Chronic Administration Of Aqueous Extract Research Articles

Effect of chronic administration of aqueous extract of Neem (Azadirachta indica) leaves on Paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity in Wistar albino rats

Hepatoprotective drugs are not available for use in modern medicine and different parts of medicinal plants like Neem (Azadirachta indica) are used as hepatoprotectants in traditional medicine. Although there are scientific reports of its hepatoprotective activity on acute administration, we found only one study which had evaluated its hepatoprotective effect on chronic administration. Objectives: To evaluate the effect of chronic oral administration of Neem on paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity in Wistar rats. Methods: We randomly assigned 72 male and female Wistar albino rats to four groups of 18 animals each and orally administered Distilled water 5ml/kg body weight/day to Groups A (Normal control) and B (Experimental control), 500 mg/kg aqueous Neem leaf extract (Test) to Group C and Silymarin suspension (Standard) 100mg/kg/day to Group D for 30 days. On the 8th day, we induced hepatotoxicity with Paracetamol 2g/kg body weight single dose to groups B, C and D. We performed liver function tests, recorded liver weights and examined liver histology of six rats from each group on 10th, 20th and 30th days. Results: We observed significant difference (P

Evaluation of The Antidepressant Properties of Aqueous Extract Terminalia Chebula Fruit Pulp in Wistar Albino Rats.

Between 9 and 46% of those being treated for major depressive disorder had a partial or no response to antidepressants. Research is needed to produce a more effective and safer antidepressant. Terminalia chebula stimulates the CNS. The major goal of this research is to determine whether chronic administration of aqueous extract of Terminalia chebula fruit pulp dosages of (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg) have antidepressant effects. Terminalia chebula behavioural model of rats when supplied over three to four months in experimental rats. Wistar albino rats weighing 200 to 300 grams and one to two months old were utilized. For all experiments, healthy wistar albino rats of either sex were separated into six groups with equal numbers of animals. The antidepressant properties of Terminalia chebula fruit pulp were investigated using two different experimental methods. Both the forced swimming and the tail suspension tests fall into this category. Terminalia chebula fruit pulp was given at doses of 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, and 400 mg/kg. To treat depression, a standard dose of antidepressant medication (10 mg/kg) of imipramine was administered. Each group of rats was tested one hour after treatment. A rat behavioural stress paradigm found that Terminalia chebula had a nephroprotective effect. Antioxidant phytochemicals like Terminalia chebula were extracted and quantified. The abundance of phytochemicals implies that this might be a good source for antioxidants and depression therapy. The current evidence is intriguing and may be employed as a medicine candidate after additional study and clinical tests.

Evaluation of antidepressant-like activity after acute and chronic administration of aqueous extract of Abelmoschus esculentus seeds using animal models of depression

Background: Major depression is a very common mood disorder that leads to disability and impaired social role of the patient, adversely affecting the quality of life and increasing mortality. Although the currently available antidepressant drugs provide symptom relief and clinical improvement, they have delayed onset of action, lack efficacy and also produce numerous adverse drug reactions which further increases morbidity and cause an economic burden to both the patient and the society. Hence, it is imperative to find novel drugs for the treatment of depression. Abelmoschus esculentus, commonly known as Okra or Ladies finger, has attracted prominence in recent years, owing to its wide range of medicinal properties. On these backgrounds, the work has been undertaken to study the antidepressant-like activity of A. esculentus seeds in albino mice. Aim and Objectives: An Objective was to study the antidepressant-like effect after acute and chronic (10 days) administration of aqueous extract of A. esculentus seeds (AEAES) in Swiss albino mice. Materials and Methods: Antidepressant-like activity of AEAES was evaluated by Forced Swim Test (FST) and Tail Suspension Test (TST). Mice were treated orally 1 hr before with standard drug fluoxetine (20 mg/kg) and AEAES (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg). Locomotor activity was performed using an actophotometer after different doses of test drug. Results: AEAES produced an antidepressant-like activity in both FST and TST. Immobility duration reduced significantly in both FST and TST at a dose of 200 mg/kg (P < 0.001). Extract had no effect on locomotor activity of mice when tested in actophotometer. Conclusions: Results showed that AEAES produced a significant antidepressant-like effect both in acute and chronic study at a dose of 200 mg/kg. It can be used as adjuvant therapy for depression. Further evaluation on the different mechanisms of action of AEAES needs to be studied in the future.

A study of effect of acute and chronic administration of aqueous extract of Calotropis procera leaves on maximal electroshock induced seizures in rats

Background: The effect of acute and chronic administration of aqueous extract of leaves of Calotropis procera on maximal electroshock (MES) induced seizures in rats was evaluated. Methods: Four groups of wistar rats were treated with distilled water 10 mL/kg (oral), phenytoin 25 mg/kg (intraperitoneal), 250mg/kg (oral) and 500mg/kg (oral) of aqueous extract of leaves of C procera , respectively in both acute and chronic studies. For producing maximal electroshock seizures, an electroconvulsiometer was used to deliver an electric stimulus of 150mA for 0.2 sec. The duration of hind limb extension (HLE) and seizures were noted in seconds (sec). In the acute study, the shock was given 1 h after administration of drugs. For the chronic study, all drugs were administered for 6 weeks. One hour after the last dose of drugs, the shock was administered. Data was analyzed by one way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. Results: There was a significant decrease in the duration of hind limb extension, and convulsions as compared to control following acute (p<0.01 vs control) and chronic (p<0.05 vs control) administration of aqueous extract of leaves of Calotropis procera in rats. Conclusions: The study demonstrated that aqueous extract of C procera leaves resulted in significant protection against maximal electroshock induced seizures in rats.

Evaluation of effect of aqueous extract of leaves of Calotropis procera in pentylenetetrazole induced seizures in rats

Background: The study was carried out to evaluate the effect of aqueous extract of leaves of Calotropis procera in wistar rats. Methods: An aqueous extract of leaves of Calotropis procera was prepared. The effect of acute and chronic administration of the extract was tested in pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) induced seizures in wistar rats. Four groups, each containing 6 rats, were used to evaluate acute and chronic effects of the extract. The four groups were treated with distilled water 10 mL/kg (control group), Valproic acid 200 mg/kg (standard), aqueous extract of C. procera 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg respectively. In acute study, PTZ (60 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) was given 1 h after drugs were administered. In chronic study, all drugs were given for 6 weeks following which PTZ was given 1 h after last dose of each drug. The time taken for the onset of myoclonic jerk, seizures and duration of seizures was recorded. GABA levels were estimated in the brain homogenate. Data was analysed by one way analysis of variance followed by Tukey’s test. Results: Acute and chronic administration of the extract significantly increased the time to onset of first clonus and seizures and decreased the total duration of seizures. There was no significant change in GABA levels. Conclusions: Both acute and chronic administration of aqueous extract of leaves of Calotropis procera in Wistar rats inhibited pentylenetetrazole induced seizures in rats.

Histological and Biochemical Evaluation of the Kidney following Chronic Consumption of Hibiscus sabdariffa

Hibiscus sabdariffa L. has been used traditionally as herbal medicine and has been documented to have a broad range of therapeutic effects. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of chronic administration of aqueous extract of flowers of Hibiscus sabdariffa on the histology of the kidney and some biochemical indices of renal function in male Wistar rats. Twenty (20) Wistar rats were randomly divided into four (4) groups of five rats each. The extract was administered orally in doses 200, 500, and 800 mg/kg body weight for 21 days. The kidney was harvested and processed histologically and blood samples were taken for biochemical assays. The histological results showed dose dependent pathological states and the biochemical analysis revealed a dose dependant variation in renal indices. These results suggest that chronic administration of aqueous extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa may be toxic to the kidney.

The Effects Of The Root Of &lt;i&gt;Xylopia quintasii&lt;/i&gt; On Blood, Liver And Kidney Function Indices In Rats

The effects of chronic administration of aqueous extract of the root of Xylopia quintasii to groups of rats orally at 5, 10 and 20mg/kg body weights for four weeks showed a steady increase in the rats body weights throughout the study period. Serum protein, urea, Aspartate amino transferase (AST) and the weights of liver and kidney were not significantly affected by the extract administration. The levels of creatinine, alanine amino transferase (ALT), Na+, K+ and Cl- were all significantly raised. The increases were however not dose-dependent. Bicarbonate on the other hand was significantly reduced. Packed cell volume (PCV) and hemoglobin (Hb) concentrations were not affected. The results suggested some margin of safety of the extracts when used over a long period of time. Key words: Xylopia quintasii, Annonaecae, Liver function, Kidney function, PCV and Hb, Serum electrolytes, Rats. Nig. J. Nat. Prod. and Med. Vol.8 2004: 52-54

Qualitative change in mice liver HMG proteins after low dose chronic administration of aqueous extract of betel nut and diethylnitrosamine

High mobility group (HMG) proteins have roles in the organization and function of chromatin. Their involvement in carcinogenesis is, however, not clear. Swiss albino mice were exposed to aqueous extract of betel nut (AEBN) and a hepatocarcinogen, diethylnitrosamine (DEN), in a chronic low dose protocol for up to 4 weeks. Studies of their effects on the liver HMG proteins during the process showed that major HMG proteins 1, 2 14 and 17 were qualitatively affected. HMG proteins of the treated animals were found to elute earlier from CM-sephadex column than that of the control. Conformational changes in the HMG proteins under the influence of these carcinogens were observed. The results obtained in this investigation indicate that both carcinogens induced similar changes in HMG proteins of liver of mice.

Chronic administration of aqueous extract of Stevia rebaudiana in rats: renal effects

The effects of administration of Stevia rebaudiana extracts for 20, 40 and 60 days on renal function and mean arterial pressure in normal Wistar rats were evaluated. Results showed that the Stevia rebaudiana treated rats group for 20 days did not significantly differ from the control group. Chronic administration of a crude extract for 40 and 60 days induced hypotension, diuresis and natriuresis with glomerular filtration rate (GFR) constant. An increase of the renal plasma flow (RPF) was exclusively observed for the group treated for 60 days. The results suggests that oral administration to rats of an aqueous extract of Stevia dried leaves induce systemic and renal vasodilation, causing hypotension, diuresis and natriuresis.

Chronic administration of aqueous extract of Stevia rebaudiana (Bert.) Bertoni in rats: Endocrine effects

1. 1. The effects of the active principles of S. rebaudiana (SR) on endocrine parameters of male rats were studied upon chronic administrations (60 days) of a concentrated, crude extract of its leaves, starting at prepubertal age (25–30 days old). 2. 2. The following determinations were made: glycemia; serum levels of T 3 and T 4; available binding sites in thyroid hormone-binding proteins (T 3R index); binding of [ 3H]R1881 to prostate cytosol; zinc content in prostate, testis, submandibular salivary gland (SMG) and pancreas; water content in testis and prostate. The body weight gain and the final weight of testis, prostate, seminal vesicle, SMG and adrenal were also studied. 3. 3. Results showed that the SR-treated group did not significantly differ from the control group, with exception to the seminal vesicle weight, which fell by about 60%. 4. 4. It is concluded that if the SR extract does have some potential to decrease rat fertility at all, this effect is almost certainly not exerted on the male.