Choy Sum Research Articles

A study of fresh produce pricing and replenishment strategy based on FCM cluster analysis and ARIMA-GARCH time series analysis modelling

Aiming at the shortcomings of poor robustness and weak applicability in the formulation of pricing and replenishment strategies of fresh food superstores and the limitations of ARIMA model in pricing strategies, this paper is based on maximizing superstores' revenue, and proposes to establish an FCM cluster analysis model based on the elbow rule to analyse the correlation of different single products, and concludes that the sales volume of edible mushrooms and aquatic roots and tubers have a strong correlation, and spinach and choy sum have a strong correlation. Then the total sales volume of each category was negatively correlated with cost-plus pricing through least squares fitting. Finally, based on the ARIMA-GARCH model, a daily replenishment model was established, and it was predicted that the maximum daily replenishment of foliage and flowers would reach 213.908kg on 2 July, and the minimum daily replenishment of eggplant would reach 8.415kg on 4 July in the coming week.

Identification and Disinfection Treatment Technology of a New Guangdong Choy Sum Disease

Seed-borne diseases cause significant economic losses in modern agriculture. The use of large amounts of chemical pesticides to control seed-borne diseases also results in negative consequences such as environmental pollution and pesticide residue in agricultural products. This has generated great interest among scholars in detecting and controlling seed-borne diseases. This study screened and isolated a new pathogenic fungus, Penicillium decumbens, from three Guangdong choy sum varieties. The virulence test showed that it inhibited seed germination rate by 40% and germination vigor by 50%. The conventional seed disinfectants (Thiram WP) did not completely eliminate the pathogenic bacteria. A comparative study of nine seed disinfectants revealed that 50% Carbendazim WP, 80% Thiram WP, 15% Carbendazim+15% Thiram WP, and 45% Prochloraz EW exhibited significant fungicidal effects against Penicillium decumbents infection in Guangdong choy sum seeds. Based on comprehensive indicators including germination rate, germination vigor, and root length after disinfection treatment, the most effective disinfectant was 45% Prochloraz EW with a sterilization effect of 100%, an increase in germination vigor by 37.5%, and an increase in germination rate by 27.9%.

Early detection of N, P, K deficiency in Choy Sum using hyperspectral imaging-based spatial spectral feature mining

Leafy vegetables are widely consumed around the world for their rich nutritional qualities. To ensure a reliable and cost-effective supply of leafy vegetables in the future, advancements in their production are essential. Deficiencies of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) impair growth of leafy vegetables and the ensuing visual symptoms make the plants unmarketable. We studied the use of non-contact large area hyperspectral imaging (HSI) for early detection of N, P and K deficiencies in the leafy vegetable, Choy Sum, before the appearance of visual symptoms. The wide spectral data of 500–900 nm extracted from the plants were subjected to advanced feature mining, facilitating the creation of novel spectral indices tailored to each vital nutrient by leveraging the Pearson’s correlations of 0.85 for N, 0.64 for P, and 0.68 for K with gold standard elemental concentration data. Early detection of deficiencies and timely replenishment of macronutrient(s) can prevent the development of obvious symptoms and thus maintain the visual quality of Choy Sum. These newly created spectral indices hold the potential to provide non-destructive estimation of nutrient content in plants, offering a promising avenue for future advancements in precision agriculture and resource-efficient crop management.

Effect of Various Manure Doses on the Choy Sum Grown in Mercury-Contaminated Tailing Substrate

Effect of Various Manure Doses on the Choy Sum Grown in Mercury-Contaminated Tailing Substrate

Widely-targeted metabolomics and transcriptomics identify metabolites associated with flowering regulation of Choy Sum

Choy Sum, a stalk vegetable highly valued in East and Southeast Asia, is characterized by its rich flavor and nutritional profile. Metabolite accumulation is a key factor in Choy Sum stalk development; however, no research has focused on metabolic changes during the development of Choy Sum, especially in shoot tip metabolites, and their effects on growth and flowering. Therefore, in the present study, we used a widely targeted metabolomic approach to analyze metabolites in Choy Sum stalks at the seedling (S1), bolting (S3), and flowering (S5) stages. In total, we identified 493 metabolites in 31 chemical categories across all three developmental stages. We found that the levels of most carbohydrates and amino acids increased during stalk development and peaked at S5. Moreover, the accumulation of amino acids and their metabolites was closely related to G6P, whereas the expression of flowering genes was closely related to the content of T6P, which may promote flowering by upregulating the expressions of BcSOC1, BcAP1, and BcSPL5. The results of this study contribute to our understanding of the relationship between the accumulation of stem tip substances during development and flowering and of the regulatory mechanisms of stalk development in Choy Sum and other related species.

Analysis of Glucosinolates and Phenolic Content in Sprouts of 7 Brassica rapa Subspecies

Objective: Brassica rapa is an important source of phytochemicals essential for plant defense and human health. To better understand their metabolic characteristics, this study aimed to investigate the glucosinolates and phenolic content from sprouts of 7 B. rapa subspecies. Methods: Glucosinolates and phenolic compounds were extracted using previously reported procedures, with slight modifications. Glucosinolates were identified based on their high-performance liquid chromatography peak area ratios and quantified based on the peak areas, retention time, and response factor and phenolic compounds were identified based on retention times and spiking tests and quantified concerning a corresponding calibration curve. Results: Statistical analysis showed that Choy sum (31.82 ± 2.3 mg/g DW) and Bok choy (31.73 ± 1.49 mg/g DW) presented the highest total glucosinolates content, and the lowest content was observed in Turnip rape (21.75 ± 1.67 mg/g DW). Between the contents of individual glucosinolates, progoitrin presented the highest content in Bok choy (17.84 ± 1.24 mg/g DW). The highest concentration of total phenolic compounds was found in the sprouts of Chinese cabbage (2.7 ± 0.05 mg/g DW), whereas the lowest concentration was found in Choy sum sprouts (2.17 ± 0.05 mg/g DW). The highest individual phenolic content was observed for benzoic acid (0.96 ± 0.03 mg/g DW) and rutin (0.85 ± 0.03 mg/g DW), which were highest in mizuna and Chinese cabbage, respectively. Conclusion: Subspecies may influence the levels of glucosinolates and polyphenols in vegetables. The results of our study showed the distinctive metabolic signatures embedded in the 7 B. rapa subspecies.

Impact of Different Red/Far-Red Light Ratios on the Morphological Changes and Nutritional Profile of Green Leafy Vegetable Choy Sum

Impact of Different Red/Far-Red Light Ratios on the Morphological Changes and Nutritional Profile of Green Leafy Vegetable Choy Sum

Rapid Identification of Choy Sum Seeds Infected with Penicillium decumbens Based on Hyperspectral Imaging and Stacking Ensemble Learning

Rapid Identification of Choy Sum Seeds Infected with Penicillium decumbens Based on Hyperspectral Imaging and Stacking Ensemble Learning

A study on replacing chemical fertilizers with a mixture of biochar and rare earth elements for cultivating various Choy sum (Brassica chinensis L) varieties in foam boxes

A study on replacing chemical fertilizers with a mixture of biochar and rare earth elements for cultivating various Choy sum (Brassica chinensis L) varieties in foam boxes

EMS-induced mutagenesis in Choy sum (Brassica chinensis var. parachinensis) and selection for low light tolerance using abiotic stress indices

BackgroundChoy Sum (Brassica rapa ssp. chinensis var. parachinensis), grown in a controlled environment, is vulnerable to changes in indoor light quality and displays distinct photo-morphogenesis responses. The scarcity of Choy Sum germplasm for indoor cultivation necessitates the development of new cultivars. Hence, this study attempted to develop mutants through chemical mutagenesis and select low-light-tolerant mutants by using abiotic stress tolerance indices.ResultsA mutant population of Choy Sum created using 1.5% ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS) at 4 h was manually pollinated to obtain the M2 generation. 154 mutants with reduced hypocotyl length were initially isolated from 3600 M2 seedlings screened under low light (R: FR = 0.5). Five mutants that showed reduced plant height at mature stages were selected and screened directly for shade tolerance in the M3 generation. Principal component analysis based on phenotypic data distinguished the M3 mutants from the wild type. Abiotic stress tolerance indices such as relative stress index (RSI), stress tolerance index (STI), geometric mean productivity (GMP), yield stability index (YSI), and stress resistance index (SRI) showed significant (P < 0.05), and positive associations with leaf yield under shade. M3-12–2 was selected as a shade-tolerant mutant based on high values of STI, YSI, and SRI with low values for tolerance (TOL) and stress susceptibility index (SSI).ConclusionsThe results demonstrate that mutation breeding can be used to create dominant mutants in Choy Sum. Furthermore, we show that screening for low light and selection based on abiotic tolerance indices allowed the identification of mutants with high resilience under shade. This method should apply to developing new cultivars in other crop plants that can be suitable for controlled environments with stable yield performance.

The roles of novel chitooligosaccharide-peanut oligopeptide carbon dots in improving the flavor quality of Chinese cabbage

Carbon dots (CDs), a novel type of nanomaterial, play crucial roles in the agriculture field. However, it remains unclear their impacts on the flavor quality of vegetables. The present study synthesized a novel chitooligosaccharide-peanut oligopeptide-carbon dots (COS-POP-CDs) material through the chitooligosaccharide (COS) and peanut oligopeptide (POP) high temperature Maillard reactions and studied its effect on the flavor quality of Chinese cabbage (Choy sum). Results indicated that COS-POP-CDs emit blue visible light that readily absorbed by chloroplasts, while also demonstrating some degree of antibacterial and antioxidant activities. After transplanting of Choy sum, foliar spraying 0.12 mg/mL COS-POP-CDs twice can increase the content of soluble proteins, Vitamin C, and enhance the strawberry and spicy flavors of Choy Sum. After harvest of Choy Sum, foliar spraying 0.12 mg/mL COS-POP-CDs once can slow down the spoilage. These results suggest that COS-POP-CDs have significant potential to improve crop quality.

Direct seeding compromised the vitamin C content of baby vegetables and the glucosinolate content of mature vegetables in Asian leafy brassicas

This study hypothesised that direct seeding may compromise the nutritional quality of crops, as they may not release the nutrients that are triggered by the stress of transplantation. To that end, the effect of direct seeding on the nutrient content of bok choy (Brassica rapa subsp. chinensis), choy sum (Brassica rapa subsp. chinensis var. parachinensis) and mao bai (Brassica oleracea var. capitata) was investigated at the baby- and commercially-mature stages. Direct seeding had distinct effects on each stage. Directly seeded baby vegetables had 39 to 51 % less ascorbic acid and 21 to 30 % less vitamin K than transplanted baby vegetables (p < 0.05). For mature crops, direct seeding decreased the total glucosinolate content by 12 to 40 % (p < 0.05). Thus, while direct seeding may profit vegetable producers, its impact on nutrient quality merits careful consideration.

Host range of three isolates of papaya ringspot virus (PRSV) found in North Sumatera and West Java

Papaya ringspot virus (PRSV) isolates collectd from North Sumatera and West Java were evaluated for host range using mechanical inoculation. PRSV is one of the dangerous diseases in papaya plants in Indonesia reported to have a limited host range and caused symptom variation on plants. The study aim to determine the host range of three PRSV isolates from North Sumatera and West Java to several crops. Incidence of PRSV symptoms on plants was observed by morphological characterization. The experimental results showed that two PRSV isolates from Medan Ampelas and Deli Serdang North Sumatera, and Cibinong West Java isolates were pathogenic and caused systemic symptoms to Carica papaya cv. MD (Caricacea), melon (C. melo) and bitter melon (Momordica charantia). The symptom of infected papaya by the three isolates are vein clearing, mosaic on leaves, leaf blanching, wilt, and mottle on leaf lamina. The isolates caused asymptomatic to eggplant (Solanum melongena) and choy sum (Brassica rapa), asparagus bean (Vigna unguiculata), tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum syn. lycopersicum esculentum). Melon plants showed symptoms of vein clearing and lamina blanching by Medan Ampelas, and Cibinong isolates respectively, and bitter melon showed symptoms of vein clearing and leaf malformation, and mottle by isolate of Medan Ampelas and Cibinong respectively. The two plant species display asymptomatic by isolate of Deli Serdang. Isolate of Deli serdang has the potential to be a mild strain of PRSV. Complete characterization of mild strains of plant virus through molecular technology approaches can enrich understanding of the potential of these organisms for cross-protection.

Using crop intercepted solar radiation and vegetation index to estimate dry matter yield of Choy Sum.

An accurate assessment of vegetable yield is essential for agricultural production and management. One approach to estimate yield with remote sensing is via vegetation indices, which are selected in a statistical and empirical approach, rather than a mechanistic way. This study aimed to estimate the dry matter of Choy Sum by both a causality-guided intercepted radiation-based model and a spectral reflectance-based model and compare their performance. Moreover, the effect of nitrogen (N) rates on the radiation use efficiency (RUE) of Choy Sum was also evaluated. A 2-year field experiment was conducted with different N rate treatments (0 kg/ha, 25 kg/ha, 50 kg/ha, 100 kg/ha, 150 kg/ha, and 200 kg/ha). At different growth stages, canopy spectra, photosynthetic active radiation, and canopy coverage were measured by RapidScan CS-45, light quantum sensor, and camera, respectively. The results reveal that exponential models best match the connection between dry matter and vegetation indices, with coefficients of determination (R2) all below 0.80 for normalized difference red edge (NDRE), normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), red edge ratio vegetation index (RERVI), and ratio vegetation index (RVI). In contrast, accumulated intercepted photosynthetic active radiation (Aipar) showed a significant linear correlation with the dry matter of Choy Sum, with root mean square error (RMSE) of 9.4 and R2 values of 0.82, implying that the Aipar-based estimation model performed better than that of spectral-based ones. Moreover, the RUE of Choy Sum was significantly affected by the N rate, with 100 kg N/ha, 150 kg N/ha, and 200 kg N/ha having the highest RUE values. The study demonstrated the potential of Aipar-based models for precisely estimating the dry matter yield of vegetable crops and understanding the effect of N application on dry matter accumulation of Choy Sum.

Combined benefits of fermented washed rice water and NPK mineral fertilizer on plant growth and soil fertility over three field planting cycles

Washed rice water (WRW) is the leftover water after washing rice grains and is usually discarded. However, WRW contains nutrients leached from rice, making it a potential plant fertilizer. Reusing WRW promotes better water governance, particularly in the face of increased freshwater needs due to population expansion and climate change. Recent experiments in rain shelters have demonstrated the advantages of using WRW as fertilizer. Building on this, our study assessed WRW's efficacy in an open field against NPK fertilizer, both individually and in combination. The treatments were: R3 (3-day fermented WRW), N1 (full recommended NPK rate), N0.5R3 (half NPK rate and R3), and CON (tap water only). These treatments were tested over three consecutive planting cycles of choy sum (Brassica chinensis var. parachinensis) vegetable. At the end of each planting cycle, measurements were taken for the plant's growth, nutrient content and uptake, as well as various soil chemical properties and bacterial population. Plants were watered daily with 5 mm WRW (R3 and N0.5R3) or tap water (N1 and CON). N0.5R3 showed the best results in terms of plant growth, nutrient content, uptake, and soil nutrient levels. N0.5R3 supplied the most nutrients, especially N, P, and K. Increased plant growth also led to increased plant uptake of nutrients, including micronutrients. Macronutrients had a greater impact on plant biomass than micronutrients, as R3 and N1 had similar results. R3 soils had higher bacterial populations but were more acidic than N1 soils. The negative effect of NPK on bacteria was partially offset by combining NPK with WRW as N0.5R3. No carryover effects were observed, likely because of the high nutrient leaching from heavy rains. These findings confirm WRW's is an effective fertilizer in open fields, but measures like surface mulching are crucial to minimize nutrient leaching prior to its use.

A near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy–based nondestructive technique for the detection of seed-borne fungi in choy sum (Brassica chinensis var. Parchinensis)

In the present study seed-born fungi in choy sum (Brassica Chinensis Var. Parchinensis) was detected through a near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy–based nondestructive technique. Four common species of seed-borne fungi namely, Penicillium decumbens, Penicillium namyslowskii, Lichtheimia corymbifera, and Aspergillus niger were found to grow in choy sum in southern China. A novel finding was that P. decumbens had the greatest inhibition of the germination of Choy sum seeds, resulting in a non-germination rate exceeding 62.8%. The existing standardized seed sterilization treatment failed to completely kill P. decumbens, so a way to nondestructively identify and filter out P. decumbens–infected seeds wereevolved is urgently needed. Near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy–based partial least squares–discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) model achieved a discrimination accuracy of 95% in on-line nondestructive detection of P. decumbens–infected choy sum seeds. By detailing the design and application of an innovative product, this study lays a foundation for the development of intelligent equipment, and it provides a decision-making basis for seed breeding industrialization and germplasm supervision. Bangladesh J. Bot. 52(2): 689-694, 2023 (June) Special

A near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy–based nondestructive technique for the detection of seed-borne fungi in choy sum (Brassica chinensis var. Parchinensis)

In the present study seed-born fungi in choy sum (Brassica Chinensis Var. Parchinensis) was detected through a near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy–based nondestructive technique. Four common species of seed-borne fungi namely, Penicillium decumbens, Penicillium namyslowskii, Lichtheimia corymbifera, and Aspergillus niger were found to grow in choy sum in southern China. A novel finding was that P. decumbens had the greatest inhibition of the germination of Choy sum seeds, resulting in a non-germination rate exceeding 62.8%. The existing standardized seed sterilization treatment failed to completely kill P. decumbens, so a way to nondestructively identify and filter out P. decumbens–infected seeds wereevolved is urgently needed. Near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy–based partial least squares–discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) model achieved a discrimination accuracy of 95% in on-line nondestructive detection of P. decumbens–infected choy sum seeds. By detailing the design and application of an innovative product, this study lays a foundation for the development of intelligent equipment, and it provides a decision-making basis for seed breeding industrialization and germplasm supervision. Bangladesh J. Bot. 52(2): 689-694, 2023 (June) Special

Survival, Development, and Fecundity of Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on Various Host Plant Species and Their Implication for Pest Management.

Spodoptera frugiperda is Indonesia's relatively new invasive polyphagous insect pest. So far, S. frugiperda infestation has only been reported in corn and rice in Indonesia. However, S. frugiperda is known to feed on many commercial crops in other countries. To date, information on the biological parameters of S. frugiperda is limited in Indonesian ecologies. Since host plants are a critical factor for insect life history and have the potential to be used for pest control strategies, it is essential to study the biology and survival of S. frugiperda on different host plants. This research aimed to investigate the survival, development time, and fecundity of S. frugiperda on other host plant species to predict possible infestation rates for use in pest management. The study was conducted by rearing S. frugiperda on 14 common cultivated host plant species in Indonesia. The survival rate, development time, fecundity, and potential attack rate of S. frugiperda on various tested host plants were analyzed in this study. The findings revealed that corn was the primary host for S. frugiperda. The ability of S. frugiperda to survive on papaya, water spinach, banana, spinach, cucumber, and coco grass indicates that these plants are potential alternate hosts for S. frugiperda. Long beans, bok choy, choy sum, and beans might be indicated as a shelter for S. frugiperda. Meanwhile, inappropriate hosts for S. frugiperda include cabbage, broccoli, and cauliflower due to their low survival rate on these plants. This research indicates that these plants have the potential to be used as a hedge, trap, or bunker plant in S. frugiperda management strategies. However, to prevent detrimental damage, control methods are needed in an integrated manner, including monitoring pest populations, habitat manipulation, and conservation of natural enemies.

Biomass-based single- and double-network hydrogels derived from cellulose microfiber and chitosan for potential application as plant growing substrate

A series of hydrogels were synthesized from renewable and low-cost micro-sized cellulose fiber. The single-network hydrogel was composed of cellulose fiber and a small amount of another polysaccharide, chitosan, which ‘glued’ individual cellulose fiber pieces together through Schiff-base bonding. The double-network hydrogel was constructed by adding a secondary network, the covalently crosslinked polyacrylamide, into the single-network hydrogel, which was synthesized by conducting Schiff-base reaction and free radical polymerization at the same time in a facile one-pot process. In both single- and double-network hydrogels, cellulose fiber constituted the dominant component. Both types of hydrogels exhibited good swelling properties. The double-network hydrogel showed much improved stability against soaking in water and higher salt tolerance. Germination experiment with choy sum seeds sowed on hydrogel surface showed that the seeds were able to germinate and further develop roots, shoots, and true leaves, demonstrating the potential of the biomass-derived hydrogels for soilless plant growing applications.

Glucosinolate Diversity Analysis in Choy Sum (Brassica rapa subsp. chinensis var. parachinensis) Germplasms for Functional Food Breeding.

The aim of this study was to analyze glucosinolates (GSLs) in germplasm that are currently conserved at the RDA-Genebank. The analysis focused on the glucosinolate diversity among the analyzed germplasms, with the goal of identifying those that would be most useful for future breeding efforts to produce nutritionally rich Choy sum plants. In total, 23 accessions of Choy sums that possessed ample background passport information were selected. On analyzing the glucosinolate content for 17 different glucosinolates, we observed aliphatic GSLs to be the most common (89.45%) and aromatic GSLs to be the least common (6.94%) of the total glucosinolates detected. Among the highly represented aliphatic GSLs, gluconapin and glucobrassicanapin were found to contribute the most (>20%), and sinalbin, glucoraphanin, glucoraphasatin, and glucoiberin were detected the least (less than 0.05%). We identified one of the accessions, IT228140, to synthesize high quantities of glucobrassicanapin and progoitrin, which have been reported to contain several therapeutic applications. These conserved germplasms are potential bioresources for breeders, and the availability of information, including therapeutically important glucosinolate content, can help produce plant varieties that can naturally impact public health.