Genetic regulatory landscape of gene expression during leaf and stem development in common tobacco.

Rice serves as the primary food source for over half the world's population, making its stable production is critical for global food security. The brown planthopper (BPH, Nilaparvata lugens Stål.) ranks among the most devastating rice pests in Asia. Developing BPH-resistant varieties through resistance gene discovery represents the most sustainable control strategy. Our study identified two novel resistance loci, Bph50 and Bph51, through analysis of the resistant wild rice germplasm GXU184 (Oryza rufipogon) using BSA-seq and QTL mapping. Interestingly, neither locus of Bph50 or Bph51 alone conferred resistance; rather, their combined presence in lines restored the high resistance observed in GXU184. Fine mapping localized Bph50 to a 177kb region (6.732-6.909Mb) on chromosome 4S and Bph51 to a 700kb interval (15.035-15.735Mb) on chromosome 4L. We developed a near-isogenic line (NIL) 9311Bph50/Bph51 carrying both loci through marker-assisted selection (MAS), which exhibited strong BPH resistance without compromising agronomic performance. Integrated transcriptomic and histological analyses indicate that this resistance mechanism involves the coordinated upregulation of cellulose biosynthesis-related genes and the accumulation of polysaccharides such as cellulose in leaf sheaths. This enhancement of cell wall components likely increases tissue rigidity, forming a physical barrier that impedes stylet penetration during BPH feeding. Our findings unveil a novel resistance mechanism in which Bph50 and Bph51 genetically interact to confer BPH resistance, providing valuable insights for breeding durable pest-resistant rice varieties.

Introduction: Down syndrome is a nonhereditary genetic condition, characterized by an extra abnormal chromosome set which is placed on the 21st chromosome and so it is also called trisomy 21 due to one extra chromosome which makes 47 chromosomes in total instead of normal 46. All the Down syndrome children may show some degree of motor delay, postural issues, gait impairment, balance issue, sensory and cognition impairment on the basis of their severity level. Due to generalized hypotonia and fl accid posture which is the major characteristics of Down syndrome condition, children often seen with delay in walking, abnormal gait patterns specially at spatiotemporal area. When compared with typically developing children, it has been noticed that some difference is seen in stride length, step length, cadence and base width which may vary on severity of the condition of particular individual. Aim and Relevance: The purpose of this review is to provide a vision into how Down syndrome children have different gait patterns for spatiotemporal area in age-matched typically developed children. Material & Methodology: This literature includes those studies involving gait analysis on Down syndrome children and typical children for comparison purpose. Inclusion Criteria: Primarily 30 articles were retrieved on the basis of topic gait in typically and down syndrome children from Google Scholar, education Source, and PubMed were the primary medical databases for this review. We shortlisted 15 studies after using keywords like “Down syndrome, gait, spatiotemporal, cadence, stride length” used one & alternatively. Result: Typically developed children and Down syndrome children have different gait patterns. When gait of Down syndrome children compared with typically developing children, it has been observed that stride length and step length in Down syndrome children found to be 65-75cm (centimetre) and 30-40cm subsequently, velocity around 0.6-0.8 m/sec which is much lesser than in typical children. Cadence found to be approximate 120 steps/min and base width around 10-14cm which is much larger when compared to agematched typically developing children. Conclusion: Down Syndrome children have different and unique gait patterns because of their physiology of the body structure and so this type of study for therapeutic intervention is needed to examine and work with the children with Down syndrome to obtain objective data to implicate in therapy to get better balance and improve gait patterns.

BackgroundMost adults with Down syndrome will develop Alzheimer's disease (AD) due to the triplication of the amyloid precursor protein in the 21st chromosome. Predictors of condition onset are less known.ObjectiveWe used Medicaid and Medicare data and machine learning to identify which co-occurring conditions predict incident AD in United States adults with Down syndrome.MethodsWe examined adults with Down syndrome enrolled in Medicaid and/or Medicare between 2011 and 2019. We identified AD and other conditions using ICD 9 and 10 codes. We used a case-control design with risk set sampling to have that controls to mimic the distribution of times of incident AD. We trained gradient boosted trees to identify strongest predictors.ResultsThe cohort had a mean age at entry of 44.6 years, 46.2% were male, and 73.7% were white non-Hispanic. 16,398 had incident AD diagnoses over the study period. The machine learning model had an area under the curve of 0.86 and high positive predictive value. Strongest predictors of increased probability of AD were age, dual Medicaid/Medicare enrollment; incident epilepsy or incident ulcer three years before index date; any hypothyroidism, schizophrenia, or hyperlipidemia. We found synergistic interaction between epilepsy and enrollment by age.ConclusionsPredictors aligned with known predictors in the general population and characteristics that signal AD symptom onset. New onset epilepsy may be a relevant clinical sign. Identifying these predictors highlights areas for further etiologic inquiry and intervention.

Chromosomal rearrangements are fundamental evolutionary drivers leading to genomic diversification. African clawed frogs (genus Xenopus, subgenera Silurana and Xenopus) represent an allopolyploid model system with conserved chromosome numbers in species with the same ploidy within each subgenus. Two significant interchromosomal rearrangements have been identified: a translocation between chromosomes 9 and 2, found in subgenus Silurana, and a fusion between chromosomes 9 and 10, probably widespread in subgenus Xenopus. Here, we study the allotetraploid Xenopus pygmaeus (subgenus Xenopus) based on in-depth karyotype analysis using chromosome measurements and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH). We designed FISH probes for genes associated with translocation and fusion to test for the presence of the two main types of rearrangements. We also examined the locations of 5S and 28S ribosomal tandem repeats, with the former often associated with telomeric regions and the latter with nucleolus organizer regions (NORs). The translocation-associated gene mapping did not detect the translocation in X. pygmaeus, supporting the hypothesis that the translocation is restricted to Silurana, but instead identified a pericentromeric inversion on chromosome 2S. The fusion-associated gene mapping confirmed the fusion of chromosomes 9 and 10, supporting this fusion as an ancestral state in subgenus Xenopus. As expected, the 5S repeats were found predominantly in telomere regions on almost all chromosomes. The nucleolar 28S repeats were localized on chromosome 6S, a position previously found only in the closely related species X. parafraseri, whereas other, phylogenetically more distant species have NORs located on different chromosomes. We therefore hypothesize that a jumping mechanism could explain the relatively frequent changes in the location of NORs during Xenopus evolution.

A total of 4006 tropical and subtropical rice germplasms were screened for brown planthopper resistance, and the resistance mechanisms of 63 highly resistant accessions were characterized. This led to the designation of three novel resistance QTLs: Bph47, Bph48, and Bph49. The brown planthopper (BPH) is a significant piercing-sucking pest of rice plants that causes widespread destruction globally. Discovering new germplasms and genes for BPH resistance is essential for enhancing genetic diversity in rice breeding. In this study, 4006 rice accessions from tropical and subtropical regions were screened for BPH resistance at the seedling stage, and 63 accessions with high-resistant were identified. Of these, 59 accessions exhibited high resistance to BPH at the adult stage. The 63 accessions displayed widespread variation in key agronomic traits, though most were generally unsatisfactory. Assessments of antixenosis, antibiosis, and tolerance indicated diverse resistance mechanisms in the 63 accessions, with the majority (39/63) demonstrating both antixenosis and antibiosis. Microscopic observations and physiological assessments revealed significant differences in vascular bundle structure, fiber content, and activity of defense-related enzymes between the 63 high-resistance and 27 susceptible ones. Furthermore, correlation analysis highlighted a substantial positive relationship between BPH resistance and parameters such as rice trypsin inhibitor (RTI) levels and width of the sclerenchyma layer (WSL). Genetic analysis of F2:3 segregating populations from four resistant accessions crossed with the susceptible rice variety 9311 identified three novel major-effect quantitative-trait loci (QTLs) located on chromosome 1L (690 kb and 1.84 Mb) and 5S (295 kb). This study significantly enriched the BPH-resistant germplasm sources and genes, highlighting the varied resistance mechanisms of rice against BPH.

Cytogenetic studies on Potamotrygon motoro (Müller & Henle, 1841) are limited to classical cytogenetic techniques, but they do reveal great karyotypic variation. The main differences are related to the karyotypic formula and the absence/presence of sex chromosome systems. Thus, this study aimed to expand knowledge of the karyotypic composition of Potamotrygon motoro from different locations of the Central Amazon using Fluorescence in situ Hybridization to investigate the distribution of ribosomal DNAs (rDNA) and microsatellites sequences (SSRs). In addition, we used the mitochondrial DNA cytochrome oxidase subunit I (mtDNA COI) to perform neighbor-joining analysis to investigate the relationships among the individuals sampled. In our study, Potamotrygon motoro presented 2n=66 chromosomes, with 18m+12sm+10st+26a and heterochromatic blocks on centromeric region of all chromosomes. The 18S rDNA is present in three chromosomal pairs and 5S rDNA is located in the pair 16, which is a feature shared among freshwater stingray species. Regarding the mapping of SSRs, dinucleotide sequences showed a greater number of sites, usually on terminal regions of chromosomal pairs, with an accumulation throughout the long arms of the pair 17. Our molecular analyses did not reveal differences between the sequences used. In general, the karyotypic differences previously reported for Potamotrygon motoro indicate the presence of different cytotypes within the species.

Down syndrome is a disease that has relations with Alzheimers disease. In this work, it mainly focus on the mechanism of additional 21st chromosome in Down syndrome patients causes the rise of A protein (a protein would cause Alzheimers disease). Two diseases that would reduce the life expectancy and loss of memory. This paper also discuss the exist therapy for curing Alzheimers disease in Down syndrome by choline supply during pregnancy, using acetylcholinesterase for inhibiting and secondary prevention in experiment on Ts65Dn mice. Results show that though the samples size is small, some side effects are caused and there is no specific results show that those therapies is also useful in clinic trials, the great success is achieved in animal lines (near 50% to 60% of success). These therapies can play a significant role in the future and it can reduce the impact of Down syndrome and Alzheimers disease in patients.

Introduction: Down syndrome children occur due to a chromosomal abnormality in the form of an increase in one copy of the 21st chromosome to 3 chromosomes which is called trisomy 21. Down syndrome children experience physical abnormalities in the form of distinctive facial and body shapes as well as delays in motor and mental or cognitive development in the form of intellectual disability. Delays in motor development that occur in children with Down syndrome cause children's movements to be slower and daily activities tend to be done with the help of other people. Children with Down syndrome at school age are given education in special schools so that they receive an educational program that is appropriate to their development. Intellectual disability that occurs causes the educational program provided to be able to train with the aim of children being able to independently carry out their daily activities. Research Objective: to determine the description of motor function and quality of life in children with Down syndrome at the Depok Special Education Foundation. Research Method: a descriptive study with a sample size of 89 people by measuring motor function using GMFM-88 and quality of life using TACQOL. Research Results: motor function of children with Down syndrome in the delayed category with moderate to poor quality of life. Conclusion: children with Down syndrome at YPLB Depok experience delays in motor function compared to their normal age, apart from that their cognitive function has less impact on their quality of life, which is moderate to poor. A training process is needed for independence and developing the talents of children with Down syndrome.

Unigeneric family Aponogetonaceae, represented by about 44 species of Aponogeton L. f. is distributed in tropics and subtropics of the Old World. The genus Aponogeton is represented by 7 species in India. Detailed taxonomic account including synonymy, morphology, phenology, distribution, ecology, taxonomic note if any, chromosome number and key to the Indian species of Aponogeton is presented in this paper.

Down syndrome is a nonhereditary genetic condition, firstly described in 1866 by John Lagdon characterized by anextra abnormal chromosome set which is placed on the 21st chromosome. This condition also called trisomy 21 dueto one extra chromosome which makes 47 chromosomes in total instead of normal 46 chromosomes. All the Downsyndrome children show some degree of motor delay, postural issues, gait impairment, balance issue, sensory andcognition impairment on the basis of their severity level. Due to generalized hypotonia and flaccid posture, delay inwalking, abnormal gait patterns specially at spatiotemporal aspect noticed.

Down’s syndrome is the abnormality of the 21st chromosome which is most commonly seen in children. The foot abnormalities are seen in majority of them but its least addressed due to attaining of motor development. Intrinsic foot muscles are the key muscles to maintain balance and movement. The aim of this study is to see the benefits of IFM training on balance, physical activity and quality of life in Down’s syndrome children. This single case report is focusing on the effect of IFM training along with the regular physiotherapy exercise protocols on the balance, physical activity and quality of life in Down’s syndrome children. Regular physiotherapy exercise protocols along with 30 minutes of IFM training were given to the Down’s syndrome children with foot abnormalities 3 sessions a week for 12 weeks followed by a follow up after 3 months. The pre and post test values were measured using Pediatric balance scale (PBS), Children’s Physical activity questionnaire (C - PAQ), Pediatric Quality of Life (QoL) questionnaire and Foot Posture Index (FPI) showed remarkable changes in the balance and physical activity of this child with Down’s syndrome

Introduction: Down’s syndrome (DS) is one of the commonest chromosome related condition in children, which is caused by an abnormal additional presence of the 21st chromosome. The foot muscle exercises proved to improve the individuals with flat foot problems states several studies but not with individuals with DS. Aim of this study: This scoping review specifically aims to bring effectiveness of intrinsic foot muscle strengthening in DS individuals improving their balance and gross motor functions. Method: Recent published literature in English between 2019 and 2024 was collected from five available databases: Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct, PubMed and EMBASE. Articles were eligible for inclusion in this review if they described intrinsic foot muscle training on balance, physical activity, and quality of life in DS children and adult population. 7 out of total 374 articles, observational, interventional, randomized control trials and systematic reviews were included from that period for analysis in this scoping review. Results and Dissemination: Seven articles were selected for inclusion in this review. Two of these articles were systematic review. The remaining studies included two randomized control trials, one systematic review and meta analysis, one comparative study and one experimental study. Of the 8 included articles, effectiveness of intrinsic foot muscle training on balance, physical activity and quality of life in DS children and adult population were identified. Conclusion: Considering the effects of intrinsic foot muscle training on adult populations with various foot functional abnormalities, it may have significant effect on DS children. Outcomes of this scoping review opens up specific treatment intervention of intrinsic foot muscle training effects on DS children with foot dysfunction.

The article presents a unique case of a transient myelodysplastic syndrome characteristic of children with trisomy 21. This condition has non-specific clinical manifestations and a specific hematological picture similar to those of acute leukemia. The uniqueness of transient myelodysplastic syndrome lies in the spontaneous resolution within a few weeks or months after birth and/or the development of acute myeloid leukemia after spontaneous regression in the first 4–5 years of life. A prerequisite for the development of myelodysplastic syndrome is the presence of a blast clone of trisomy of the 21st chromosome and a mutation in the GATA1 gene in the cells.

BACKGROUND: Down syndrome is a widespread, but still insufficiently studied genetic pathology, leading to early disability of the child population.
 Complex habilitation using transcranial micropolarization according to the method of N.Yu. Kozhushko can effectively compensate for impaired cerebral functions. The article deals with the question of the expediency and relevance of the application of the International classification of functioning, disability and health ICF in the complex habilitation in Down syndrome in children, as an international language intended for a comprehensive description of the components of human health.
 AIMS: studding the possibilities of transcranial micropolarization in the correction of neurological deficit in children with Down syndrome based on the principles of the ICF, designed to comprehensively describe the biopsychosocial status of a child.
 MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study involved patients (n=55) with Down syndrome aged 3 to 5 years without severe concomitant decompensated pathology from other organs and systems. All cases of the disease were genetically confirmed: all had complete trisomy on the 21st chromosome. The main group included 40 children, the control group 15. In addition to the complex psychological and speech therapy support, the habilitation program for the children of the main group included the method of transcranial micropolarization according to the method of N.Yu. Kozhushko, the use of which can significantly improve the existing cerebral dysfunction in Down syndrome. All children were categorical ICF profiles, taking into account the most sensitive and informative in this disease.
 RESULTS: According to the results of testing on a 10-point scale for assessing speech function, 6 months after the procedures, there was a significant improvement in the indicators of expressive and impressive speech, speech attention, as well as positive dynamics in the formation and improvement of neatness skills.
 At the same time, the ICF made it possible to form a categorical profile of a child with Down syndrome, visually assess the influence of environmental and personal factors in each specific case, objectify changes in health disorders during habilitation, which is especially important in assessing the patients condition, developing a treatment plan, and analyzing the results obtained.
 CONCLUSIONS: The method of transcranial micropolarization adapted by N.Yu. Kozhushko, can be recommended for complex habilitation for patients with Down syndrome. The use of the ICF for a comprehensive assessment of the functioning of a child with a hereditary disease makes it possible to take into account the strengths and weaknesses of the individual, correct environmental factors, which is especially important in achieving results in hereditary diseases accompanied by cerebral deficiency.

An Exploration of the Effects of Gene-Editing Technology on Human Identity

In this study, the karyotypic characteristics of Chondrostoma regium (Heckel, 1843) have been investigated. Fish samples were caught from the Karasu River (Euphrates River Basin) with fishing net. The live fish were transported to the laboratory and kept in aerated aquaria before the analyses. The karyotype analysis was performed in fish kidney and gill epithelium cells. It was determined that C. regium had 2n=50 chromosomes. In detail, the karyotype formula of C. regium was determined as 9 metacentric, 7 submetacentric, 1 subtelocentric and 8 telocentric chromosome pairs (18M+14SM+2ST+16T), and fundamental arm number was calculated as 82. Constitutive heterochromatin regions were determined on telomeres of the chromosomes. Nuclear orgnizer regions were detected on 21st chromosome. Karyotype symmetry/asymmetry index was calculated as 2.32. The karyotypes of gill and kidney cells were the same. No sex chromosomes were cytologically detected.

Objective To investigate the pathogenesis of Philadelphia (Ph)-positive acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), we established a lymphoblastoid cell line. Methods Bone marrow cells from a patient with Ph-positive ALL were enriched by Ficoll-Hypaque centrifugation and cultured in medium with fetal calf serum. Materials The mononuclear cells of bone marrow aspirate were obtained from an adult man with ALL after he experienced relapse following induction therapy including imatinib mesylate. Results The cell line termed TNA-M was established, carrying a three-way Ph translocation involving two chromosome 9s and one chromosome 22 as a sole karyotypic abnormality. Furthermore, the cells were positive for CD13 and CD33 in addition to CD19, CD22 and CD79a antigens. Conclusion This unique cell line is expected to be a valuable tool for understanding the pathogenesis of Ph-positive ALL.

Understanding the genetic basis of the node of the first fruiting branch (NFFB) improves early-maturity cotton breeding. Here we report QTL mapping on 200 F2 plants and derivative F2:3 and F2:4 populations by genotyping by sequencing (GBS). BC1F2 population was constructed by backcrossing one F2:4 line with the maternal parent JF914 and used for BSA-seq for further QTL mapping. A total of 1,305,642 SNPs were developed between the parents by GBS, and 2,907,790 SNPs were detected by BSA-seq. A high-density genetic map was constructed containing 11,488 SNPs and spanning 4,202.12 cM in length. A total of 13 QTL were mapped in the 3 tested populations. JF914 conferred favorable alleles for 11 QTL, and JF173 conferred favorable alleles for the other 2 QTL. Two stable QTL were repeatedly mapped in F2:3 and F2:4, including qNFFB-D3-1 and qNFFB-D6-1. Only qNFFB-D3-1 contributed more than 10% of the phenotypic variation. This QTL covered about 24.7 Mb (17,130,008-41,839,226 bp) on chromosome D3. Two regions on D3 (41,779,195-41,836,120 bp, 41,836,768-41,872,287 bp) were found by BSA-seq and covered about 92.4 Kb. This 92.4 Kb region overlapped with the stable QTL qNFFB-D3-1 and contained 8 annotated genes. By qRT-PCR, Ghir_D03G012430 showed a lower expression level from the 1- to 2-leaf stage and a higher expression level from the 3- to 6-leaf stage in the buds of JF173 than that of JF914. Ghir_D03G012390 reached the highest level at the 3- and 5-leaf stages in the buds of JF173 and JF914, respectively. As JF173 has lower NFFB and more early maturity than JF914, these two genes might be important in cell division and differentiation during NFFB formation in the seedling stage. The results of this study will facilitate a better understanding of the genetic basis of NFFB and benefit cotton molecular breeding for improving earliness traits.

Down syndrome is a genetic disorder. Down syndrome, which occurs due to an extra chromosome in the 21st chromosome pair, has three types: Trisomy 21, Translocation, and Mosaicism. Down syndrome affects many essential components of language and pragmatic language, which is the most complex component of language. In this study, the objective is to determine the pragmatic language disorders in native Turkish-speaking children with Down syndrome and to compare them with the healthy, typical developing control group. The research design of this study is the comparative descriptive research model. A total of 35 children with Down syndrome between the ages of 5-12, and as the control group, 35 healthy, typically developing children with the same mental age as the participants were included in the study. The Turkish version of the Pragmatic Language Skills Inventory (PDBE-TV) was used in the study. Analysis of the data was carried out using the SPSS 25 program. The pragmatic language skills were found to be "very poor" in 54.3%, "poor" in 31.4%, and "below average" in 5.7% of the participants. When the data of the children with Down syndrome and the healthy, typical developing control group with the same mental age were compared, a statistically significant difference was found between the experimental and control groups for the scale and its sub-dimensions (p<.05). Accordingly, when the scores obtained from the scale and its sub-dimensions were taken into account, the scores of the participants in the control group were higher than the scores of those in the experimental group. According to the results obtained from this study, pragmatic language disorders are seen in native Turkish-speaking children with Down syndrome as in different native language-speaking children with Down syndrome due to the effects of the syndrome.