Chronological Advances Research Articles

The timing of Missoula floods: Implications for the age of Grand Coulee (eastern Washington, USA)

The Channeled Scabland of eastern Washington (USA) was formed by outburst floods from glacial Lake Missoula. Despite chronological advances, the timing of erosion in the main flood channels is unresolved. In particular, it is still uncertain whether upper Grand Coulee, the largest canyon in the Channeled Scabland, was incised during or prior to the last glaciation. We report 10Be exposure ages from erratics in upper Grand Coulee, glacial Lake Columbia, and surrounding flood routes. Flood-transported boulders on the high-elevation east rim of Grand Coulee date to ca. 17−15 ka. Ages from boulders on the floor of Grand Coulee indicate later flooding at ca. 14 ka, which post-dated canyon incision and occurred after inundation of the Telford-Crab Creek scabland at ca. 15−14.5 ka. Prior hydraulic modeling and dating suggest the entrance to Grand Coulee was blocked by rock and that canyon incision was incomplete at ca. 17 ka; hence, we interpret the 17−15 ka exposure ages on the east rim to coincide with flow over a retreating cataract during canyon incision. Our results indicate incision of Grand Coulee was completed between 17 ka and 14 ka. The short duration of canyon incision suggests that glacial Lake Missoula generated some of the most erosive outburst floods in Earth’s history.

Artificial intelligence in advancing occupational health and safety: an encapsulation of developments.

In an era characterized by dynamic technological advancements, the well-being of the workforce remains a cornerstone of progress and sustainability. The evolving industrial landscape in the modern world has had a considerable influence on occupational health and safety (OHS). Ensuring the well-being of workers and creating safe working environments are not only ethical imperatives but also integral to maintaining operational efficiency and productivity. We aim to review the advancements that have taken place with a potential to reshape workplace safety with integration of artificial intelligence (AI)-driven new technologies to prevent occupational diseases and promote safety solutions. The published literature was identified using scientific databases of Embase, PubMed, and Google scholar including a lower time bound of 1974 to capture chronological advances in occupational disease detection and technological solutions employed in industrial set-ups. AI-driven technologies are revolutionizing how organizations approach health and safety, offering predictive insights, real-time monitoring, and risk mitigation strategies that not only minimize accidents and hazards but also pave the way for a more proactive and responsive approach to safeguarding the workforce. As industries embrace the transformative potential of AI, a new frontier of possibilities emerges for enhancing workplace safety. This synergy between OHS and AI marks a pivotal moment in the quest for safer, healthier, and more sustainable workplaces.

Century Impact of Macromolecules for Advances of Sensing Sciences

Impact of macro molecular theory on the progress of sensing sciences and technology has been presented in the light of materials developments, advances in physical and chemical properties. The chronological advances in the properties of macromolecules have significantly improved the sensing performances towards gases, heavy metals, biomolecules, hydrocarbon, and energetic compounds in terms of unexplored sensing parameters, durability, and working lifetime. In this review article, efforts have been made to correlate the advances in structure and interactivity of macro-molecules with their sensing behavior and working performances. The significant findings on the macromolecules towards advancing the sensing sciences are highlighted with the suitable illustration and schemes to establish it as a potential “microanalytical technique” along with existing challenges.Graphical

Systemic Human Htert Aav Gene Transfer Therapy And The Effect On Telomere Length And Biological Age, A Case Report

A single adult female human was treated with AAV hTERT gene transfer therapy on two separate occasions 5 years apart. Follow-up is 5.8 years. The first dose administered on 9.16.2015 consisted of a total intravenous dose of 3e15 AAV hTERT. The second dose administered on 9.24.2020 consisted of a total intravenous dose of 3e15 AAV hTERT. Before and after each therapy and periodically in between the doses, Human Leucocyte telomere analysis was performed. The initial telomere length measurements collected on 9.15.2015 at the initiation of the AAV hTERT gene transfer therapy demonstrated a baseline average telomere length of 6.71kb which corresponded to a telomere percentage relative to age and population at the 30th percentile. The most recent telomere length measurements collected on 7.13.2021 demonstrated an average telomere length of 8.94kb which corresponded to a telomere percentage relative to age and population at the 89th percentile. The results demonstrate the progressive lengthening of the recipient’s telomeres from 6.71kb to 8.94kb despite advancing 5.8 years in chronological age. Associated age as related to telomere length (also known as biological age) was calculated and compared to chronological age. Initially on 9.15.2015, and prior to the first AAV hTERT gene transfer therapy, the associated age was calculated to be 62 years. The latest telomere analysis dated 7.13.2021 demonstrated a calculated associated age of 25 years. This decrease in associated, or biological age, decreased at a rate of 5.3 years per year of chronological age advancement.

Usage and implementation of neuro-fuzzy systems for classification and prediction in the diagnosis of different types of medical disorders: a decade review

In classification and prediction of different types of medical disorders the neuro-fuzzy systems (NFS) are playing vital and significant role. To avoid false diagnosis the NFS assists medical practitioners to a greater extent in automating the domain dealing with medical disorders. With the passage of time the NFS approach has become apparent to enhance accuracy in dealing with a wide range of complicated research problems in the field of medical diagnosis. In this paper the author presents the literature review of the research done in implementing NFS in the field of medical diagnosis for current decade. Total of 100 publications in chronological advancement and up-gradation in models are considered for the time period of 10 years. A detailed study of each disease is carried out to discuss how NFS methodologies have been applied for classification and prediction in the diagnosis of different types of medical disorders. Ten (10) most severe medical disorders i.e. cancer, cardiovascular, depression and anxiety, diabetes, communicable, kidney, liver, neuro-degenerative, respiratory and thyroid has been undertaken for the study. Based on the study carried out it has been observed that NFS found to be effective as compared to the application of other AI techniques in medical diagnosis. Study reveals that effectiveness of NFS increases significantly when integrated with other AI approaches. This review adds into the knowledge of different researchers working in the field of medical diagnosis and will also give the comprehensive view of the effectiveness of the NFS techniques being used in medical diagnosis. The paper also incorporates a few research publications that were submitted in 2019 to incorporate the latest advances in medical science implementation of NFS.

Self-healing polymers with nanomaterials and nanostructures

Abstract Self-healing polymers have attracted a lot of attentions in the past two decades, driven by their intriguing applications, new synthetic approaches and understanding of nanoscale mechanism and discovery of nanomaterials. Nanomaterials and nanostructures in polymers provide large surface area, rich functional groups and unique properties that facilitate the healing process. This review provides an introduction of the key studies from a historical standpoint and the chronological advancement of the design philosophy behind self-healing phenomena of polymers. Recent advance in utilizing nanomaterials and nanostructures to facilitate the healing and introduce novel functionalities in self-healing polymers is extensively reviewed. In addition, innovative characterization methods are employed to analyze and understand the underlying polymer chain interactions occurring at the interface at micro- and nanoscale. The knowledge of the healing process at the nanoscopic level and the contribution of nanomaterials and nanostructures in self-healing has greatly advanced the design, fabrication and application of self-healing polymers.

Brief review on cathodoluminescence application in solid-state devices

In this review, the chronological advances of solid state lighting (SSL) alongside the theoretical predictions was examined. The discussion includes its crystallographic orientations, substrate growth, colour rendering, misfit dislocations, quantum well fabrication, stacking fault and energy efficiency. It has been discovered that the challenges confronting the potential of SSL devices may not just be ambient temperature of the operating environment or the safe limits of the blue/white-light hazard. This paper sheds lighter on the physics responsible for the SSL white lighting, wave function lapping at different crystallographic orientations and stress relaxation limits of quantum well (QW) heterointerfaces.

Brief review on the physics of solid-state lighting device

In this review, the chronological advances of solid state lighting (SSL) alongside the theoretical predictions was examined. The discussion includes its crystallographic orientations, substrate growth, colour rendering, misfit dislocations, quantum well fabrication, stacking fault and energy efficiency. It has been discovered that the challenges confronting the potential of SSL devices may not just be ambient temperature of the operating environment or the safe limits of the blue/white-light hazard. This paper sheds more light on the physics responsible for the SSL white lighting, wave function lapping at different crystallographic orientations and stress relaxation limits of quantum well (QW) heterointerfaces.

Late‐Quaternary history of ‘great lakes’ on the Tibetan Plateau and palaeoclimatic implications – A review

Geomorphic evidence suggests that shorelines of 100–200 m above the modern lake levels were common across the Tibetan Plateau during late Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 3. The timing of this lake‐level highstand is mainly based on radiocarbon ages. Problems surrounding the ages of lacustrine sediments at or beyond the limit of the radiocarbon‐dating method have created a need for alternative geochronometers. Chronological advances during the last decade have renewed interest in the timing of events beyond the limit of radiocarbon dating. Here, we synthesize published data for elevated lacustrine landforms of 48 lakes on the Tibetan Plateau, in order to provide a thorough perspective on the timing and pattern of lake‐level changes in this alpine area during the late Quaternary. The ages of these elevated shore features reveal a long‐term trend of relative lake‐level fall from at least MIS 5, instead of a peak in MIS 3, as previously thought. Dating lacustrine terrace sequences reveals that the rate of lake‐level fall ranged from ~1 to 3 mm a−1, comparable with that of related river downcutting across the plateau. Palaeoclimatic proxy records point to a sustained drying since the Last Interglacial, suggesting that long‐term aridification might be the culprit for this widespread and progressive lake‐level fall.

The Aesthetics of Information: A Bit of Beauty

On the basis of the cyclical time model of consciousness, the aesthetics of arts and music is discussed in terms of the smallest unit of information, the bit. Previously, the chronological advancement of music was discussed in terms of an increase in randomness, which then led to a higher order. The musical beauty of a bit is considered in light of randomness and order being interconnected through a cyclical looping process, as seen in consciousness. On the other hand, the progress of the arts can be studied in terms of the interplay between physical and the mental aspects. It is argued that the artistry of a single bit may be associated with an attachment between the reality of the bit and the semantic meaning, or the conscious awareness of choice. The relevance of the proposed model of beauty in music and the arts to Heidegger’s argument on existence and Wittgenstein’s analysis of language is also discussed.

Advancements in Devices and Particle Engineering in Dry Powder Inhalation Technology.

Dry powder inhalers (DPI) attracted the attention of pharmaceutical field due to its enlarging market share in inhalable formulations. These formulations also pose patient compliance and good shelf life. Earlier DPI formulations were intended for local effect in lung (asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases), whereas 21(st) century witnessed formulations intended for systemic effect too. A better understanding of physiology of lung and fluidics of air flow helped in targeting alveoli using DPI technology. Modern characterization tools also accelerated the research pace. In addition to the synthetic molecules, DPI also was proved to be a better system for delivering biological molecules including vaccines. This review includes the mechanisms of drug deposition, advancements in the fields of DPI devices, various characterization tools and particle engineering. In this review we have related the chronological advancement of inhalational technology starting from 1788 AD to the present.

Chronological Advancement in Compiler Design: A Review

Chronological Advancement in Compiler Design: A Review

Chronological Advancement in Image Processing from Lime Stone Mofits to Superpixel Classification

Image processing is widely used method for representation and extraction of information. To get the information from the areas and objects which are not possible to be physically contact directly remote sensing image processing is used. While extracting the information from the remote sensed images the major issues that affect the accuracy of the classification is the presence of mixed pixels (reflecting more than one spectral signature) in image. In this study, we have summarized the various eras of image processing from its origin and also give the various techniques and methods used to solve the problem of mixed pixels. In this study, a new algorithm is proposed to solve the mixed pixel problem by using PSO based Fuzzy C-mean and Biogeographical Based Optimization (BBO). This proposed algorithm will improve the classification of mixed pixels as compared to the literature.

The Chronological Advancement of Soil Organic Carbon Sequestration Research: A Review

According to Kyoto protocol carbon seques- tration in terrestrial ecosystem is a low cost option to mitigate the increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations. It has been understood that the world's forests and their soils have a high potential to sequester the atmospheric carbon. For the last two decades there has been increasing interest among scientists in terrestrial soil carbon storage processes. This review made an attempt to summarize the major chronological advancement of soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration research and also to underpin the problems yet to be focused on this research at global level. SOC sequestration research began in the early seventies, where most of the studies were estimating the size/stock of the global SOC. In the early eighties, most of the researchers have started to focus on the factors involved in the storage of organic carbon in different ecosystems. Subsequently, the researchers started to work on different types of SOC pools, their size, turnover and chemical characterization in different types of ecosystems. Recently the researcher's main focus has been the temperature sensitivity of organic carbon in different types of soil and their mechanism of stabilization. There has been interest among researchers on the contribution of microbial derived (microbial necro- mass) carbon in recalcitrant pool of SOC and their sequestration process in different types of ecosystems. Arguably, the contribution in SOC sequestration research on the fate of sequestered carbon in different types of soil and their stabilization mechanisms is insufficient. India is the country spread over regions from temperate to dry desert zones with different types of fragile ecosystems and its vulnerable nature to the global climate change. There- fore, the future research must focus on SOC sensitivity to temperature and SOC stabilization mechanisms in different ecosystems for better understanding of the soil carbon cycle.

This Seat of Mars: War and the British Isles, 1485–1746 by Charles Carlton (review)

Reviewed by: This Seat of Mars: War and the British Isles, 1485–1746 by Charles Carlton Nathan James Martin This Seat of Mars: War and the British Isles, 1485–1746. By Charles Carlton. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2011. 336 pp. $40.00 (cloth). Charles Carlton’s This Seat of Mars: War and the British Isles, 1485–1746 bears the markings of a magnum opus: an ambitious thesis, an extensively broad but well-researched and footnoted manuscript, and an exploration of themes that transcend the immediate historical context of the scope of the study that can be applied to different times and situations. Moreover, the work has been produced by a veteran historian and well-established expert on military history. In this book, Carlton deals directly with the ways that warfare affected both the individual on the micro level and the state at the macro level. War is important at both of these extremes as well as everywhere in between. The main goal for Carlton here is “not to say soft things, but to examine [End Page 688] the hard reality of how war—which Tolstoy calls ‘the vilest thing in life’—affected the history of early modern Britain” (p. xx). The reality of war is the driving force of this work, distinguishing it from traditional military history. Such a perspective is undoubtedly enhanced and reinforced by the author’s personal military experience as a soldier in the British Territorial Army and service as an officer in the Welsh Regiment, Special Air Service Regiment, and Intelligence Corps. Beyond this personal connection to the subject, Carlton does well to intimate the importance of realism in war in the Tudor and Stuart periods. Early in the introduction, he describes the ultimate purpose of battle in stark terms: “killing is fundamental to war” (p. xvi). It is a simple truism to be sure, but one that has frequently been neglected in macro-histories of battles and campaigns of the past. It has only been in recent decades that historians have given full examination to this idea. Carlton substantiates this by stating that “by focusing on the actualities of war, on killing, by examining continuity as well as change, and by using a wide range of sources, the new military historians have transformed the discipline” (p. xix). Part of this new approach involves using a plethora and variety of sources in constructing a representation of war in the past. Beyond the usual source material for most military histories, Carlton peppers this work with allusions to major and minor literary sources in different genres (such as sermons, diaries, and drama) to enhance the larger points he makes. For example, in a chapter about recruitment and training, Carlton cites a section of Sir Aston Cockayne’s Trappolin in which two characters conclude that it is better for one to be a thief than a soldier because there is less danger in stealing and a higher payout (p. 21). In discussing the influence of militarism on English culture, the author states that Christopher Marlowe, for example, likely used Raymond Fourquevaux’s Instructions for the Warres, a military treatise, in writing Tamburlaine (p. 57). Such literary knowledge adds much to Carlton’s treatment of the influence of war in England. This Seat of Mars’s chapters alternate between macro and micro themes. This interlaced structure is effective in reiterating the basic argument made by Carlton: War affects both the state and the individual progressively. There is a general chronological advancement for the macro-level chapters, beginning with the early Tudor period in chapter 1 and arriving at the Battle of Culloden by chapter 12. The micro chapters mimic the span of a typical soldier’s life and experience. That is, the second chapter deals with joining and training, the sixth with limited combat (campaigning), and the ninth with high-level combat (battles and sieges), and the penultimate regales the soldier’s life after war. [End Page 689] With this organizing principle, Carlton is able to make a good case that by examining the reality of war and its effects on the individual and society, modern scholarship can better understand warfare. There are dozens of allusions to twentieth...

Primary domestication and early uses of the emblematic olive tree: palaeobotanical, historical and molecular evidence from the Middle East

Our knowledge of the origins of olive tree domestication in the Middle East and on the processes governing its extension and persistence in different vegetation types from prehistory through antiquity to modern times derives from diverse sources, spanning the biological sciences to the humanities. Nonetheless, it lacks a robust overview that may lead to floating interpretations. This is especially true in the Middle East, considered as the cradle of agriculture, and where the evolutionary history of this emblematic tree is intertwined with that of civilizations. Olive fruit, oil and wood have been, since Prehistoric times, characteristic products of the lands bordering the Mediterranean Sea. In the domestic economy of these countries, the olive tree gradually became a traditional tree crop since the first oil extraction, through the emergence of regional commerce that accompanied the rise and fall of early Near-Middle Eastern urbanism, until the development of modern trade, with an oil production estimated at circa 3000000 tons per year. The rising importance of the olive tree in human life has turned the tree into an endless source of fascination in the Aegean and Eastern Mediterranean, a symbol and a sacred tree, widely cited in the Bibles, the Koran, and in ancient literature. Here we argue that advances in radiocarbon chronology, palaeobotany, genetics, and archaeology-history have profoundly refined the history of olive trees in the Middle East. This review shows that the heartland of primary olive domestication must be enlarged to the Levant and not only focus on the Jordan Valley. The domestication of the olive tree is a long and ongoing process, linked to the early production of oil and the development of the olive trade. We also suggest that the olive tree became a particular icon, a sacred tree, during the Biblical period in the Levant.

Hepatogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells in a rat model of thioacetamide‐induced liver cirrhosis

Implantation of bone-marrow-derived MSCs (mesenchymal stem cells) has emerged as a potential treatment modality for liver failure, but in vivo differentiation of MSCs into functioning hepatocytes and its therapeutic effects have not yet been determined. We investigated MSC differentiation process in a rat model of TAA (thioacetamide)-induced liver cirrhosis. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were administered 0.04% TAA-containing water for 8 weeks, MSCs were injected into the spleen for transsplenic migration into the liver, and liver tissues were examined over 3 weeks. Ingestion of TAA for 8 weeks induced micronodular liver cirrhosis in 93% of rats. Injected MSCs were diffusely engrafted in the liver parenchyma, differentiated into CK19 (cytokeratin 19)- and thy1-positive oval cells and later into albumin-producing hepatocyte-like cells. MSC engraftment rate per slice was measured as 1.0-1.6%. MSC injection resulted in apoptosis of hepatic stellate cells and resultant resolution of fibrosis, but did not cause apoptosis of hepatocytes. Injection of MSCs treated with HGF (hepatocyte growth factor) in vitro for 2 weeks, which became CD90-negative and CK18-positive, resulted in chronological advancement of hepatogenic cellular differentiation by 2 weeks and decrease in anti-fibrotic activity. Early differentiation of MSCs to progenitor oval cells and hepatocytes results in various therapeutic effects, including repair of damaged hepatocytes, intracellular glycogen restoration and resolution of fibrosis. Thus, these results support that the in vivo hepatogenic differentiation of MSCs is related to the beneficial effects of MSCs rather than the differentiated hepatocytes themselves.

Emergence of a Blade Industry and Evolution of Late Paleolithic Technology in the Republic of Korea

The origin and spread of behavioral modernity has been one of the most hotly debated paleoanthropological issues during the past two decades or so. Researchers have examined changes in technology, subsistence, and social organization. The Upper (Late) Paleolithic is traditionally characterized by the establishment of a blade industry. Patterns of lithic technology closely reflect settlement and subsistence systems, and any change can be explained in terms of interplay among various factors, including technological constraints, raw material availability, mobility, and extended social networks in changing environments. A recent increase in archaeological excavations and advances in chronology allow us to discuss Late Pleistocene cultural evolution in Korea in more detail. Two notable, seemingly contradictory features during the early Late Paleolithic are recognized: (1) some lithic assemblages are characterized by small flake artifacts made of local quartzite and vein quartz, and (2) other assemblages include new artifact types—blades and tanged points—manufactured with hitherto largely unused fine-grained materials. Late Paleolithic technological characteristics emerged ca. 40,000-30,000 BP, but not until the onset of the OIS 2 did formal artifacts, such as blades and blade tools, became predominant in lithic assemblages. This change is viewed as a slow, evolutionary process that eventually culminated in the Late Paleolithic transition.

The evolution of breast tumor therapeutics – a review

Survival rate amongst breast cancer patients has significantly increased over the past 20 years due to improved therapeutic regimens and better screening strategies. Though the mainstay of tumor treatment has been surgical removal of the tumor mass, it is the improvement in adjuvant chemotherapeutic armamentarium that has contributed most to a decline in the death rate. With an increase in knowledge about the biology of breast cancer, treatment regimens have evolved from the use of non-specific drugs that target the bulk of proliferating cells (like paclitaxel and cyclophosphamide), to monoclonal antibodies targeting particular growth factor receptors (such as trastuzumab) and drugs that selectively target specific hormonal pathways (tamoxifen). This review describes the chronological advancement in our understanding of the disease and discusses how that knowledge-base got translated to more effective therapies.

ADVANCE IN THE STUDY OF THE EVOLUTION OF THE EARLY CRUST

The topic of the study of the evolution of early crust is to probe into the processes of early continental formation, growth, and recycling, and their geochemical and geophysical models. The debate upon the continental growth rate has been lasting for over 30 years due to the constraints of distribution of a very small amount of ancient rocks in the continental crust. Based on the knowledge of the continent extracted from the underlying mantle, and of relative depletion of the extracted mantle, geochemists have proposed many important models for the continental formation, growth, and recycling. With advances in geological chronology, especially in the recently developed MC-ICPMS which allows precise analysis of Hf grain by grain from a detrital zircon rather than in bulk, it can provide much more information and more reliable evidence for us to elucidate successfully the earliest history of the continental crust. The researches of geophysics and geochemistry of the crust and mantle in early Precambrian continental blocks show that the continental recycling, crust-mantle interaction and intracrustal reworking (e.g. the remelting of significantly older crust and subsequently extensive mixing between the melts and relatively new crust) might have been important processes from earliest time.