Chord Diagrams Research Articles

A Retrospective Report on the Infestation and Distribution of Chiggers on an Endemic Rodent Species (Apodemus latronum) in Southwest China

Chiggers are the exclusive vector of Orientia tsutsugamushi, which is the causative agent of scrub typhus. Based on the field surveys in southwest China between 2001 and 2022, this paper retrospectively reported the chigger infestation and distribution on the large-eared field mouse (Apodemus latronum), an endemic rodent species in the region, for the first time. A total of 933 chiggers were collected from 501 mice, and these chiggers were identified as 2 families, 8 genera, and 61 species. The overall infestation prevalence (PM) and mean abundance (MA) of A. latronum with chiggers reached 19.76% and 1.86 mites/per mouse, respectively. The chigger infestation indices on adult A. latronum (PM = 38.28%, MA = 5.11) were higher than those on juvenile mice (PM = 12.63%, MA = 0.97) with p < 0.01, showing an age bias of infestation. The relative fatness (K) was used to reflect the nutrition status of the mouse host. The mouse hosts with good nutrition (K = 3.4 ± 0.89 g/cm3) harbored fewer chiggers than the hosts with poor nutrition (K = 2.2 ± 0.90 g/cm3) (p < 0.01). The infestation indices of chiggers on A. latronum obviously fluctuated along different altitude gradients (p < 0.01). With the increase in altitudes, the β diversity of the chigger community showed a gradually increasing tendency. The spillover chord diagram, which was based on indices of PAC (potential for apparent competition), revealed high spillover potentials of dominant chigger species dispersing from high altitude gradients to the lowest one. The chigger abundance was positively correlated with the mean monthly temperature (tmp), mean monthly humidity (hum), the mean monthly precipitation (pre), and the human footprint (hfp), and it was negatively correlated with the altitude (ele) (p < 0.05). The temperature and humidity are the most important factors which influence the chigger infestation.

The Effects of Environmental Factors on General Human Health: A Scoping Review.

Background/Objectives: The external environment constantly influences human health through many factors, including air quality, access to green spaces, exposure to pollutants, and climate change. Contamination poses a substantial threat to human well-being; conversely, environmental factors also positively impact health. The purpose of this study is to provide a comprehensive review of the complex relationship between various environmental factors and human health. While individual studies have explored specific aspects, a broader integrative understanding is lacking. Methods: Through databases (PubMed, Cochrane, Copernicus), 4888 papers were identified, with 166 selected for detailed analysis. Results: We summarized recent research, identifying multiple associations between environmental factors such as air pollution, climate change, solar radiation, and meteorological conditions and their impact on various health outcomes, including respiratory, cardiovascular, metabolic and gastrointestinal, renal and urogenital, neurological and psychological health, infectious and skin diseases, and major cancers. We use chord diagrams to illustrate these links. We also show the interaction between different environmental factors. Findings begin with exploring the direct impact of environmental factors on human health; then, the interplay and combined effects of environmental factors, elucidating their (often indirect) interaction and collective contribution to human health; and finally, the implications of climate change on human health. Conclusions: Researchers and policymakers need to consider that individuals are exposed to multiple pollutants simultaneously, the "multipollutant exposure phenomenon". It is important to study and regulate environmental factors by considering the combined impact of various pollutants rather than looking at each pollutant separately. We emphasize actionable recommendations and solutions.

An Ecological Survey of Chiggers (Acariformes: Trombiculidae) Associated with Small Mammals in an Epidemic Focus of Scrub Typhus on the China-Myanmar Border in Southwest China.

Chiggers (chigger mites) are a group of tiny arthropods, and they are the exclusive vector of Orientia tsutsugamushi (Ot), the causative agent of scrub typhus (tsutsugamushi disease). Dehong Prefecture in Yunnan Province of southwest China is located on the China-Myanmar border and is an important focus of scrub typhus. Based on the field surveys in Dehong between 2008 and 2022, the present paper reports the infestation and ecological distribution of chiggers on the body surface of rodents and other sympatric small mammals (shrews, tree shrews, etc.) in the region for the first time. The constituent ratio (Cr), prevalence (PM), mean abundance (MA), and mean intensity (MI) were routinely calculated to reflect the infestation of small-mammal hosts with chiggers. Additionally, the species richness (S), Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H), Simpson dominance index (D), and Pielou's evenness index (E) were calculated to illustrate the chigger community structure. Preston's log-normal model was used to fit the theoretical curve of species abundance distribution, and the Chao 1 formula was used to roughly estimate the expected total species. The "corrplot" package in R software (Version 4.3.1) was used to analyze interspecific relationships, and the online drawing software was used to create a chord diagram to visualize the host-chigger associations. From 1760 small-mammal hosts, a total of 9309 chiggers were identified as belonging to 1 family, 16 genera, and 117 species, with high species diversity. The dominant chigger species were Leptotrombidium deliense, Walchia ewingi, and Gahrliepia longipedalis, with a total Cr = 47.65% (4436/9309), among which L. deliense is the most important vector of Ot in China. The overall infestation indexes (PM, MA, and MI) and community parameters (S, H, and E) of chiggers in the mountainous areas and outdoors were higher than those in the flatland areas and indoors, with an obvious environmental heterogeneity. Leptotrombidium deliense was the dominant species in the flatland and indoors, while G. longipedalis was the prevalent species in the mountainous and outdoor areas. The species abundance distribution of the chigger community conformed to log-normal distribution with the theoretical curve equation: S(R)'=28e-[0.23(R-0)]2, indicating the existence of many rare species and only a few dominant species in the community. The expected total number of chigger species was roughly estimated to be 147 species, 30 more than the 117 species actually collected, suggesting that some uncommon species may have been missed in the sampling survey. The host-parasite association analysis revealed that one host species can harbor different chigger species, and one chigger species can parasitize different host species with low host specificity. A positive or negative correlation existed among different chigger species, indicating a cooperative or competitive interspecific relationship. The species diversity of chiggers is high in Dehong on the China-Myanmar border, and a large host sample is recommended to find more uncommon species. There is an obvious environmental heterogeneity of the chigger community, with different species diversity and dominant species in different environments. The low host specificity of chiggers and the occurrence of a large number of L. deliense in Dehong, especially in flatland areas and indoors, would increase the risk of persistent transmission of scrub typhus in the region.

Tubings, chord diagrams, and Dyson–Schwinger equations

AbstractWe give series solutions to single insertion place propagator‐type systems of Dyson–Schwinger equations using binary tubings of rooted trees. These solutions are combinatorially transparent in the sense that each tubing has a straightforward contribution. The Dyson–Schwinger equations solved here are more general than those previously solved by chord diagram techniques, including systems and noninteger values of the insertion parameter . We remark on interesting combinatorial connections and properties.

The double scaling limit of randomly coupled Pauli XY spins

We consider the double scaling limit of a model of Pauli spin operators recently studied in Hanada et al. [1] and evaluate the moments of the Hamiltonian by the chord diagrams. We find that they coincide with those of the double scaled SYK model, which makes it more likely that this model may play an important role in the study of holography. We compare the model with another previously studied model. We also speculate on the form of the Hamiltonian in the double scaling limit.

Characterizing HIV-1 transmission by genetic cluster analysis among newly diagnosed patients in the China-Myanmar border region from 2020 to 2023

ABSTRACT Cluster analysis of HIV sequence can provide insights into viral transmission patterns in border regions. This study aims to illuminate the HIV-1 subtype distribution and transmission dynamics among newly diagnosed individuals in Dehong prefecture, a region along the China-Myanmar border. Among 948 participants with pol gene sequences, 36 HIV-1 subtypes were identified, with URFs (18.8%, 178/948) being the dominant strain, followed by CRF01_AE (18.5%, 175/948) and CRF07_BC (10.9%, 103/948). Additionally, 287 sequences (30.3%, 287/948) were grouped into 91 clusters, 31 of which contained both Chinese and Burmese individuals. Multivariable logistic regression indicated that men who have sex with men (MSM), CD4 + cell count of 200∼499 cells/μl, and 500 cells/μl and above, and CRF01_AE were risk factors for entering the network. Through Chord diagram, we found frequent transmission relationships among heterosexual China male group, especially those over 35 years of age. Additionally, the correlation between heterosexual Myanmar female group and heterosexual China male group among cross-risk groups deserved to be emphasized. Furthermore, the network exhibited a growing trend over time, with the largest active transmission cluster identified in Ruili county. In conclusion, the HIV-1 subtype landscape in Dehong has become increasingly complex, and the region has faced risks of transmission from both domestic and international sources. Targeted intervention strategies should be implemented for MSM, heterosexual Chinese middle-aged and elderly men, and heterosexual Burmese young adults to mitigate these risks. These findings provided evidence-based insights for local government to formulate coordinated transnational intervention approaches.

The nexus between ecology of foraging and food security: cross-cultural perceptions of wild food plants in Kashmir Himalaya

BackgroundWild food plants (WFPs) play an important role in the traditional dietary habits of various indigenous communities worldwide, particularly in mountainous regions. To understand the dynamics of food preferences, cross-cultural studies on food plants should be conducted across diverse ethnic groups in a given area. In this context, the current study investigated the use of WFPs by seven different cultural groups in the Kashmir Himalayan Region. In this area, people gather wild plants and their parts for direct consumption, traditional foods, or sale in local markets. Despite this reliance, documentation of the food system, especially concerning WFPs, is notably lacking. Hence, our research aimed to document WFPs, along with associated traditional ecological knowledge, and identify major threats to their long-term sustainability in Division Muzaffarabad.MethodsThrough a comprehensive approach involving questionnaires, interviews, focus groups, and market surveys, we gathered data from 321 respondents. PCA was performed to analyze threats and plant use using “factoextra” in R software. Origin Pro was used to create a chord diagram, while R software was used to generate a Polar heat map. Additionally, a Venn diagram was created using Bioinformatics software.ResultsThe study included 321 informants, of whom 75.38% were men and 24.61% were women. In total, 113 plant taxa from 74 genera and 41 botanical families were reported. Polygonaceae and Rosaceae accounted for the majority (17 species each), followed by Lamiaceae (7 species). Leaves were the most used part as food sources (41.04%), followed by fruits (33.33%). Most of the species are consumed as cooked (46.46%) and as raw snacks (37.80%). A total of 47 plant species were collected and cooked as wild vegetables, followed by 40 species used as fruits. This study is the first to describe the market potential and ecological distribution of WFPs in the study area. Cross-comparison showed that utilization of WFPs varies significantly across the region and communities, including their edible parts and mode of consumption. Jaccard index (JI) value ranged from 5.81 to 25. Furthermore, the current study describes 29 WFPs and 10 traditional food dishes that have rarely been documented in Pakistan's ethnobotanical literature. Climate change, invasive species, expansion of agriculture, and plant diseases are some of the most significant threats to WFPs in the study area.ConclusionsThe older age group has more knowledge about WFPs compared to the younger generation, who are not interested in learning about the utilization of WFPs. This lack of interest in information about WFPs among the younger generation can be attributed to their limited access to markets and availability of food plants in the study area. Traditional gathering of food plants has been reduced in younger generations during recent years; therefore, it is crucial to develop effective conservation strategies. These efforts not only safeguard indigenous flora, food knowledge, and cultural heritage, but they also contribute to food security and public health by utilizing local wild foods in the examined area.

A user study of visualisations of spatio-temporal eye tracking data

AbstractEye movements have a spatial (where people look), but also a temporal (when people look) component. Various types of visualizations have been proposed that take this spatio-temporal nature of the data into account, but it is unclear how well each one can be interpreted and whether such interpretation depends on the question asked about the data or the nature of the dataset that is being visualised. In this study, four spatio-temporal visualization techniques for eye movements (chord diagram, scan path, scarf plot, space-time cube) were compared in a user study. Participants $$(N = 25)$$ ( N = 25 ) answered three questions (what region first, what region most, which regions most between) about each visualization, which was based on two types of datasets (eye movements towards adverts, eye movements towards pairs of gambles). Accuracy of the answers depended on a combination of the dataset, the question that needed to answered, and the type of visualization. For most questions, the scan path, which did not use area of interest (AOI) information, resulted in lower accuracy than the other graphs. This suggests that AOIs improve the information conveyed by graphs. No effects of experience with reading graphs (for work or not for work) or education on accuracy of the answer was found. The results therefore suggest that there is no single best visualisation of the spatio-temporal aspects of eye movements. When visualising eye movement data, a user study may therefore be beneficial to determine the optimal visualization of the dataset and research question at hand. Graphical abstract

Transforming environmental health datasets from the comparative toxicogenomics database into chord diagrams to visualize molecular mechanisms.

In environmental health, the specific molecular mechanisms connecting a chemical exposure to an adverse endpoint are often unknown, reflecting knowledge gaps. At the public Comparative Toxicogenomics Database (CTD; https://ctdbase.org/), we integrate manually curated, literature-based interactions from CTD to compute four-unit blocks of information organized as a potential step-wise molecular mechanism, known as "CGPD-tetramers," wherein a chemical interacts with a gene product to trigger a phenotype which can be linked to a disease. These computationally derived datasets can be used to fill the gaps and offer testable mechanistic information. Users can generate CGPD-tetramers for any combination of chemical, gene, phenotype, and/or disease of interest at CTD; however, such queries typically result in the generation of thousands of CGPD-tetramers. Here, we describe a novel approach to transform these large datasets into user-friendly chord diagrams using R. This visualization process is straightforward, simple to implement, and accessible to inexperienced users that have never used R before. Combining CGPD-tetramers into a single chord diagram helps identify potential key chemicals, genes, phenotypes, and diseases. This visualization allows users to more readily analyze computational datasets that can fill the exposure knowledge gaps in the environmental health continuum.

Bosonic near-CFT1 models from Fock-space fluxes

We construct a family of near-CFT1 models with a conserved U(1) charge, whose basic degrees of freedom are canonical bosons. The Sachdev-Ye-Kitaev (SYK) model — the first microscopic model that realizes the near-CFT1 dynamics — is based on random p-local interactions among fermions. However, a bosonic near-CFT1 model has remained elusive in the p-local approach because such constructions generally suffer from unwanted orderings at low temperatures. Our construction is based on a recent insight that near-CFT1 dynamics can quite generally arise if we place a large amount of random fluxes in a many-body Fock space and p-locality is not essential. All such models are essentially solved by chord diagrams regardless of the nature of the underlying degrees of freedom. We further argue that such bosonic models do not suffer from energetic instablities or unwanted low-temperature orderings. For comparison we also consider a second class of charge-conserving models which are based on qubits. The thermodynamic scalings of these models are very similar to those of the double-scaled complex SYK model but are free of certain singularities the latter suffers from. We also show the level statistics of both models are described by random matrix theory universality down to very low energies.

Oral infections - a retrospective study of patients treated in the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery clinic of the Emergency County Clinical Hospital in Sibiu.

The present study was carried out in the Department of Oral and Maxillo-Facial Surgery of the Sibiu County Emergency Clinical Hospital and aimed to evaluate the oral health status of patients who refer to this medical unit, identifying the presence and frequency of dental infections among these patients. The study also aimed to identify and characterize the comorbidities present in patients with these oral conditions. Finally, the study aims to highlight the degree of concern regarding the oral health status of patients and provide relevant information for dental health services and for the development of appropriate prevention and intervention strategies. The study was conducted retrospectively and descriptively, using the hospital's electronic medical records. The total sample consisted of 1246 people, the inclusion criteria were: (a) patients admitted to the OMF Surgery Department; (b) outpatients who required hospitalization; (c) patients hospitalized under continuous hospitalization regime; (d) patients over 16 years of age; (e) patients diagnosed with infectious pathologies.After data registration, information on sex, background, distribution of diagnoses, associated pathologies of the patients and the existence of combined pathologies of the patients included in the study were taken into account. The duration of hospitalization of patients, the need and duration of antibiotic therapy, the frequency of use of combinations of antibiotics, and the number of antibiotics used in correlation with the duration of hospitalization were also analyzed.The data are presented as frequency and percentages. The combination of the most frequent associated pathologies was analyzed using an algorithm based on association rules and chord diagram was used for their visual representation. Statistical analyses were performed using IBM SPSS® (Statistical Package for the Social Science) version 20 and R software. The total sample consisted of a total of 1246 people. From the preliminary analysis, the majority of people in the sample, 68.5%, did not suffer from infectious conditions, while 31.5% were affected. Most of the patients came from the urban environment (61.73%) and were male (54.34%). Frequent comorbidities included cardiac pathologies (11.99%) and diabetes (4.08%).These data indicate the poor state of oral health among patients who call on the OMF Surgery services. It is not an isolated case, but it reflects a pattern observed globally. Based on the results of the study, the hypothesis is validated that there is a poor state of oral health among the population, manifested by the increased incidence of dental infections. International studies confirm that dental infections are often complicated by the presence of comorbidities. The study concludes that patients hospitalized in the department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery face a poor oral health state, characterized by a high prevalence of dental infections. The presence of comorbidities and seasonal factors contribute to the aggravation of these infections. These results emphasize the need for preventive and educational interventions to improve the oral health of the population in this region, as well as the development of personalized treatment strategies.

Алгоритмы перечисления симметричных хордовых диаграмм

Numerous applications require exhaustive lists of strings, which may be subject to various requirements, for example, such as their non-equivalence under the action of symmetry groups on them. The necklace is the equivalence class of r-ary strings under rotation. An unlabeled r-ary necklace is an equivalence class of r-ary strings under rotation and permutation of alphabetic characters. Let G be a symmetry group acting on a given set of necklaces T. A necklace x  T is called symmetric if there exists an element g  G, g  e such that gx = x. Other definitions of the symmetry of necklaces are possible, equivalent to the above. All of them, in one way or another, are involved in determining the symmetry of the figure compared to the unlabelled necklace. A flat figure is called symmetrical if it is self-aligned during movements of space R2 i. e. during its isometric transformations. A special case of figures and, accordingly, necklaces are chord diagrams. Chord diagrams represent an object of research that is interesting from different aspects (knot theory, Feynman diagrams, representations of Lie algebras), and has been studied by many authors. The article presents algorithms for enumerating symmetric chord diagrams and shows their connection with the knot theory using simple examples. The list of symmetrical chord diagrams may, in particular, be of interest in the field of mathematical poetry, which studies the dynamics of poetic stanzas horizontally (rhythm, syllabic volume of verses) and vertically (rhyme schemes, refrains, and other stylistic devices).

A new method to quantify the source contribution of mixed biodegraded oil based on pareto-optimized nonnegative matrix factorization and chord diagram visualization

The biogenic information of different components in crude oils with varying degrees of biodegradation is partially obscured, making traditional molecular indicators ineffective in determining the contributions of mixed sources. Previous studies have mainly focused on calculating mixed source proportion for normal oils, with few investigations involving biodegraded mixed oils. Developing a quantitative method for the mixed source contribution of biodegraded oils using machine learning (ML) algorithms is a significant attempt both to the exploration practice and theoretical progress. Taking the biomarker parameters resistant to biodegradation of 150 oil samples as input datasets, a new method called Pareto-Optimized NMF (PONMF) was proposed in this study, which combines multi-objective optimization (Pareto optimization) with non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) to analyze the relationship between biodegraded oils in the absence of source rock samples or original end-member (EM) oils while satisfying non-negativity constraints and additional constraint conditions. This method decomposes the matrix of crude oil samples into multiple end-members, each representing a possible input from a hydrocarbon source rock. Analysis of the end-member characteristics facilitates the deduction of potential hydrocarbon source layers and the traits of their depositional environments. This examination is supported by data derived from 15 prospective hydrocarbon source rock samples, which were employed to ascertain the actual geological significance of the end-members. The chord diagram depicts the visualization results of the overall relative contribution of source rock end members to crude oil in each area after the PONMF calculation results. The relative contribution of source rocks in different areas to the investigated crude oil samples is proportionate, and the arc length can reflect the contribution of the three sets of source rocks to a certain area. The findings indicate that the oils extracted from the stratified reservoirs in Eastern Chepaizi are primarily derived from the Permian source strata within the Shawan Depression, with a significant contribution ranging from 30% to 90% (EM2), and a lesser extent from the Carboniferous sources, contributing between 5% and 30% (EM1). Conversely, the provenance of oil in Western Chepaizi is overwhelmingly attributed to the Jurassic source interval located in the Sikeshu Depression, where EM3 accounts for over 85% of the source. Meanwhile, the oils in the Central Zone exhibit a composite origin, intermingling contributions from both EM1 and EM3. The advantage of this method is that it does not require direct access to hydrocarbon source rock samples or end-member oils but infers potential hydrocarbon source layers through the existing mixed-source oil samples. The PONMF method provides an effective tool for identifying the sources of biodegraded oils and can be used to study potential hydrocarbon source rock analysis for oils that have undergone biodegradation after hydrocarbon accumulation.

Enumeration of Even and Odd Chord Diagrams

Enumeration of Even and Odd Chord Diagrams

Deducing neighborhoods of classes from a fitted model

In this article, a new kind of interpretable machine learning method is presented, which can help to understand the partition of the feature space into predicted classes in a classification model using quantile shifts, and this way make the underlying statistical or machine learning model more trustworthy. Basically, real data points (or specific points of interest) are used and the changes of the prediction after slightly raising or decreasing specific features are observed. By comparing the predictions before and after the shifts, under certain conditions the observed changes in the predictions can be interpreted as neighborhoods of the classes with regard to the shifted features. Chord diagrams are used to visualize the observed changes. For illustration, this quantile shift method (QSM) is applied to an artificial example with medical labels and a real data example.

On Vassiliev invariants of virtual knots

We discuss Vassiliev invariants for virtual knots, expanding upon the theory of quantum virtual knot invariants developed in [1]. In particular, following the theory of quantum invariants we work with ‘rotational’ virtual knots. We define chord diagrams, weight systems, and give examples of Lie algebra weight systems of rotational virtual knots. We end with a discussion of extended quantum invariants, which capture information that standard quantum invariants of rotational virtuals cannot.

Testing effectiveness in nature reserve management using GIS-based tools: a 25 years monitoring of land use change in a Mediterranean coastal wetland

Land-cover change dynamics were investigated in a Mediterranean coastal wetland to evaluate the long-term effectiveness of nature reserve management. A multitemporal analysis of land cover maps was conducted, utilizing visual interpretation of aerial orthophotos from the summer seasons of 1996, 2008, 2015, and 2021. Landscape changes were evaluated by transition matrices and chord diagrams. Maps were classified in accordance with CORINE land cover types at a fourth level of detail. The multitemporal analyses provided a comprehensive overview of landscape changes within the reserve over the past 25 years. The most notable changes were the increase of wetland areas and the reduction of agricultural and artificial areas. Moreover, seminatural vegetation constantly extended over time. These changes reflected the continuous management activities within the nature reserve, encompassing agreements for water supply, restoration projects, and measures to counteract illegality. These operational actions induced fine-grained ecological changes (outcomes at ecosystem level). This study highlighted the importance of remote sensing and landscape analysis, matched with fine-grained management data, as tool for long-term monitoring. Such an approach provides valuable support in evaluating the effectiveness of strategies promoted in nature reserves hosting wet coastal ecosystems of high conservation concern.

Partial-dual polynomial as a framed weight system

Recently, Chmutov proved that the partial-dual polynomial considered as a function on chord diagrams satisfies the four-term relations. In this paper, we show that this function on framed chord diagrams also satisfies the four-term relations, i.e., is a framed weight system.

Investigating the influence of the gut microbiome on cholelithiasis: unveiling insights through sequencing and predictive modeling.

Cholelithiasis is one of the most common disorders of hepatobiliary system. Gut bacteria may be involved in the process of gallstone formation and are, therefore considered as potential targets for cholelithiasis prediction. To reveal the correlation between cholelithiasis and gut bacteria. Stool samples were collected from 100 cholelithiasis and 250 healthy individuals from Huzhou Central Hospital; The 16S rRNA of gut bacteria in the stool samples was sequenced using the third-generation Pacbio sequencing platform; Mothur v.1.21.1 was used to analyze the diversity of gut bacteria; Wilcoxon rank-sum test and linear discriminant analysis of effect sizes (LEfSe) were used to analyze differences in gut bacteria between patients suffering from cholelithiasis and healthy individuals; Chord diagram and Plot-related heat maps were used to analyze the correlation between cholelithiasis and gut bacteria; six machine algorithms were used to construct models to predict cholelithiasis. There were differences in the abundance of gut bacteria between cholelithiasis and healthy individuals, but there were no differences in their community diversity. Increased abundance of Costridia, Escherichia flexneri, and Klebsiella pneumonae were found in cholelithiasis, while Bacteroidia, Phocaeicola, and Phocaeicola vulgatus were more abundant in healthy individuals. The top four bacteria that were most closely associated with cholelithiasis were Escherichia flexneri, Escherichia dysenteriae, Streptococcus salivarius, and Phocaeicola vulgatus. The cholelithiasis model based on CatBoost algorithm had the best prediction effect (sensitivity: 90.48%, specificity: 88.32%, and AUC: 0.962). The identification of characteristic gut bacteria may provide new predictive targets for gallstone screening. As being screened by the predictive model, people at high risk of cholelithiasis can determine the need for further testing, thus enabling early warning of cholelithiasis.

Interdisciplinary Dynamics in COVID-19 Research: Examining the Role of Computer Science and Collaboration Patterns

In academia, it is rare for an event or issue to foster the extensive participation of multiple disciplines. Research related to COVID-19 has undeniably yielded a wealth of valuable insights and impetus for the progress of interdisciplinary research, encompassing concepts, methodologies, intellectual approaches, theories, frameworks, data integration and analysis, and pertinent considerations. In the academic community, there is a widespread expectation that as science and technology continue to progress, the convergence of medicine with various other fields will gain momentum. Fields like computer science are anticipated to see expanded applications in domains such as medicine, vaccine research, disease diagnosis, and more. This study aims to examine interdisciplinary approaches in health-related research, particularly in the context of COVID-19. The goal is to analyze and comprehend the involvement and collaboration patterns of various disciplines in pandemic research, with a specific emphasis on the role and integration level of computer science. This study analyzed 240,509 COVID-19 related articles published from December 2019 to September 2022 using methods such as chord diagrams, modularity analysis, and eigenvector centrality analysis in Social Networking Analysis (SNA). The findings revealed an emerging trend of integration trend between Humanities & Social Sciences and Natural Sciences. Expectations that computer science would prominently feature in pandemic research during this technology-driven era haven’t materialized. While it maintains links with engineering, it hasn’t formed strong connections with medicine. This indicates a gap between computer science and core medical research in large-scale health crises, where COVID-19 research remains centered on medicine with varying interdisciplinary collaboration, and high-tech disciplines like computer science have not achieved their expected influence in these studies.