Chromosome Aberrations In Germ Cells Research Articles

The Effects of Zinc Phosphide and Brodifacoum on Mitotic Index and Chromosomal Aberrations in Germ Cells of Wild type and Laboratory Mice (Mus Musculus)

The Effects of Zinc Phosphide and Brodifacoum on Mitotic Index and Chromosomal Aberrations in Germ Cells of Wild type and Laboratory Mice (Mus Musculus)

Development of a non-human primate sperm aneuploidy assay tested in the rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta)

Numerical chromosome aberrations in germ cells are important factors contributing to abnormal reproductive outcomes. Fluorescence in situ hybridization onto spermatozoa (sperm-FISH) has allowed the study of the influence of a wide range of biological factors and chemical exposure on aneuploidy incidences in human sperm as well as in mouse and rat animal models. The assay presented here extends the applicability of the sperm-FISH method to non-human primates and was tested in the prevalent model species, the rhesus macaque. The assay provides probes for macaque chromosomes 17, 18, 19, 20, X and Y, the homologues of human chromosomes 13, 18, 19, 16, X and Y, respectively. The analysis of 11 000 spermatozoa each from five individuals revealed spontaneous sex chromosomal disomy frequencies (X: 0.08%; Y: 0.09%) and an average autosomal disomy frequency (0.03%) coinciding with some of the lowest incidences scored in human studies. The non-human primate sperm-FISH assay provides a fast and efficient tool complementing the available analysis methods in non-human primate exposure studies. Since the assay employs large locus-specific FISH probes representing evolutionary conserved DNA sequences, it can be expected that the assay is also applicable to other cercopithecoid and hominoid non-human primate species.

Antioxidant effect of parsley and panax ginseng extract standardized with ginsenosides Rg3 against alteration induced in reproductive functions in male mice

In the present study, the antigcidant effects of parsley oil and panax ginseng have been evaluated against the clastogenecity of ZEN. One hundred and eight mature male mice were distributed into nine treatment groups, including the control group and the groups treated with parsley oil (0.6 ml/kg b.w), panax ginseng extract (40 mg/kg b.w) or parsley oil plus panax ginseng extract with or without ZEN (10 µg/kg b.w). Animals within different treatment groups were divided into two subgroups (A and B). Subgroup A were used for the determination of serum testosterone levels and chromosomal aberrations and received their respective doses for two weeks whereas, subgroup B were used for sperm abnormality and received their respective doses twice a day for one week and sacrificed after 30 days. The results indicated that ZEN treatment resulted in a significant decrease in testosterone concentration, sperm count and sperm motility. Whereas it caused a significant increase in abnormal sperms counts and total chromosomal aberrations in germ cells. Animals treated with parsley oil or panax ginseng extract alone or in combination were comparable to the controls regarding all the tested parameters. The combined treatment with ZEN and parsley oil, panax ginseng or parsley oil plus panax ginseng extract resulted in a significant improvement in all tested parameters. Moreover, parsley oil was found to be effective than panax ginseng extract and the combined treatment was more effective than the single treatment. It could be concluded that both parsley oil and panax ginseng extract induced a protective action against ZEN-induced alteration in the reproductive performance and the combined treatment may be useful than the single treatment.

Antioxidant effect of parsley and panax ginseng extract standardized with ginsenosides Rg3 against alteration induced in reproductive functions in male mice

In the present study, the antigcidant effects of parsley oil and panax ginseng have been evaluated against the clastogenecity of ZEN. One hundred and eight mature male mice were distributed into nine treatment groups, including the control group and the groups treated with parsley oil (0.6 ml/kg b.w), panax ginseng extract (40 mg/kg b.w) or parsley oil plus panax ginseng extract with or without ZEN (10 µg/kg b.w). Animals within different treatment groups were divided into two subgroups (A and B). Subgroup A were used for the determination of serum testosterone levels and chromosomal aberrations and received their respective doses for two weeks whereas, subgroup B were used for sperm abnormality and received their respective doses twice a day for one week and sacrificed after 30 days. The results indicated that ZEN treatment resulted in a significant decrease in testosterone concentration, sperm count and sperm motility. Whereas it caused a significant increase in abnormal sperms counts and total chromosomal aberrations in germ cells. Animals treated with parsley oil or panax ginseng extract alone or in combination were comparable to the controls regarding all the tested parameters. The combined treatment with ZEN and parsley oil, panax ginseng or parsley oil plus panax ginseng extract resulted in a significant improvement in all tested parameters. Moreover, parsley oil was found to be effective than panax ginseng extract and the combined treatment was more effective than the single treatment. It could be concluded that both parsley oil and panax ginseng extract induced a protective action against ZEN-induced alteration in the reproductive performance and the combined treatment may be useful than the single treatment.

Recommendations for the categorization of germ cell mutagens.

Germ cell mutagens are currently classified into three categories in the German List of MAK and BAT Values. These categories have been revised and extended by analogy with the new categories for carcinogenic chemicals. Germ cell mutagens produce heritable gene mutations, and heritable structural and numerical chromosome aberrations in germ cells. The original categories 1 and 2 for germ cell mutagens remain unchanged. Two new categories 3A and 3B are proposed for chemicals suspected to be germ cell mutagens. A new category 5 is proposed for germ cell mutagens with low potency that contribute negligibly to human genetic risk provided the MAK value is observed.

Clastogenic effect of hydroquinone: induction of chromosomal aberrations in germ cells of mice

Clastogenic effect of hydroquinone: induction of chromosomal aberrations in germ cells of mice

Chromosomal aberrations in germ cells of male mice immunised with attenuated viral vaccines (human)

The cytogenetic effects of two attenuated viral vaccines (yellow fever vaccine and oral poliomyelitis vaccine) were assessed by means of the analysis of meiotic spermatocyte chromosomes in mice. In a dose of 0.5 ml, but not 0.1 ml, both vaccines induced a significant percentage of chromosomal aberrations after 7, 14 and 30 days. Euploidy was the major abnormality produced by yellow fever vaccine. The various abnormalities produced by oral polio vaccine were significant when pooled, but not when analysed individually. More abnormalities were produced by yellow fever vaccine than by oral polio vaccine.

No evidence found for induction of dominant lethal mutations and heritable translocations in male mice by calcium cyclamate

Calcium cyclamate, an artificial sweetener, was studied for its effectiveness in inducing transmissible chromosomal aberrations in germ cells of male mice. Both the dominant-lethal and the heritable translocation tests were carried out following daily treatment (on weekdays) of males by oral intubation with the maximum tolerated dose for 6 weeks. Calcium cyclamate is negative in both tests; therefore, there is no evidence of induced chromosome breakage and exchange.

`Spontaneous and induced chromosome aberrations in germ cells of mammals and man'

`Spontaneous and induced chromosome aberrations in germ cells of mammals and man'

Mutagenicity tests with phenylbutazone in mammals

The ability of phenylbutazone to induce chromosome aberrations in mammals has been tested in the somatic and germ cells of male BALB/c mice. Induction of chromosomal aberrations was studied in bone marrow cells, 1, 2, 4 and 8 days after i.p. dosing of 400 mg kg phenylbutazone and polychromatic erythrocytes were examined for the presence of micronuclei 30 h after injection. The production of chromosome aberrations in germ cells was tested by the dominant lethality produced in the postmeiotic germ cell stages and the reciprocal translocations induced in the premeiotic one. All the tests yielded negative results. The in vitro observations reported in the literature as well some in vivo studies performed on humans suggest, however, that administration of this compound during long periods of time could result in the induction of chromosome anomalies.

Cytogenic effects of plutonium-239 in male mice.

INCREASING quantities of plutonium-239 are processed in the nuclear power industry. The likely magnitude of the associated genetic risk is still uncertain but thought to be less than the risk of cancer induction1. Green et al.2 have recently shown, however, that plutonium reaching the testis after intravenous injection of 239Pu citrate into CBA mice concentrates in the interstitial tissue, outside the seminiferous tubules. They calculated that the average dose rate to spermatogonial stem cells, in which genetic damage can accumulate, was about 2–2.5 times that to the whole testis. In these circumstances, the genetically significant dose is higher than the average tissue dose, which is that normally used for protection purposes1. To obtain more direct evidence on genetic damage from gonadal plutonium, we are studying the induction of chromosome aberrations in germ cells of male mice after protracted exposure to α particles from 239Pu. The results of the first experiment, described here, suggest that α radiation has the expected high relative biological effectiveness (RBE)3 for induction of chromosome damage and that a distribution factor of the magnitude proposed may indeed be operating as well.

The induction by X-rays of chromosome aberrations in germ cells of male guinea-pigs, golden hamsters and rabbits: I. Dose response in post-meiotic stages

The induction by X-rays of translocations in post-meiotic germ cells of the guinea-pig, golden hamster and rabbit was studied by cytological analysis of male offspring of the irradiated animals. As reported previously for the mouse, the pattern of sensitivity to dominant lethal induction, as indicated by litter-size, was similar to that for translocation induction in both the guinea-pig and golden hamster. In both species spermatids were more sensitive than spermatozoa, and in the golden hamster spermatocytes gave a lower yield than spermatids. The translocation frequency among post-meiotic germ cells treated with 600 rad was higher in the rabbit than the guinea-pig, and both were above that for the golden hamster. However, for spermatozoa, species differences with respect to the recovered translocation yield appeared to depend on dose. In the hamster, the translocation frequency after 600 rad, as measured in the female offspring, was similar to that obtained in the male offspring. A small amount of data on the induction of sex-chromosome aneuploidy by 200 rad in golden hamsters suggested that the hamster might be as sensitive as the mouse.

The induction by X-rays of chromosome aberrations in germ cells of male guinea-pigs, golden hamsters and rabbits I. Dose response in post-meiotic stages

The induction by X-rays of chromosome aberrations in germ cells of male guinea-pigs, golden hamsters and rabbits I. Dose response in post-meiotic stages