Set Of Chromosomes Research Articles

Pharmacogenomic biomarkers in coronary artery disease: a narrative review.

Coronary artery disease (CAD) has a high mortality rate. Despite various therapeutic targets, non-responsiveness to drugs remains a prevalent issue. Pharmacogenomics assesses the way an individual's genetic attributes affect their likely response to drug therapy. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms play a crucial role in determining these outcomes. This review offers an overview of single-nucleotide polymorphisms investigated in clinical studies and their associations with drug response/nonresponse in the treatment of CAD. A total of 104 studies of whole sets of chromosomes and several genes were explored. A total of161 polymorphisms exhibited associations with drug response/nonresponse in CAD across diverse ethnic populations. This pool can serve as a pharmacogenomic biomarker for predicting response to drug therapy in patients with CAD.

Gestational trophoblastic disease a contemporary review of diagnostic and pathology. Current challenge and future directions for gynecologists and obstetricians

Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) is a heterogenous group of disorders assosiated with abnromal proliferation of trophoblast and their course is characterized by varying degrees of malignancy. WHO classified GTD into three categories: tumor-like lesions, molar pregnancies and gestational trophoblastic neoplasms.HM is characterized by abnormal proliferation of both syncytiotrophoblast and cytotrophoblast, edema of placental villi, with or without the presence of a fetus. Complete and partial moles have been classified as two separate disease entities, and their division depends on the genetic material they contain. The complete mole has a complete set of chromosomes coming only from paternal genome, while the partial mole is triploid and the genetic material transferred comes from the father and the mother. Post-molar gestational trophoblast neoplasia (GTN) is a clinical diagnosis based on the observation of a persistent increase or persistently high hCG concentration after evacuation of the mole, requiring evaluation and treatment. Invasive hydatidiform mole, together with choriocarcinoma and placental tumor, belong to gestational trophoblast neoplasia. Currently, research has shown that short tandem repeat (STR) genotyping is the gold standard for making the correct diagnosis and this test should be performed if possible. GTD diseases originate from both syncytiotrophoblast and cytotrophoblast tissues and as a result of which they produce an extremely sensitive marker -human chorionic gonadotropin. The facts stated above and significant sensitivity to chemotherapy mean that the average cure rate for this disease currently exceeds 90%. Although the main treatment of gestational trophoblast neoplasia involves the use of cytostatics in cases with worse prognosis, i.e. those with a higher risk, surgery turns out to be an invaluable treatment method.

Polyploidization: A Biological Force That Enhances Stress Resistance.

Organisms with three or more complete sets of chromosomes are designated as polyploids. Polyploidy serves as a crucial pathway in biological evolution and enriches species diversity, which is demonstrated to have significant advantages in coping with both biotic stressors (such as diseases and pests) and abiotic stressors (like extreme temperatures, drought, and salinity), particularly in the context of ongoing global climate deterioration, increased agrochemical use, and industrialization. Polyploid cultivars have been developed to achieve higher yields and improved product quality. Numerous studies have shown that polyploids exhibit substantial enhancements in cell size and structure, physiological and biochemical traits, gene expression, and epigenetic modifications compared to their diploid counterparts. However, some research also suggested that increased stress tolerance might not always be associated with polyploidy. Therefore, a more comprehensive and detailed investigation is essential to complete the underlying stress tolerance mechanisms of polyploids. Thus, this review summarizes the mechanism of polyploid formation, the polyploid biochemical tolerance mechanism of abiotic and biotic stressors, and molecular regulatory networks that confer polyploidy stress tolerance, which can shed light on the theoretical foundation for future research.

Nuclear gene introgressions in hybrid populations of water frog Pelophylax esculentus complex: geographical analysis of the phenomenon and its interpretation.

Reproduction of water frog hybrids Pelophylax esculentus (Pelophylax ridibundus x Pelophylax lessonae) is associated with hemiclonal reproduction and backcrossing. The hemiclonal mode of reproduction occurs within P. esculentus allodiploids. In this case, the unrecombined genome of one parental species is transmitted to the offspring after premeiotic elimination of the chromosome set of the second parental species. Usually, the chromosome set of P. lessonae is eliminated, and the altered genome of P. ridibundus is passed on to the progeny. The hemiclonal inheritance within diploid Pelophylax esculentus hybrids may be accompanied by certain aberrations of premeiotic elimination. As a result, the formation of P. ridibundus specimens with introgressions of the P. lessonae genetic material, or the formation of recombinant hybrids occurs, depending on which of the parental species backcrossing takes place. The aim of our study is to describe the aberration of premeiotic elimination within the water frog P. esculentus complex detected by the nuclear gene Ldh-B inheritance, with an attempt to find out the causes of this phenomenon. It has been established that aberrations of premeiotic elimination are widespread, but only within populations of water frog from the river system of Upper Dnieper within Ukraine. The highest level of introgression takes place in the water frog populations within Kiev metropolis under conditions of expressed anthropogenization, while the maximum frequency of recombinants was detected within populations from the basin of Desna River, that has preserved native ecosystems. It was demonstrated that the frequency of premeiotic aberrations does not correlate with the intensity of interspecific water frog hybridization. Populations with introgressions are more common than populations with recombinants, however, within the latter, the frequency of recombination events is higher. The primary factor of gametogenesis aberrations, most likely, is the genetic characteristics of the local populations of parental species, since unambiguous explanations of this phenomenon based on the action of environmental stress (pollution of water systems) are not obvious.

Polyploid tubular cells: a shortcut to stress adaptation

Tubular epithelial cells (TC) compose the majority of kidney parenchyma and play fundamental roles in maintaining homeostasis. Like other tissues, mostly immature TC with progenitor capabilities are able to replace TC lost during injury via clonal expansion and differentiation. In contrast, differentiated TC lack this capacity. However, as the kidney is frequently exposed to toxic injuries, evolution positively selected a response program that endows differentiated TC to maintain residual kidney function during kidney injury. Recently, we and others have described polyploidization of differentiated TC, a mechanism to augment the function of remnant TC after an injury by rapid hypertrophy. Polyploidy is a condition characterized by more than two complete sets of chromosomes. Polyploid cells often display an increased functional capacity and are generally more resilient to stress as evidenced by being conserved across many plants and eukaryote species from flies to mammals. Here, we discuss the occurrence of TC polyploidy in different contexts and conditions and how this integrates into existing concepts of kidney cell responses to injury. Collectively, we aim at stimulating the acquisition of novel knowledge in the kidney field as well as accelerating the translation of this basic response mechanism to the clinical sphere.

Advances in the Study of Orchidinae Subtribe (Orchidaceae) Species with 40,42-Chromosomes in the Mediterranean Region

This study presents an updated analysis of cytogenetic data for several species within the 40,42-chromosome genera of the subtribe Orchidinae. The research includes insights into the distribution of heterochromatin obtained using C-banding and fluorochrome techniques. Our investigation confirmed variation in the distribution of heterochromatin and repetitive DNA sequences among species pertaining to Neotinea s.l. and Orchis s.str. These variations also potentially contribute to the diversification of these species. Cytogenetic analyses of the Neotinea group demonstrated that both H33258 and DAPI staining result in blocks of fluorescent regions on numerous chromosomes. Particular attention was paid to the cytological composition of the polyploid Neotinea commutata, focusing on its potential origin. Based on the karyological results acquired, a hypothesis concerning the origin of N. commutata is proposed. The most noteworthy revelations regard the O. mascula complex. In these species, the telomeric areas of all chromosome sets display extensive heterochromatin. Fluorochrome staining revealed telomeric blocks on many chromosomes that were not seen with Giemsa staining. This highlighted a distinct feature of O. mascula, where particularly large C-bands surrounding the centromeric regions of multiple chromosomes were found. However, in O. mascula, O. provincialis, O. pauciflora, and O. patens, C+ chromatin may not show a significant response to fluorochrome Hoechst or DAPI+ staining. The unique cytomorphological arrangement observed in the O. mascula species, unlike other members of the O. mascula complex, suggest epigenetic phenomena. Additional data are presented for the genera Dactylorhiza and Gymnadenia. A deeper understanding of the diversity of chromosomal structures among these orchids promises to shed light on the mechanisms underlying speciation, adaptation, and the remarkable diversity characteristic of the Orchidaceae family.

Comparing the incidence of spontaneous autopolyploidy in wild and hatchery Lake Sturgeon

AbstractObjectiveLiving species of Acipenseriformes, sturgeons and paddlefishes, are characteristically polyploid, having more than two complete sets of chromosomes (>2n). They undergo spontaneous autopolyploidy, an unintentional one and a half times increase in genome size, more frequently than any other order of fish. For Lake Sturgeon Acipenser fulvescens, which are evolutionary octoploids (8n), spontaneous autopolyploidy results in fertile dodecaploid (12n) progeny. When 12n individuals reproduce with octoploids, it is possible that resulting decaploid (10n) offspring will have poor physiological performance and survivorship. Spontaneous autopolyploidy in the wild is very low; however, incidence in fish hatcheries is greater, as seen in other 8n sturgeon species. We investigated this disparity in Lake Sturgeon, predicting to find more dodecaploid individuals in hatchery populations than in the wild.MethodsPloidy was determined using red blood cells from individuals in three hatchery and two wild populations of Lake Sturgeon in Manitoba, Canada (n = 1004). Red blood cell volume was evaluated with a Z2 Coulter counter and used to determine ploidy, based on the average of triplicate measures of the erythrocyte modal nuclei volume (fL). A subsample from each environment type was further examined using blood smear analysis (n = 130) and flow cytometry (n = 27).ResultOne 12n hatchery individual was found, along with significant differences in erythrocyte morphometry between the five populations. Fluctuations in modal nuclei volume were also observed over 169 days of repeated measurement within a single hatchery population.ConclusionThe well‐developed relationship between erythrocyte size and fishes external and physiological environment may explain the variance both between and within populations. These results demonstrate the need for ploidy monitoring in artificial hatcheries, as releasing even a single 12n fish could produce thousands of 10n offspring that, if recruited, would have a detrimental effect on the population fitness.

Characteristics of the karyotype of Ukrainian buffalos

The article presents the results of studying the karyotype of the Ukrainian buffalo population. With the help of routine and GTG methods of analysis of metaphase plates of chromosomes, it was established that in the studied animals the diploid chromosome set was equal to fifty chromosomes (2n=50), which consisted of 5 pairs of meta- and submetacentric and 19 pairs of acrocentric autosomes and one pair (XX) or (XY) sex chromosomes. The total number of chromosome arms (FN) was 60, which correspond to animals of the water buffalo species (Bubalus bubalis), a subspecies of the river buffalo (B. b. Bubalis). Cytogenetic control revealed wide intraspecies limits of spontaneous somatic mutagenesis: absence of constitutive chromosomal disorders; the frequency of metaphases with aneuploidy, the average value (M±m) of which was equal to 10.5±0.13%, polyploidy (M±m=0.7±0.25%), asynchronous separation of the centromeric regions of chromosomes - (M±m=5.3±2.00), chromosomal breaks (M±m=0.7±0.24%), the proportion of cells with micronuclei (M±m=2.5±0.39‰), binucleated cells (M±m=2.6±0.32‰) and mitotic index (M±m=4.8±0.65‰). It has been established that Ukrainian river buffaloes are characterized by high karyotype stability.

Karyotypes and Physical Mapping of Ribosomal DNA with Oligo-Probes in Eranthis sect. Eranthis (Ranunculaceae).

A comparative karyotype analysis of four species of yellow-flowered Eranthis sect. Eranthis, i.e., E. bulgarica, E. cilicica, E. hyemalis, and E. longistipitata from different areas, has been carried out for the first time. All the studied specimens had somatic chromosome number 2n = 16 with basic chromosome number x = 8. Karyotypes of the investigated plants included five pairs of metacentric chromosomes and three pairs of submetacentric/subtelocentric chromosomes. The chromosome sets of the investigated species differ mainly in the ratio of submetacentric/subtelocentric chromosomes, their relative lengths, and arm ratios. A new oligonucleotide probe was developed and tested to detect 45S rDNA clusters. Using this probe and an oligonucleotide probe to 5S rDNA, 45S and 5S rDNA clusters were localized for the first time on chromosomes of E. cilicica, E. hyemalis, and E. longistipitata. Major 45S rDNA clusters were identified on satellite chromosomes in all the species; in E. cilicica, minor clusters were also identified in the terminal regions of one metacentric chromosome pair. The number and distribution of 5S rDNA clusters is more specific. In E. cilicica, two major clusters were identified in the pericentromeric region of a pair of metacentric chromosomes. Two major clusters in the pericentromeric region of a pair of submetacentric chromosomes and two major clusters in the interstitial region of a pair of metacentric chromosomes were observed in E. longistipitata. E. hyemalis has many clusters of different sizes, localized mainly in the pericentromeric regions. Summarizing new data on the karyotype structure of E. sect. Eranthis and previously obtained data on E. sect. Shibateranthis allowed conclusions to be formed about the clear interspecific karyological differences of the genus Eranthis.

Repeat turnover meets stable chromosomes: repetitive DNA sequences mark speciation and gene pool boundaries in sugar beet and wild beets.

Sugar beet and its wild relatives share a base chromosome number of nine and similar chromosome morphologies. Yet, interspecific breeding is impeded by chromosome and sequence divergence that is still not fully understood. Since repetitive DNAs are among the fastest evolving parts of the genome, we investigated, if repeatome innovations and losses are linked to chromosomal differentiation and speciation. We traced genome and chromosome-wide evolution across 13 beet species comprising all sections of the genera Beta and Patellifolia. For this, we combined short and long read sequencing, flow cytometry, and cytogenetics to build a comprehensive framework that spans the complete scale from DNA to chromosome to genome. Genome sizes and repeat profiles reflect the separation into three gene pools with contrasting evolutionary patterns. Among all repeats, satellite DNAs harbor most genomic variability, leading to fundamentally different centromere architectures, ranging from chromosomal uniformity in Beta and Patellifolia to the formation of patchwork chromosomes in Corollinae/Nanae. We show that repetitive DNAs are causal for the genome expansions and contractions across the beet genera, providing insights into the genomic underpinnings of beet speciation. Satellite DNAs in particular vary considerably between beet genomes, leading to the evolution of distinct chromosomal setups in the three gene pools, likely contributing to the barriers in beet breeding. Thus, with their isokaryotypic chromosome sets, beet genomes present an ideal system for studying the link between repeats, genomic variability, and chromosomal differentiation and provide a theoretical fundament for understanding barriers in any crop breeding effort.

Chromosomes of the genus Arge Schrank, 1802 (Hymenoptera, Argidae): new data and review.

Results of the chromosome study of 12 sawfly species of the genus Arge Schrank, 1802 are reviewed, including new data on the karyotypes of A.ciliaris (Linnaeus, 1767) and A.enodis (Linnaeus, 1767) with n = 10. Moreover, the same chromosome number, n = 10, is found in A.ustulata (Linnaeus, 1758), for which n = 8 was previously reported. In addition, n = 8 is confirmed in A.gracilicornis (Klug, 1814). The results of the morphometric analysis of chromosome sets of these four species are given. In the genus Arge, haploid chromosome numbers of n = 8, 10, 11 and 13 were found. Among these sawflies, n = 8 appeared to be the most frequent chromosome number, followed by n = 10. The known data of the chromosome study of these insects are summarized and discussed in the light of phylogeny and taxonomy of the genus Arge.

Karyotype and reproductive traits of the unique symbiotic mealybug Orbuspedummachinator G.-Z. (Homoptera, Coccinea).

The karyotype and reproductive features of Orbuspedummachinator Gavrilov-Zimin, 2017 (Pseudococcidae) were studied for the first time. Diploid chromosome number is 18 in females. Reproduction is probably bisexual, as indicated by the presence of characteristic Lecanoid heterochromatinization of the paternal set of chromosomes in embryonic cells of about 50% of the embryos studied. The female reproductive system has a pair of lateral oviducts merged into enlarged common oviduct; the spermatheca and accessory glands are connected to the common oviduct in its proximal part. Complete ovoviviparity occurs in ontogenesis.

Advancing gene editing: multiplex mutagenesis in hexaploid triticale

The presence of several sets of chromosomes in polyploid crops is a serious problem for the application of gene and genome editing systems. Efficient CRISPR/Cas-based mutagenesis of series of genes involved in the grain starch biosynthesis of hexaploid triticale has been developed. Triticale (×Triticosecale),is a hybrid of rye (Secale) and wheat (Triticum) and consists of three subgenomes. Four genes were targeted and to ensure efficient editing of all subgenomes, a trio of guide RNAs for each target genes were designed. To enable simultaneous editing of 36 genetic loci at once (three sgRNAs × four genes × three subgenomes), an expression cassette was constructed, assembled as an array of twelve sgRNAs. The polysitron vector was delivered to morphogenic calli using a gene gun [1] together with a vector encoding Cas9 nuclease [2] to induce mutations. A number of transgenic plants of spring and winter triticale carrying both Cas9 and sgRNAs inserts have been generated. The efficiency of native gene editing varied depending on the target gene and sgRNA activity. Using a trio of sgRNAs for each target gene, we successfully mutated all three subgenome copies, thereby modifying seed starch synthesis. It can be expected that the described approach will make an important contribution to the future breeding of polyploid crops to produce various combinations of new genetic alleles encoding desired traits.
 The study is supported by Kurchatov Genomics Center of All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, agreement No. 075-15-2019-1667.

Intraspecific variability of Salvia officinalis (Lamiaceae) according to DNA repeats chromosome patterns

Salvia officinalis L. (Lamiaceae) is a widespread economically valuable species. Due to the high content of essential oil, it is actively used in pharmaceutical, food and perfume industries. However, the chromosome structure and organization of its genome is still not well understood. For the first time, an analysis of intraspecific variability of S. officinalis was carried out based on the patterns of FISH localization of various DNA repeats in karyotypes of four species samples and two varieties from different habitats. Patterns of chromosome localization on of classical markers, 45S rDNA and 5S rDNA, confirmed the stability of genomes of the studied species samples and varieties. However, the intraspecific variability in localization of SO202 in karyotypes of the studied samples was found. In addition to the main set of chromosomes, B chromosomes were found in some karyotypes, including those containing 45S rDNA and SO202 clusters. The results of this study allowed us to identify all chromosome pairs in karyotypes and construct karyograms of the studied samples of S. officinalis. Our findings confirmed the stability of karyotypes of these samples according to the classical chromosomal markers but also demonstrated the presence of intraspecific variability in localization of the SO202 repeat, which can be used in breeding new varieties of S. officinalis.

New Data on the Northern Limit of the Range and the Chromosomal Set of the Ussuri White-Toothed Shrew (Crocidura lasiura, Soricidae, Lipotyphla)

New Data on the Northern Limit of the Range and the Chromosomal Set of the Ussuri White-Toothed Shrew (Crocidura lasiura, Soricidae, Lipotyphla)

CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene mutation of EcIAG leads to sex reversal in the male ridgetail white prawn Exopalaemon carinicauda.

In the culture of crustaceans, most species show sexual dimorphism. Monosex culture is an effective approach to achieve high yield and economic value, especially for decapods of high value. Previous studies have developed some sex control strategies such as manual segregation, manipulation of male androgenic gland and knockdown of the male sexual differentiation switch gene encoding insulin-like androgenic gland hormone (IAG) in decapods. However, these methods could not generate hereditable changes. Genetic manipulation to achieve sex reversal individuals is absent up to now. In the present study, the gene encoding IAG (EcIAG) was identified in the ridgetail white prawn Exopalaemon carinicauda. Sequence analysis showed that EcIAG encoded conserved amino acid structure like IAGs in other decapod species. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing technology was used to knock out EcIAG. Two sgRNAs targeting the second exon of EcIAG were designed and microinjected into the prawn zygotes or the embryos at the first cleavage with commercial Cas9 protein. EcIAG in three genetic males was knocked out in both chromosome sets, which successfully generated sex reversal and phenotypic female characters. The results suggest that CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing technology is an effective way to develop sex manipulation technology and contribute to monosex aquaculture in crustaceans.

Unraveling the Unusual Subgenomic Organization in the Neopolyploid Free-Living Flatworm Macrostomum lignano.

Whole genome duplication (WGD) is an evolutionary event resulting in a redundancy of genetic material. Different mechanisms of WGD, allo- or autopolyploidization, lead to distinct evolutionary trajectories of newly formed polyploids. Genome studies on such species are important for understanding the early stages of genome evolution. However, assembling neopolyploid is a challenging task due to the presence of 2 homologous (or homeologous) chromosome sets and therefore the existence of the extended paralogous regions in its genome. Post-WGD evolution of polyploids includes cytogenetic diploidization leading to the formation of species, whose polyploid origin might be hidden by disomic inheritance. Earlier we uncovered the hidden polyploid origin of the free-living flatworms of the genus Macrostomum (Macrostomum lignano, M. janickei, and M. mirumnovem). Cytogenetic diploidization in these species is accompanied by intensive chromosomal rearrangements including chromosomes fusions. In this study, we unravel the M. lignano genome organization through generation and sequencing of 2 sublines of the commonly used inbred line of M. lignano (called DV1) differing only in a copy number of the largest chromosome (MLI1). Using nontrivial assembly free comparative analysis of their genomes, we deciphered DNA sequences belonging to MLI1 and validated them by sequencing the pool of microdissected MLI1. Here we presented the uncommon mechanism of genome rediplodization of M. lignano, which consists of (i) presence of 3 subgenomes, which emerged via formation of large fused chromosomes and its variants, and (ii) sustaining their heterozygosity through inter- and intrachromosomal rearrangements.

Development of a Set of Wheat-Rye Derivative Lines from Hexaploid Triticale with Complex Chromosomal Rearrangements to Improve Disease Resistance, Agronomic and Quality Traits of Wheat.

An elite hexaploid triticale Yukuri from Australia was used as a bridge for transferring valuable genes from Secale cereale L. into common wheat for enriching the genetic variability of cultivated wheat. Non-denaturing-fluorescence in situ hybridization (ND-FISH) identified that Yukuri was a secondary triticale with a complete set of rye chromosomes and a 6D(6A) substitution. Seed protein electrophoresis showed that Yukuri had a unique composition of glutenin subunits. A set of Yukuri-derived wheat-rye introgression lines were created from a Yukuri x wheat population, and all lines were identified by ND-FISH with multiple probes and validated by diagnostic molecular marker analysis. A total of 59 wheat-rye introgression lines including modified chromosome structural variations of wheat, and new complex recombinant chromosomes of rye were detected through ND-FISH and Oligo-FISH painting based on oligonucleotide pools derived from wheat-barley genome collinear regions. Wheat lines carrying the 1R chromosome from Yukuri displayed resistance to both stripe rust and powdery mildew, while the lines carrying the 3RL and 7RL chromosome arms showed stripe rust resistance. The chromosome 1R-derived lines were found to exhibit a significant effect on most of the dough-related parameters, and chromosome 5R was clearly associated with increased grain weight. The development of the wheat-rye cytogenetic stocks carrying disease resistances and superior agronomic traits, as well as the molecular markers and FISH probes will promote the introgression of abundant variation from rye into wheat improvement programs.

Chromosome-level changes and genome elimination by manipulation of CENH3 in carrot (Daucus carota).

Hybrid cultivars are valuable in many crop species due to their high yield, uniformity, and other desirable traits. Doubled haploids, which have two identical sets of chromosomes, are valuable for hybrid breeding because they can be produced in one generation, in comparison to the multigenerational process typically used to produce inbred parents for hybrid production. One method to produce haploid plants is manipulation of centromeric histone H3 (CENH3). This method of producing haploids has so far been successful in Arabidopsis, maize (Zea mays), and wheat (Triticum aestivum). Here we describe modification of CENH3 in carrot (Daucus carota) to test for the ability of these modifications to induce uniparental genome elimination, which is the basis for haploid induction. Base editing was used to make cenh3 mutant plants with amino acid substitutions in the region of CENH3 encoding the histone fold domain. These cenh3 mutant plants were then outcrossed with CENH3 wild-type plants. Using PCR-based genotyping assays, we identified two candidates for genome elimination. One candidate was classified as a putative aneuploid plant in which chromosome 7 is in a single copy state. The other candidate was characterized as a putative tetraploid that was likely haploid during its genesis. Our results suggest that this putative tetraploid inherited all of its chromosomes from the CENH3 wild-type parent and that the genome of the cenh3 mutant plant was lost. This study provides evidence that modification of CENH3 in carrot has the potential to induce genome elimination and ploidy changes in carrot.

Synthetic polyploidy in spice crops: A review

AbstractSpice crops comprise diverse, economically valuable crops with numerous applications ranging from culinary to pharmaceutical industries. Spices are an integral part of cuisines worldwide, imparting characteristic flavor, aroma, and pungency to food. Breeding and crop improvement efforts in spices have focused on enhancing yield and quality parameters (essential oil, oleoresin, fiber, etc.) along with bioactive chemical constituents. The prominent breeding strategies followed are selection, hybridization, mutation, in vitro approaches, and transgenics. Polyploidy is one of the drivers of speciation and evolution, increasing the biological diversity in many crops, including spices. Polyploidy, either through natural means or artificial induction, broadens the scope of crop improvement. The artificial induction of polyploidy is usually done via antimitotic chemicals, duplicating the complete chromosomal set and allowing for genetic alterations and rearrangements that result in phenotypic changes across the board. As a result, increasing ploidy in crops often results in improved yield, biomass, vigor, biotic and abiotic stress tolerance, and secondary metabolite production, all of which can contribute to the economic success of these crops. This review provides an overview of research on artificial polyploidization in spice crops, including the polyploidy induction system, polyploidy generation, and screening methods to select the polyploids of interest. Thus, we have summarized the significant applications of artificial polyploidy in crop improvement that can serve as a potent reference for future research works in the same direction in the under‐explored spice crops.