Chronological Order Of Appearance Research Articles

Hemorrhagic Shock: Blood Marker Sequencing and Pulmonary Gas Exchange

The early identification of internal hemorrhage in critically ill patients may be difficult. Besides circulatory parameters, hemoglobin and lactate concentration, metabolic acidosis and hyperglycemia serve as laboratory markers for bleeding. In this experiment, we examined pulmonary gas exchange in a porcine model of hemorrhagic shock. Moreover, we sought to investigate if a chronological order of appearance regarding hemoglobin, lactatemia, standard base excess/deficit (SBED) and hyperglycemia exists in early severe hemorrhage. In this prospective, laboratory study, twelve anesthetized pigs were randomly allocated to exsanguination or a control group. Animals in the exsanguination group (n = 6) endured a 65% blood loss over 20 min. No intravenous fluids were administered. Measurements were taken before, immediately after, and at 60 min after the completed exsanguination. Measurements included pulmonary and systemic hemodynamic variables, hemoglobin concentration, lactate, base excess (SBED), glucose concentration, arterial blood gases, and a multiple inert gas assessment of pulmonary function. At baseline, variables were comparable. Immediately after exsanguination, lactate and blood glucose were increased (p = 0.001). The arterial partial pressure of oxygen was increased at 60 min after exsanguination (p = 0.04) owing to a decrease in intrapulmonary right-to-left shunt and less ventilation-perfusion inequality. SBED was different to the control only at 60 min post bleeding (p < 0.001). Hemoglobin concentration did not change at any time (p = 0.97 and p = 0.14). In experimental shock, markers of blood loss became positive in chronological order: lactate and blood glucose concentrations were raised immediately after blood loss, while changes in SBED lagged behind and became significant one hour later. Pulmonary gas exchange is improved in shock.

Homeopathic pathogenetic trial of Plumbum metallicum: the complete 2000 trial with a synthesis of the original 1828 trial

Background: in a previous paper we reported the statistical analysis and other distribution data of a homeopathic pathogenetic trial (HPT) of Plumbum metallicum 30cH carried out by our group. However, at that time we did not report the resulting pure materia medica, i.e., the totality of symptoms elicited by the tested medicine on healthy volunteers. Aim: to communicate to the homeopathic community the full record of symptoms collected in our HPT of Plb. Methods: methods to collect and select symptoms have been reported in the previous paper. In synthesis were excluded all previous common symptoms of volunteers, even with slight differences, and selected only those that were really unknown, never seen, unusual or very strange for the prover. In this paper special emphasis was given to new symptoms as well as unusual or repeated dreams, while in the previous paper special emphasis was given to repeated and crossed symptoms. Results: symptoms are reported in their chronological order of appearance in each volunteer. 37 new symptoms were found, useful to update Homeopathic Repertories. It is also included a synthesis of the original HPT of Plb carried out in 1828 in order to make available the full experimental materia medica currently existing. Conclusions: the new HPT, besides widening the pathogenetic picture of Plb (skin and mucosae symptoms), also allowed us to give new and deeper meanings to some of the symptoms reported in the original trial, such as Anxiety, Activity, Depression, Slowness, Gastro-oesophageal problems, Colitis. The dreams complete the remedy image, mainly in work, religion and sexual themes. Up to the present time there is no peer-reviewed publication devoted to HPTs. For this reason, researchers are compelled to publish HPTs as private editions. This results in poor control of the quality of publications and a lack of standards on how to present the results of HPTs.

Association between headache and tinnitus among medical students.

Headache is a very common complaint and it is increasingly prevalent among university students. Tinnitus consists of subjectively perceived sounds that occur in the absence of an external auditory signal. Presence of headache and tinnitus in association has implications for therapy and prognosis, because this describes the temporality of the symptoms. Recognition of the epidemiological profile of symptomatic students might contribute to interventions. To investigate the prevalence of the association between headache and tinnitus, and to describe the epidemiological profile of the study population and the chronological order of appearance of these symptoms. Cross-sectional, observational and analytical study on a sample representative of an academic center. Data referring to the epidemiological and clinical profile of headache and tinnitus among medical students were collected through an online questionnaire built using the Google Forms tool. Out of the 234 participants, 26.1% reported having tinnitus and headache (p < 0.001). The participants with headache were more likely to be women (p = 0.045), white (p = 0.009) and 21-25 years old (p = 0.356). Among right-sided, left-sided and non-unilateral headaches, tinnitus was present predominantly in the non-unilateral type, but without statistical significance. Regarding timing, 18.0% of the students said that tinnitus started before headache, 57.4% said that headache started before tinnitus and 24.6% said that they started simultaneously. An important association between headache and tinnitus regarding lateralization and temporality was demonstrated. Thus, these data match the presumption that headache and tinnitus have a physiopathological connection.

Identifying and Ranking Common COVID-19 Symptoms From Tweets in Arabic: Content Analysis.

BackgroundA substantial amount of COVID-19–related data is generated by Twitter users every day. Self-reports of COVID-19 symptoms on Twitter can reveal a great deal about the disease and its prevalence in the community. In particular, self-reports can be used as a valuable resource to learn more about common symptoms and whether their order of appearance differs among different groups in the community. These data may be used to develop a COVID-19 risk assessment system that is tailored toward a specific group of people.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to identify the most common symptoms reported by patients with COVID-19, as well as the order of symptom appearance, by examining tweets in Arabic.MethodsWe searched Twitter posts in Arabic for personal reports of COVID-19 symptoms from March 1 to May 27, 2020. We identified 463 Arabic users who had tweeted about testing positive for COVID-19 and extracted the symptoms they associated with the disease. Furthermore, we asked them directly via personal messaging to rank the appearance of the first 3 symptoms they had experienced immediately before (or after) their COVID-19 diagnosis. Finally, we tracked their Twitter timeline to identify additional symptoms that were mentioned within ±5 days from the day of the first tweet on their COVID-19 diagnosis. In total, 270 COVID-19 self-reports were collected, and symptoms were (at least partially) ranked.ResultsThe collected self-reports contained 893 symptoms from 201 (74%) male and 69 (26%) female Twitter users. The majority (n=270, 82%) of the tracked users were living in Saudi Arabia (n=125, 46%) and Kuwait (n=98, 36%). Furthermore, 13% (n=36) of the collected reports were from asymptomatic individuals. Of the 234 users with symptoms, 66% (n=180) provided a chronological order of appearance for at least 3 symptoms. Fever (n=139, 59%), headache (n=101, 43%), and anosmia (n=91, 39%) were the top 3 symptoms mentioned in the self-reports. Additionally, 28% (n=65) reported that their COVID-19 experience started with a fever, 15% (n=34) with a headache, and 12% (n=28) with anosmia. Of the 110 symptomatic cases from Saudi Arabia, the most common 3 symptoms were fever (n=65, 59%), anosmia (n=46, 42%), and headache (n=42, 38%).ConclusionsThis study identified the most common symptoms of COVID-19 from tweets in Arabic. These symptoms can be further analyzed in clinical settings and may be incorporated into a real-time COVID-19 risk estimator.

Power System Security Assessment and Enhancement: A Bibliographical Survey

Power system security assessment and enhancement are two major crucial issues in a large interconnected power system. System security can be classified on the basis of major functions that are carried out in control centers, namely system monitoring, contingency analysis and security enhancement. The key element involved in security assessment is contingency analysis. In real-time, all contingencies may not cause same severity level. To eliminate non-violation cases and select only critical cases, called contingency analysis, the idea of severity/performance indices seems to fulfill this need. Security enhancement incorporates security constrained optimal power flow (SCOPF) which ensures that system is operating at normal state by taking preventive and corrective control actions so that no contingencies result in violations. SCOPF recommends controller actions to optimize specific objective function such as fuel cost, power losses, emission that subject to a set of power system operating constraints. This paper presents a literature review on two topics which are reviewed in chronological order of appearance; security assessment and enhancement. We explore both traditional and soft computing techniques for assessing system security and enhancement of the power system and also identify key areas for future research.

A Survey of Real-Time Optimal Power Flow

There has been a strong increase of penetration of renewable energies into power systems. However, the renewables pose new challenges for the operation of the networks. Particularly, wind power is intermittently fluctuating, and, therefore, the network operator has to fast update the operations correspondingly. This task should be performed by an online optimization. Therefore, real-time optimal power flow (RT-OPF) has become an attractive topic in recent years. This paper presents an overview of recent studies on RT-OPF under wind energy penetration, offering a critical review of the major advancements in RT-OPF. It describes the challenges in the realization of the RT-OPF and presents available approaches to address these challenges. The paper focuses on a number of topics which are reviewed in chronological order of appearance: offline energy management systems (EMSs) (deterministic and stochastic approaches) and real-time EMSs (constraint satisfaction-based and OPF-based methods). The particular challenges associated with the incorporation of battery storage systems in the networks are explored, and it is concluded that the current research on RT-OPF is not sufficient, and new solution approaches are needed.

Uncovering the Genomic Origins of Life.

The Origin of Life Domain (OLD) is the period during which life on Earth began. Here, we derive and use a new phylogenetic algorithm to analyze Protein Families in order to reconstruct the chronological steps by which the OLD evolved. During this period, life began with the appearance of the fundamental components of life such as RNAs, DNAs, amino acids, and membranes. Chronologically, the Origin of Life preceded the Last Universal Common Ancestor, which then subsequently engendered modern life on Earth. Our phylogenetic algorithm allows us to explicitly answer previously unknown origin of life questions. Specifically, we explain and illustrate our computational methods by reconstructing the rings describing the evolution of the RNA and DNA worlds. We phylogenetically reconstruct how the RNA and DNA worlds evolved, infer the origins and chronological order of appearance of the first genetic codes, test whether the Ribosomal RNA world preceded the Membrane world, and interpret these new findings with respect to the experimental and theoretical origin of life studies by others.

Development of the human shoulder joint during the embryonic and early fetal stages: anatomical considerations for clinical practice.

Although several studies have been published regarding the morphology and anatomical variations of the human shoulder joint, most have dealt with adult individuals. Those looking into the development of the joint have been focused on specific structures or have observed specimens in advanced gestational stages. The goal of this paper is to perform a complete analysis of the embryonic and early fetal development of the elements in the shoulder joint, and to clarify some contradictory data in the literature. In our study, serial sections of 32 human embryos (Carnegie stages 16-23) and 26 fetuses (9-13weeks) were analyzed. The chondrogenic anlagen of the humerus and the medial border of the scapula can be observed from as early as Carnegie stage 17, whereas that of the rest of the scapula appears at stage 18. The osteogenic process begins in week 10 for the humeral head and week 11 for the scapula. At stage 19 the interzone becomes apparent, which will form the glenohumeral joint. In the next stage the glenohumeral joint will begin delaminating and exhibiting a looser central band. Denser lateral bands will join the humeral head (caput humeri) and the margins of the articular surface of the scapula, thus forming the glenoid labrum, which can be fully appreciated by stage 22. In 24-mm embryos (stage 21) we can observe, for the first time, the long head of the biceps tendon (which is already inserted in the glenoid labrum by week 9), and the intertubercular sulcus, whose depth is apparent since week 12. Regarding ligamentous structures, the coracohumeral ligament is observed at the end of Carnegie stage 23, whereas the primitive glenohumeral ligament already appeared in week 10. The results of this study provide a detailed description of the morphogenesis, origin and chronological order of appearance of the main intrinsic structures of the human shoulder joint during late embryonic and early fetal development. We expect these results to help explain several functional aspects of the shoulder joint, and to clarify some contradictory data in the literature regarding this complex anatomical and biomechanical structure, helping future researchers in their efforts.

Normes OEPP

Normes <scp>OEPP</scp>

The integration of exemplars and prior knowledge in the extension of schematic constructions: evidence from Chinese emerge-hide construction

In the extension of schematic constructions, there is a correlation between the novel instances' degree of semantic deviance from the central members and their chronological order of appearance. Innovations in this process are not without limit. Neither of the two observations has been convincingly addressed in previous studies, which have been based on either the prototype view of categorization, which lacks informativeness, or exemplar view of categorization, which lacks cognitive economy. A categorization model that includes concrete instances and abstractions benefits from the advantages of both categorization views, while minimizing their weaknesses. This approach, when integrated with knowledge effects, sheds light on the mechanism behind the extension of schematic constructions, a process that is driven by the interaction between prior knowledge and exemplars. On the one hand, attraction to exemplars may lead to innovation. On the other hand, constructional prior knowledge regulates the innovations. That is, because of the anchoring role of constructional prior knowledge, innovation remains conservative. This is clearly evidenced by the history of the Chinese emerge-hide (EH) construction, which is traced back to before the 6th century BC.

Normes OEPP EPPO Standards

Normes OEPP EPPO Standards

Quaternionic representation of the genetic code

A heuristic diagram of the evolution of the standard genetic code is presented. It incorporates, in a way that resembles the energy levels of an atom, the physical notion of broken symmetry and it is consistent with original ideas by Crick on the origin and evolution of the code as well as with the chronological order of appearance of the amino acids along the evolution as inferred from work that mixtures known experimental results with theoretical speculations. Suggested by the diagram we propose a Hamilton quaternions based mathematical representation of the code as it stands now-a-days. The central object in the description is a codon function that assigns to each amino acid an integer quaternion in such a way that the observed code degeneration is preserved. We emphasize the advantages of a quaternionic representation of amino acids taking as an example the folding of proteins. With this aim we propose an algorithm to go from the quaternions sequence to the protein three dimensional structure which can be compared with the corresponding experimental one stored at the Protein Data Bank. In our criterion the mathematical representation of the genetic code in terms of quaternions merits to be taken into account because it describes not only most of the known properties of the genetic code but also opens new perspectives that are mainly derived from the close relationship between quaternions and rotations.

Chronological Order of Appearance of Extraintestinal Manifestations Relative to the Time of IBD Diagnosis in the Swiss Inflammatory Bowel Disease Cohort.

Data evaluating the chronological order of appearance of extraintestinal manifestations (EIMs) relative to the time of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) diagnosis is currently lacking. We aimed to assess the type, frequency, and chronological order of appearance of EIMs in patients with IBD. Data from the Swiss Inflammatory Bowel Disease Cohort Study were analyzed. The data on 1249 patients were analyzed (49.8% female, median age: 40 [interquartile range, 30-51 yr], 735 [58.8%] with Crohn's disease, 483 [38.7%] with ulcerative colitis, and 31 [2.5%] with indeterminate colitis). A total of 366 patients presented with EIMs (29.3%). Of those, 63.4% presented with 1, 26.5% with 2, 4.9% with 3, 2.5% with 4, and 2.7% with 5 EIMs during their lifetime. Patients presented with the following diseases as first EIMs: peripheral arthritis 70.0%, aphthous stomatitis 21.6%, axial arthropathy/ankylosing spondylitis 16.4%, uveitis 13.7%, erythema nodosum 12.6%, primary sclerosing cholangitis 6.6%, pyoderma gangrenosum 4.9%, and psoriasis 2.7%. In 25.8% of cases, patients presented with their first EIM before IBD was diagnosed (median time 5 mo before IBD diagnosis: range, 0-25 mo), and in 74.2% of cases, the first EIM manifested itself after IBD diagnosis (median: 92 mo; range, 29-183 mo). In one quarter of patients with IBD, EIMs appeared before the time of IBD diagnosis. Occurrence of EIMs should prompt physicians to look for potential underlying IBD.

Normes OEPP EPPO Standards

EPPO BulletinVolume 43, Issue 3 p. 393-394 Normes OEPP – Procédures phytosanitaires/EPPO Standards – Phytosanitary proceduresFree Access Normes OEPP EPPO Standards Phytosanitary procedures Procédures phytosanitaires First published: 19 November 2013 https://doi.org/10.1111/epp.12070AboutSectionsPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat PM 3/22 (2) PM 3/24 (3), PM 3/32 (2) PM 3/37 (2) Approval EPPO Standards are approved by EPPO Council. The date of approval appears in each individual standard. In the terms of Article II of the IPPC, EPPO Standards are Regional Standards for the members of EPPO. Review EPPO Standards are subject to periodic review and amendment. The next review date for this set of EPPO Standards is decided by the EPPO Working Party on Phytosanitary Regulations. Amendment record Amendments will be issued as necessary, numbered and dated. The dates of amendment appear in each individual standard (as appropriate). Distribution EPPO Standards are distributed by the EPPO Secretariat to all EPPO member governments. Copies are available to any interested person under particular conditions upon request to the EPPO Secretariat. Scope EPPO Phytosanitary Procedures are intended to be used by NPPOs, in their capacity as bodies responsible for the inspection and testing of plants and plant products moving in trade, or for the implementation of surveys against quarantine pests. References EU (2000) Council Directive 2000/29/EC of 8 May 2000 on protective measures against the introduction into the Community of organisms harmful to plants or plant products and against their spread within the community. Official Journal of the European Communities no. L169, 1– 112. EPPO/CABI (1997) Quarantine Pests for Europe, 2nd edn. CAB International, Wallingford (GB). FAO (2008) ISPM No. 31, Methodologies for Sampling of Consignments, IPPC Secretariat, FAO, Rome (IT). FAO (1997) International Plant Protection Convention (new revised text). FAO, Rome (IT). IPPC (2009) Glossary of phytosanitary terms. ISPM no. 5. In International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures, pp. 41– 63. IPPC Secretariat, FAO, Rome (IT). OEPP/EPPO (2006) EPPO Standard PM 1/2 EPPO A1 and A2 lists of pests recommended for regulation in EPPO countries. In EPPO Standards: General phytosanitary Measures EPPO, Paris (FR). Definitions These definitions are extracted from the Glossary of phytosanitary terms: Inspection: official visual examination of plants, plant products or other regulated articles to determine if pests are present and/or to determine compliance with phytosanitary regulations. Monitoring: an official ongoing process to verify phytosanitary situations. Phytosanitary procedure: any official method for implementing phytosanitary measures including the performance of inspections, tests, surveillance or treatments in connection with regulated pests. Survey: an official procedure conducted over a defined period of time to determine the characteristics of a pest population or to determine which species occur in an area. Test: official examination, other than visual, to determine if pests are present or to identify pests. Outline of requirements EPPO Standards on phytosanitary procedures describe the methods to be followed for performing inspections of commodities moving in trade, or surveys for pests. Methods to be followed for performing treatments of commodities and treatments of crops for containment or eradication of pests are included in series PM 10. EPPO Standards on phytosanitary procedures arise from the programmes of activity of the EPPO Panels on Phytosanitary Measures, on Phytosanitary Measures for Potato, and on Phytosanitary Procedures. The first 59 EPPO Standards on phytosanitary procedures were originally published in Bulletin OEPP/EPPO Bulletin, following a numbering sequence described in Bulletin OEPP/EPPO Bulletin 20, 229–233, which provides a list in approximate chronological order of appearance. Standards in the series PM 3 were edited as EPPO Standards in 1998. Versions of Standards published before 1998 in the EPPO Bulletin are not the latest versions. For these Standards please consult the EPPO website (www.eppo.int) where the most recent version of all Standards are available. The 4 Standards published in this issue have been revised (reformatted) to only maintain the elements of guidance for phytosanitary inspection, all the diagnostic content has been deleted and replaced by a reference to relevant diagnostic protocols. Volume43, Issue3December 2013Pages 393-394 ReferencesRelatedInformation

Variabilidad de la estancia media en pacientes hospitalizados en un hospital de Traumatología durante el año 2010

Objetivos: El objetivo principal del estudio es conocer la estancia media hospitalaria y su variabilidad en relación con el motivo de ingreso, en una unidad de hospitalización de un hospital monográfico de Traumatología. (Unión de Mutuas. Castellón) Metodología: Estudio transversal, descriptivo, basado en datos administrativos, cuya población estuvo formada por todos los individuos que tuvieron algún episodio de hospitalización durante el año 2010, siendo este el criterio de inclusión, por orden cronológico de aparición. Resultados: Se identificaron un total de 736 episodios asistenciales y 133 códigos CIE-9CM. La edad media fue 44 (+/-10) años. El 83,25% de los pacientes fueron varones. El código 836.0 (Desgarro de cartílago o menisco interno de la rodilla-actual) fue el diagnóstico más habitual (12,25%) y la artroscopia la técnica quirúrgica mayoritaria. “Fractura de pelvis” (CIE-9CM 808) resultó el código diagnóstico que presentó mayor estancia media con 25 (+/-9.84) estancias y mayor variabilidad de la misma, seguido de los diagnósticos “Fractura de diáfisis de tibia-cerrada”, “Fractura de diáfisis de tibia/peronéabierta”, “Contusión de múltiples sitios, ncoc” y “Fractura de tibia y peroné”. Conclusiones: Se observa poca variabilidad en la estancia media excepto en los procesos diagnosticados como fractura de pelvis y en los relacionados con fracturas de los miembros inferiores.

Homeopathic pathogenetic trial of plumbum metallicum: The complete 2000 trial with a synthesis of the original 1828 trial

Background: in a previous paper we reported the statistical analysis and other distribution data of a homeopathic pathogenetic trial (HPT) of Plumbum metallicum 30cH carried out by our group. However, at that time we did not report the resulting pure materia medica, i.e., the totality of symptoms elicited by the tested medicine on healthy volunteers. Aim: to communicate to the homeopathic community the full record of symptoms collected in our HPT of Plb. Methods: methods to collect and select symptoms have been reported in the previous paper. In synthesis were excluded all previous common symptoms of volunteers, even with slight differences, and selected only those that were really unknown, never seen, unusual or very strange for the prover. In this paper special emphasis was given to new symptoms as well as unusual or repeated dreams, while in the previous paper special emphasis was given to repeated and crossed symptoms. Results: symptoms are reported in their chronological order of appearance in each volunteer. 37 new symptoms were found, useful to update Homeopathic Repertories. It is also included a synthesis of the original HPT of Plb carried out in 1828 in order to make available the full experimental materia medica currently existing. Conclusions: the new HPT, besides widening the pathogenetic picture of Plb (skin and mucosae symptoms), also allowed us to give new and deeper meanings to some of the symptoms reported in the original trial, such as Anxiety, Activity, Depression, Slowness, Gastro-oesophageal problems, Colitis. The dreams complete the remedy image, mainly in work, religion and sexual themes. Up to the present time there is no peerreviewed publication devoted to HPTs. For this reason, researchers are compelled to publish HPTs as private editions. This results in poor control of the quality of publications and a lack of standards on how to present the results of HPTs.

The importance of defining the geographic distribution of species for conservation: The case of the Bearded Wood-Partridge

Delimitation of the distribution areas of species has fundamental implications for the understanding of biodiversity and for decision-making in conservation. This is illustrated by the case of the Bearded Wood-Partridge (Dendrortyx barbatus), which is endemic to Mexico and was classified as threatened by the IUCN. Recently the discovery of this species in new locations caused an increase in the known distribution area whereupon it was reclassified in a lower risk category. In our study, delimitation and comparison of the Bearded Wood-Partridge distribution area is carried out utilising five different methods: minimum convex polygon; areographic; cartographic; ecological niche modeling; and, “free hand”. A number of locality records are also used to demonstrate the chronological order of appearance. The results show that the size and shape of the distribution area of this species vary depending on the number of records and on their spatial and environmental location, as well as on the particular delimitation method used. However, ecological niche modeling provides the best results in terms of spatial and numerical sensitivity as well as lower values of omission and a moderate extent of predicted areas. We suggest that decisions related to species conservation (categories of risk, areas of endemism, etc.), particularly those species of high geographical restriction, should be contingent on the formalised delimitation of distribution areas based on ecological niche modeling methods.

Normes OEPP/EPPO Standards Phytosanitary procedures Procédures phytosanitaires

Normes OEPP/EPPO Standards Phytosanitary procedures Procédures phytosanitaires

Development of cerebral sulci and gyri in fetuses of cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). II. Gross observation of the medial surface

This study aimed to clarify chronological sequences of the appearances of sulci and gyri on the medial cerebral surface and its relation to the regional development of the cerebrum in cynomolgus monkeys. The lengths of cingulate and calcarine sulci were measured, and the ratios of these lengths to fronto-occipital length were estimated as indices of the size of the "frontoparietal" and "occipital" regions, respectively. The relative length of cingulate sulcus showed a biphasic increase: a slow phase from EDs 100 to 110, and a rapid phase from EDs 110 to 130. The gyri in the "frontoparietal region" were convoluted in the limbic cortex during the initial slow phase and in the neocortical region during the rapid phase. The relative length of calcarine sulcus lineally increased between EDs 90 and 130, and the gyri in the "occipital region" generated in a dorso-ventral manner: the gyrus convolutions occurred first in the "phylogenetically older" striate and dorsal extrastriate cortices, and then in the "phylogenetically newer" ventral extrastriate cortex. The results suggest that the chronological order of appearance of sulci and gyri is closely associated with the order of phylogenetical development of the cerebral cortex. The present study provides a standard reference for the development of cerebral sulci and gyri of cynomolgus monkeys together with our previous study (Fukunishi et al. Anat Embryol 211:757-764, 2006).

Normes OEPP EPPO Standards Phytosanitary procedures Procédures phytosanitaires

Normes OEPP EPPO Standards Phytosanitary procedures Procédures phytosanitaires