers (in mg/g) of some medicinal plants was: yarrow (Achillea millefolium) 46.0, costmary (Chrysanthemum balsamita) 43.0, tansy (Tanacetum vulgare) 13.1. The total anthocyanin content in flowers of some medicinal plants (in mg/g) was: hippeastrum (Amaryllis) 1.04, green-winged orchid (Orchis morio) 0.95, rose (Rosa damascena) 0.047, yew 0,016. CONCLUSION: The highest content of total phenols was found in rose flowers. Also, in the leaves of Palmarosa the highest content of total phenols was found, and the lowest content of total phenols in wild garlic. The highest content of total phenols in a mixture of leaves and flowers was found in yarrow, and the lowest in tansy. The highest content of total anthocyanins was found in flowers of hippeastrum, and the lowest in yew.

Essential Oil Composition of Hydroponically Grown Chrysanthemum balsamita L

Essential oil composition of Chrysanthemum balsamita L., Asteraceae, was evaluated in response to hydroponic production system. Hydrodistilled essential oil of air dried aerial parts has been studied for their constituents by GC-MS. Twenty two components were identified representing 94.52 % of the oil. Oxygenated monoterpens (79.03 %) and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (13.59 %) were the major class of identified compounds occurring in higher proportions. The main components of the essential oil were carvone (42.53 %), α-thujone (21.3%) and β-bisabolene (10.56 %). Trans-p-mentha-2,8-dienol (3.0 %), β-thujone (2.21 %) and β-cubebene (2.21 %) were also present in significant amount. According to the volatile oil profile, hydroponic production system was comparable with previously reported field grown plants.

The hepatoprotective action of ten herbal extracts in CCl4 intoxicated liver

The effect of ten phytotherapeutic products on CCl(4) intoxicated liver in albino male Wistar rats was investigated. Biochemical parameters, including serum transaminase activity (GPT and GOT), histoenzymological measurements (lactate dehydrogenase, LDH; succinate dehydrogenase, SDH, cytochromoxidase, CyOx; Mg(2+)-dependent adenosine triphosphatase, ATP-ase) and histochemical (Sudan black) and histological examinations (haematoxylin-eosin staining) of the liver were investigated. Some positive effects such as the reduction of hepatocytolysis and steatosis, and a return to normal values of the activity of some enzymes in the following plants: Chrysanthemum balsamita, Echinacea pallida, Calendula officinalis and Corylus avelana were obtained.

Composition of essential oil of costmary [Balsamita major (L.) Desf. ] at different growth phases.

The essential oils from leaves and flowers of costmary, Balsamita major (L.) Desf. (syn. Chrysanthemum balsamita L.), were analyzed at various phases of plant growth. The highest contents of oil both in leaves and in flowers were determined before full blooming, 1.15 and 1.34% (w/w), respectively. Seventy-eight volatile compounds have been identified in the oils of Balsamita major, of which 58 (19 tentatively, 39 positively) have not been reported in this plant previously. Carvone and alpha-thujone were found to be dominating compounds constituting from 51.8 to 68.0% and from 9.0 to 16.1% in the total oil, respectively. Seasonal variations in the oil compositions were not considerable except for the starting phase (May 25, 1995), when the content of carvone was lower and the content of alpha-thujone and sesquiterpenes higher. The content of sesquiterpenes was approximately 2 times higher in flowers than in the leaves. Absolute amount of most components was highest at the bud formation period.

Preliminary screening of antioxidant activity of some plant extracts in rapeseed oil

The antioxidant activity (AA) of acetone extracts of sage ( Salvia officinalis L.), sweet grass ( Hierocloë odorata Wahlnb.), sea buckthorn leaves ( Hipophaë rhamnoı̈des L.), costmary ( Balsamita major Desf., syn. Chrysanthemum balsamita L.), Roman camomile ( Anthemis nobilis L.), and tansy ( Tanacetum vulgare L.) were tested in refined, bleached and deodorised rapeseed oil at 40°C. The concentrations of the extracts added were in the range from 0.02 to 0.20% (w/w). The rate of oxidation was assessed by the measurement of peroxide value (PV) and calculation of such characteristics as induction period (IP), when PV reaches 20 meq kg −1, protection factor (PF), which is the ratio of IP of the sample with additive with IP of the sample without additive, and AA (the ratio of IP increase of the sample with extract with the IP increase of the sample with butylated hydroxytoluene). Sage and sweet grass extracts were found to be most effective in stabilising rapeseed oil, followed by tansy, Roman camomile, costmary and sea buckthorn in a decreasing order. The IP of rapeseed oil increased with extract concentration. AA's of the extracts added at different concentrations were the following: sage, sweet grass (0.05, 0.1 and 0.2%) and tansy (0.2%) — very high, (PF>3); tansy and Roman camomile (0.1%) — medium (PF=2–2.5), tansy (0.05%), Roman camomile (0.02 and 0.05%) and sea buckthorn (0.1 and 0.2%) — low (PF=1.5–2.0), tansy (0.02%) — very low (PF=1.0–1.5). The extracts of sea buckthorn (0.02 and 0.05%) slightly increased the formation of peroxides in rapeseed oil as compared with pure oil.

Über die ätherischen Öle von Chrysanthemum balsamita L. / On the Essential Oils from Chrysanthemum balsamita

Abstract The production of essential oil in Chrysanthemum balsamita L. reveals a seasonal dependence. – We conclude that, in blossoms, a dominant influence due to the ontogenetic development of head flowers regulates the production of essential oil. – Freshly harvested head blossoms produced 5 times the amount of oil when compared to fully developed head flowers. Dried leaves contain 5 to 7 times the amount of oil compared to fresh leaves. The composition of the oil from leaves changes more distinctly during the season than the oil from head flowers. Main components of the oil from flowers and leaves are carvon and thujon. During spring and fall, the percentage of sesquiterpenoid hydrocarbons is increased mainly in the oil from leaves. The component β-cubeben can no longer be detected in dried leaves.

Pflanzliche Insektizide II [1]. Das ätherische Öl aus Blättern des Balsamkrautes, Chrysanthemum balsamita L. .Insektizide Wirkung und Zusammensetzung / Herbal Insecticides II [1]. The Essential Oil from Leaves of Chrysanthemum balsamita L.. Insecticidal Activity and Composition

The essential oil from leaves of Chrysanthemum balsamita L. was analyzed by GC and GCMS techniques. About 30 components have been identified. The oil revealed insecticidal properties against aphids. Very little phytotoxicity was observed. The insecticidal activity could not be attributed to one of the single main substituents of the oil.

Terpene biosynthesis. 3. Biosynthesis of (+)- and (-)-camphor in Artemisia, Salvia, and Chrysanthemum species.

(+)-Camphor biosynthesised from [2-14C]mevalonic acid by Artemisia californica or Salvia leucophylla L., and (–)-camphor similarly formed by Chrysanthemum balsamita L., contained 73–83% of the incorporated tracer at C-6 atom. The balance was fairly evenly distributed amongst the other carbon atoms. Isopentenyl pyrophosphate was thus the predominant radioactive precursor and, as was found for thujane derivatives produced by related species, that part of the skeleton derived from 3,3-dimethylallyl pyrophosphate was not equivalently labelled.

A Pharmacognostic Study of Chrysanthemum Balsamita L., var. Tanacetoides Boiss., Together with a study of its Volatile Oil

A Pharmacognostic Study of Chrysanthemum Balsamita L., var. Tanacetoides Boiss., Together with a study of its Volatile Oil