Chronic Effects Of Resistance Exercise Research Articles

Acute and chronic response of supervised band-elastic resistance exercise in systemic cytokines levels of bipolar disorders and schizophrenia individuals: A pilot study

Despite earlier research demonstrating the immunomodulatory effects of acute and chronic exercise in many medical illnesses, there is a lack of literature evaluating the acute and chronic effects of exercise on the cytokine levels in individuals with bipolar disorder (BD) or schizophrenia (SCH). This study aims to examine the acute effects of resistance exercise on cytokines and the chronic effects of resistance exercise by 10 weeks on cytokine levels, symptoms of disease, and muscular strength in individuals with BD and SCH. The included individuals (N=10) performed a single session of band-elastic resistance exercises (six exercises, 3 sets of 12–15 repetitions, 60 seconds of interval between sets). A sub-sample (N=6) of individuals performed a supervised band-elastic resistance exercise program (2 times a week, for 10 weeks, 6 exercises, 3 sets of 12–15 repetitions, 60 seconds of interval). We verified for acute effects: IL-2 (P=0.0085) and IL-4 (P=0.0253) levels increased, while IL-6 decreased (P=0.0435), and for chronic effects: increased IL-2 and IL-4 levels (significant effect size - Pre vs Post), a decrease in disease symptoms, and an increase in muscular strength. This study adds to what is already known about how resistance exercises affect people with BD and SCH in both short-term (systemic cytokines levels) and long-term (symptoms of disease, muscular strength, and systemic cytokines levels).

Acute and chronic effects of Rhaponticum carthamoides and Rhodiola rosea extracts supplementation coupled to resistance exercise on muscle protein synthesis and mechanical power in rats

BackgroundOwing to its strength-building and adaptogenic properties, Rhaponticum carthamoides (Rha) has been commonly used by elite Soviet and Russian athletes. Rhodiola rosea (Rho) is known to reduce physical and mental fatigue and improve endurance performance. However, the association of these two nutritional supplements with resistance exercise performance has never been tested. Resistance exercise is still the best way to stimulate protein synthesis and induce chronic muscle adaptations. The aim of this study was to investigate the acute and chronic effects of resistance exercise coupled with Rha and Rho supplementation on protein synthesis, muscle phenotype, and physical performance.MethodsFor the acute study, fifty-six rats were assigned to either a trained control group or one of the groups treated with specific doses of Rha and/or Rho. Each rats performed a single bout of climbing resistance exercise. The supplements were administered immediately after exercise by oral gavage. Protein synthesis was measured via puromycin incorporation. For the chronic study, forty rats were assigned to either the control group or one of the groups treated with doses adjusted from the acute study results. The rats were trained five times per week for 4 weeks with the same bout of climbing resistance exercise with additionals loads. Rha + Rho supplement was administered immediately after each training by oral gavage.ResultsThe findings of the acute study indicated that Rha and Rha + Rho supplementation after resistance exercise stimulated protein synthesis more than resistance exercise alone (p < 0.05). After 4 weeks of training, the mean power performance was increased in the Rha + Rho and Rha-alone groups (p < 0.05) without any significant supplementation effect on muscle weight or fiber cross-sectional area. A tendency towards an increase in type I/ type II fiber ratio was observed in Rha/Rho-treated groups compared to that in the trained control group.ConclusionRhodiola and Rhaponticum supplementation after resistance exercise could synergistically improve protein synthesis, muscle phenotype and physical performance.

The Effects of Resistance Exercise With Blood Flow Restriction on Flow-Mediated Dilation and Arterial Stiffness in Elderly People With Low Gait Speed: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial.

BackgroundDuring aging, a significant loss of muscle mass, strength, and power is associated with a decline in daily functional capacities. Traditionally, resistance training is prescribed to prevent or reverse the skeletal muscle weakness, but the required training intensity may be too demanding for older people with poor physical performance. Resistance exercise with blood flow moderation (KAATSU training), originally developed in Japan, combines resistance exercise with blood flow restriction. It has been reported that KAATSU training enhances muscle hypertrophy in many populations. However, few studies have evaluated the effects of resistance exercises with blood flow restriction in elderly people and how this affects vascular structure and function.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to evaluate (1) the acute and chronic effects of resistance exercise with blood flow restriction on vascular health in elderly people with low gait speed and (2) whether low-load resistance training with blood flow restriction elicits similar strength and gait speed gains to those elicited by conventional resistance training without blood flow restriction.MethodsThis is an ongoing randomized controlled trial in elderly people with low gait speed. Overall, two study arms of 13 participants each perform resistance exercise with and without blood flow restriction. The 2 groups are as follows: the control group will perform conventional resistance exercise (60% of 1 repetition maximum) and the KAATSU group will perform the low-load resistance exercise with blood flow restriction (20% of 1 repetition maximum) for 12 weeks. Pulse wave velocity, venous occlusion plethysmography, and flow-mediated dilation are used to assess arterial stiffness, muscle blood flow, and endothelial function, respectively. The secondary outcomes are gait speed, strength, and quality of life. All measures will be performed before and after the training program.ResultsThis research study is in progress. Recruitment has started, and data collection is expected to finish in August 2020.ConclusionsThe findings of this study will have important implications for the rehabilitation of elderly people.Trial RegistrationClinicalTrials.gov NCT03272737; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03272737International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID)DERR1-10.2196/14691

Acute resistance exercise induces Sestrin2 phosphorylation and p62 dephosphorylation in human skeletal muscle.

Sestrins (1, 2, 3) are a family of stress‐inducible proteins capable of attenuating oxidative stress, regulating metabolism, and stimulating autophagy. Sequestosome1 (p62) is also a stress‐inducible multifunctional protein acting as a signaling hub for oxidative stress and selective autophagy. It is unclear whether Sestrin and p62Ser403 are regulated acutely or chronically by resistance exercise (RE) or training (RT) in human skeletal muscle. Therefore, the acute and chronic effects of RE on Sestrin and p62 in human skeletal muscle were examined through two studies. In Study 1, nine active men (22.1 ± 2.2 years) performed a bout of single‐leg strength exercises and muscle biopsies were collected before, 2, 24, and 48 h after exercise. In Study 2, 10 active men (21.3 ± 1.9 years) strength trained for 12 weeks (2 days per week) and biopsies were collected pre‐ and post‐training. Acutely, 2 h postexercise, phosphorylation of p62Ser403 was downregulated, while there was a mobility shift of Sestrin2, indicative of increased phosphorylation. Forty‐eight hours postexercise, the protein expression of both Sestrin1 and total p62 increased. Chronic exercise had no impact on the gene or protein expression of Sestrin2/3 or p62, but Sestrin1 protein was upregulated. These findings demonstrated an inverse relationship between Sestrin2 and p62 phosphorylation after a single bout of RE, indicating they are transiently regulated. Contrarily, 12 weeks of RT increased protein expression of Sestrin1, suggesting that despite the strong sequence homology of the Sestrin family, they are differentially regulated in response to acute RE and chronic RT.

The Influence of Different Training Programs on the Expression of Plasma Proenkephalin Peptide F in Women

To date there are no studies that have examined peptide F’s acute and chronic response to different exercise modalities in women in a single study. PURPOSE: To investigate the acute and chronic effects of resistance exercise (RE) and different exercise modalities on peptide F concentrations in women. METHODS: Fifty-nine healthy recreationally active women were recruited and matched for age, body mass, height, strength, and peak O2 consumption (VO2peak) and then randomly assigned to one of four training groups: control group (CN); endurance exercise only training group (EE), resistance exercise only training group (RT), and combined endurance and resistance exercise training group (CB). The treatment groups trained three days a week for eight weeks. The control group did not complete any training, but was tested at the same time points as the three treatment groups. Proenkephalin peptide F concentrations were measured prior to and following an intense acute resistance exercise test (ARET) both before and after training. A four (group) x two (time) block analysis of variance (ANOVA) was for analysis. Significance was set a priori at p≤0.05. RESULTS: Before training there were no significant differences in the concentration (pmol/ml) of plasma proenkephalin peptide F for any of the groups. For each treatment group, after training, peptide F concentration was significantly greater post- exercise than pre-exercise. In addition, peptide F in the EE and CB groups increased both pre-and post-exercise compared to their corresponding values before training. For the RT group peptide F increased post-exercise, but not pre-exercise compared to the before training values. Compared to the control group all of the treatment groups after training had a significantly greater concentration of peptide F post-exercise compared to the corresponding value for the control group. The CB group after training had a significantly greater concentration of peptide F than the other two (EE, RT) treatment groups. CONCLUSION: There are differential responses to different training programs from young, healthy, untrained women to acute and chronic resistance exercise stress after training. Training-induced adaptations appear to occur in the adrenal gland leading to changes in the circulating concentrations of proenkephalin Peptide F.

Resistance Training and Autonomic Modulation in the Elderly

We performed a review of acute and chronic effects of resistance training on the heart rate and cardiac autonomic regulation in the elderly. A systematic review of the literature was performed in June 2015 using MEDLINE, COCHRANE LIBRARY and PUBMED databases. The following combination of keywords, followed by the Clinical Trial filters, Humans, English, and Age ≥ 45 years were used for search of relevant manuscripts: Heart rate variability and exercise (259 articles); Heart rate variability and exercise and elderly (259 articles); Heart rate and Resistance training and elderly (170 articles); Heart rate variability and Resistance training (22 articles); Heart rate variability and Resistance training and elderly (22 articles); Cardiac autonomic modulation and Resistance training and elderly (8 articles). We reported that although some results did not point to benefic chronic effects of resistance exercise on HRV, others presented different data.

The Influence of Different Training Programs on the Expression of Plasma Proenkephalin Peptide F in Women

To date there is no studies that investigated the influence of resistance exercise on peptide F in women, and there are no studies that have examined peptide F’s acute and chronic response to different exercise modalities in women in a single study. PURPOSE: To investigate the acute and chronic effects of resistance exercise and different exercise modalities on peptide F concentrations in women. METHODS: Fifty-nine healthy recreationally active women were recruited and matched for age, body mass, height, strength, and peak O2 consumption (VO2peak) and then randomly assigned to one of four training groups: a control group (CN); an endurance exercise only training group (EE), a resistance exercise only training group (RT), and a combined endurance and resistance exercise training group (CB). The treatment groups, EE trained three days a week for eight weeks. The control group did not complete any training, but was tested at the same time points as the three treatment groups. Proenkephalin peptide F concentrations were measured prior to and following an intense acute resistance exercise test (ARET) both before and after training. A four (group) x two (time) block analysis of variance (ANOVA) was for analysis. Significance was set a priori at p≤0.05. RESULTS: Before training there were no significant differences in the concentration (pmol/ml) of plasma proenkephalin peptide F for any of the groups. For each of the treatment groups, after training, peptide F concentration was significantly greater post-exercise than pre-exercise. In addition, peptide F in the EE and CB groups increased both pre-and post-exercise compared to their corresponding values before training. For the RT group peptide F increased post-exercise, but not pre-exercise compared to the before training values. Compared to the control group all of the treatment groups after training had a significantly greater concentration of peptide F post-exercise compared to the corresponding value for the control group. The CB group after training had a significantly greater concentration of peptide F than the other two (EE, RT) treatment groups. CONCLUSION: There are differential responses to different training programs from young, healthy, untrained women to acute and chronic resistance exercise stress after training. Training-induced adaptations appear to occur in the adrenal gland leading to changes in the circulating concentrations of proenkephalin Peptide F.

Acute and training effects of resistance exercise on heart rate variability.

Heart rate variability (HRV) has been used as a non-invasive method to evaluate heart rate (HR) regulation by the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system. In this review, we discuss the effect of resistance exercise both acutely and after training on HRV in healthy individuals and in those with diseases characterized by autonomic dysfunction, such as hypertension and fibromyalgia. HR recovery after exercise is influenced by parasympathetic reactivation and sympathetic recovery to resting levels. Therefore, examination of HRV in response to acute exercise yields valuable insight into autonomic cardiovascular modulation and possible underlying risk for disease. Acute resistance exercise has shown to decrease cardiac parasympathetic modulation more than aerobic exercise in young healthy adults suggesting an increased risk for cardiovascular dysfunction after resistance exercise. Resistance exercise training appears to have no effect on resting HRV in healthy young adults, while it may improve parasympathetic modulation in middle-aged adults with autonomic dysfunction. Acute resistance exercise appears to decrease parasympathetic activity regardless of age. This review examines the acute and chronic effects of resistance exercise on HRV in young and older adults.

Acute and chronic effects of resistance exercise on the testosterone and cortisol responses in obese males: a systematic review.

The biosynthesis and metabolism of testosterone and cortisol are altered by the high levels of adipose tissue and the constant state of low-grade inflammation of obesity. Resistance exercise (REx) has become one of the main lifestyle interventions prescribed to obese individuals due to its ability to positively influence body composition and some biomarkers, such as cholesterol and insulin resistance. Yet, little research has been done in obese examining the effects of REx on the testosterone and blood cortisol responses, two integral hormones in both exercise and obesity. The obese testosterone response to REx and whether or not it is blunted compared to lean individuals remains elusive. Conflicting findings concerning the blood cortisol response have also been reported, likely due to variance in REx protocol and the level of obesity in the participants in studies. Comparatively, both of these hormones have been extremely well studied in untrained lean males, which could be used as a basis for future research in obese males. However, without this endocrinological information, it is unknown if the current acute REx prescriptions are appropriate for eliciting a favorable acute endocrinological response, and ultimately, a positive chronic adaptation in obese males.

Acute and chronic effects of resistance exercise on blood pressure in elderly women and the possible influence of ACE I/D polymorphism

This study investigated the chronic effect of blood pressure (BP) and post-exercise hypotension (PEH) during resistance training (RT) and its relation with the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism in hypertensive elderly women. Participants were divided into two groups: an experimental group (EG) with exercise and a control group (CG) without exercise. The EG performed one adaptation month and one repetition maximum load (1RM) test at the end of this period. After the first month, the EG conducted a three-month program of RT at 60%, 70%, and 80% of 1RM, respectively, for each month. The CG was evaluated at the end of each month. Systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure (Microlife BP 3AC1-1) were measured, with the subject in a seated position, during an acute session for both GE and CG as follows: every 5 minutes for 20 minutes at pre-exercise rest, immediately after the resistance exercise and control, and every 15 minutes during 1 hour of recovery after exercise and CG. Analysis of covariance showed reduction in SBP and DBP (P ≤ 0.05) rest values after the RT program. PEH was observed only for the EG in acute sessions, for SBP after the second and third months (P ≤ 0.05), and for DBP after the second and fourth months (P ≤ 0.05). No significant differences in main effects and interaction effects between blood pressure and ACE I/D were observed. The occurrence of chronic reduction of blood pressure and PEH through EG may have a protective effect on the cardiovascular system with no ACE I/D polymorphism influence for this population.