Chopped Strand Mat Glass Fiber Research Articles

The Reinforcement Effect of Nanoclay on the Damping Characteristics of Hybrid Laminated Composites

The Hybrid Nanocomposite (HNC) laminates are processed by reinforcing the chopped strand mat glass fiber and organically modified montmorillonite clay (OMT) in the polyester matrix. The different percentage by weight (1, 2, 3, and 5% ) of OMT are mixed by high speed shear mixer into the polyester matrix and then the HNC laminates are fabricated by introducing pre-mixed polyester-clay into the CSM by hand lay-up technique. A tensile test result reveals that nanoclay in polyester matrix significantly improves the tensile modulus and strength of HNC. The results also indicate that increasing the amount of nanoclay beyond 2% by weight reduces the mechanical properties but surpassing the basic glass fiber filled system. The reinforcing effect of clay enhances the flexural modulus and strength. Considerable improvement in impact energy absorption is seen from the impact test. Dynamic mechanical analysis shows that incorporation of nanoclay improves the storage modulus and Loss tangent of HNC. Free vibration tests and logarithmic decrement methods are used to predict the dynamic characteristics such as natural frequency, and damping factor for the first four modes of different clay concentrations. Dynamic results show that second phase nanoscale dispersion between the matrix and E-glass fiber significantly enhances the internal damping of hybrid composites.

Dynamic mechanical analysis of glass fiber reinforced epoxy filled nanoclay hybrid composites

In this work, dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) of hybrid composite material made up of glass fiber reinforced epoxy polymer filled with nanoclay particles is investigated. The effect of fiber architecture, orientation and concentration on DMA properties of hybrids is studied. Three different types of glass fiber mats were chosen, namely, unidirectional glass fiber (UD-GF), woven glass fiber (W-GF) and chopped strand mat glass fiber (CSM-GF) and they were individually reinforced in epoxy polymer matrix at three different varying concentration (25 wt%, 50 wt% and 75 wt%). The nanoclay particles were added as filler material and its concentration was varied from 1 to 5 wt% in all the hybrid series. In UD-GF reinforced hybrid, the fibers are oriented at different orientation (0° to 90°) with respect to loading condition and the DMA properties was evaluated. The structure and fiber–matrix interface morphologies were examined by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis. The effect of interface properties on DMA properties is studied by theoretical and Cole-cole methods. The result shows that the DMA properties such as storage module, glass transition temperature (Tg) and Tanδ curve (peak and width) were affected by both the concentration and morphology of glass fiber reinforcement and the nanoclay fillers. In general, nanoclay reinforcement in glass fiber reinforced epoxy composites improves the hybridization effect and positively improves the DMA properties.

Effect of Chemical Treatments on Morphological, Physical and Mechanical Properties of Bamboo/Glass Fibers Hybrid Laminated Composite

Bamboo Apus (Gigantochloaapus) is a long wood fiber plant with a short planting period of 4-5 years that can be used as an alternative to reduce synthetic fibers in manufacturing composite products. The bamboo strips used to reinforce was prepared by alkali treatment in 5 wt.% NaOH (sodium hydroxide) at a temperature of 80oC for 2 hours, followed with a delignification (bleaching) of 3 wt.% H2O2, at a temperature of 60oC, PH=10 for 1 hour. The manufacturing of laminated composite products was carried out by the vacuum infusion (VI) method with a 0.8 bar pressure with a stacking sequence of 1 ply of the woven bamboo strip and 3 plies of chopped strand mat glass fiber. The tensile test of bamboo/glass fibers hybrid laminated composite treated(HLC-T) was increased by 78%, while the flexural test was increased by 73.6%. It shows that the removal of lignin and hemicellulose in the bamboo fibers due to chemical treatment could improve the compatibility between the fiber and polyester

Rupture of an Industrial GFRP Composite Mitered Elbow Pipe.

This paper examines the immature rupture of glass fiber reinforced plastic composite (GFRP) mitered elbow pipes. The GFRP composite mitered elbow pipe’s lifespan was twenty-five years; however, the pipes in question experienced immature failures, resulting in the reduction of their lifetimes to seven, nine, and ten years, respectively. The GFRP cooling water mitered elbow pipe’s service conditions operate at a pressure of up to 7 bar and temperatures between 15–36 °C. The root cause of failure was determined using visual inspection, analytical, microstructural, mechanical characterizations, and chemical analysis. The initial visualization inspection revealed an improper joint between the composite overwrapped and the straight pipe sections. Mechanical properties along the axial, hoop and 45° from the axial direction were obtained. The results from the analytical analysis indicated that the elbow might withstand the operating pressure depending on the quality factor, which was confirmed to be low due to the elbow joint’s improper fabrication process. As evidence of this, the numerical analyses’ results indicated that the safety factor in withstanding the operating pressure of 5 bar is dropped down in the radial region where the thickness is reduced to simulate the failure zone. This study’s findings recommend that thickness of less than 15 mm be reinforced using overwrapped composites. It is recommended for future installations that the fabrication process be appropriately monitored and controlled and avoids using 45°/−45° fiber orientation and multiple layers of chopped strand mat glass fiber.

Comparative studies of experimental and numerical evaluation of tensile properties of Glass Fibre Reinforced Polyester (GFRP) matrix

The investigation and comparative analysis of Chopped Strand Mat Glass Fibre Reinforced Polyester (CSMGFRP) composite laminates was conducted. The laminate samples for the experiment were first exposed to diverse X-rays intensity rates at 6 mAs interval before test under cryogenic temperature. The generated values for tensile properties like young's modulus, strength, force, energy and elongation values were all measured and noted. The tensile modulus presented 43.8% decrease at the first 12 mAs exposure before it started increasing in the order of 30.3%, 6.3% and 12.3% respectively. Also, a science laboratory (SciLab) numerical evaluation of the material's tensile young's modulus was carried out and the obtained values compared with the experimental result to ascertain the level of relationship between the two approaches. It was observed that all the tested tensile properties were not consistent in the line of material strength depreciation values, apart from tensile young's modulus. The latter is consistent, but when considered with numerical model; their values became inconsistent like the former. However, when Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) for both approaches (experimental and SciLab numerical evaluations) were checked using t-test for pair comparisons, the data sets produced a computed t-value of 4.51. The obtained t-value and the critical t-value of 2.57 for 5% level of significance and 5-degree of freedom were compared, and it was noticed that the obtained t-value was higher than the critical t-value which indicated that the result was significant at the 5% level. Thus the null hypothesis is rejected which suggests that both approaches were relevant to tensile properties investigation at cryogenic temperature.

Semi-active vibration control of MRF core PMC cantilever sandwich beams: Experimental study

The semi-active vibration control of sandwich beams made of chopped strand mat glass fiber reinforced polyester resin polymer matrix composite (PMC) and magnetorheological fluid (MRF) core were experimentally investigated in this study. Two-, four- and six-layered glass fiber reinforced polyester resin polymer matrix composites were prepared using the hand-layup technique. The magnetorheological fluid was prepared in-house with 30% volume of carbonyl iron powder and 70% volume of silicone oil. Nine cantilever sandwich beams of varying thicknesses of the top and bottom layers glass fiber reinforced polyester resin polymer matrix composite beams and middle magnetorheological fluid core were prepared. The magnetorheological fluid core was activated with a non-homogeneous magnetic field using permanent magnets. The first three modes, natural frequencies and damping ratios of the glass fiber reinforced polyester resin polymer matrix composite-magnetorheological fluid core sandwich beams were determined through free vibration analysis using DEWESoft modal analysis software. The amplitude frequency response of the glass fiber reinforced polyester resin polymer matrix composite-magnetorheological fluid core sandwich beams through forced vibration analysis was determined using LabVIEW. The effect of various parameters such as magnetic flux density, thickness of glass fiber reinforced polyester resin polymer matrix composite layers and magnetorheological fluid core layer on the natural frequencies, damping ratio and vibration amplitude suppressions of the glass fiber reinforced polyester resin polymer matrix composite-magnetorheological fluid core sandwich beams was investigated. Based on the results obtained, 2 mm thickness top and bottom layers glass fiber reinforced polyester resin polymer matrix composite and 5 mm thickness magnetorheological fluid core sample have achieved a high shift in increased natural frequency, damping ratio and vibration amplitude suppression under the influence of magnetic flux density.

Manufaktur dan Analisa Kekuatan Tarik Komposit Hybrid Serat Glass/Carbon untuk Aplikasi Pembuatan Blade Turbin Savonius

Blade design and material selection for savonius turbines need to accurate to produce high power input. This research aims to make the most robust blade material by vacuum infusion manufactured. The hybrid laminate composite applied in the manufacture of Savonius turbine blades consists of woven carbon fiber with chopped strand mat glass fiber and woven glass fiber. The variations of fiber composition comprised of five layers, namely 5An (5 layers of woven glass fiber), 5Ac (5 layers of chopped strand mat glass fiber), 2C-3An (2 woven carbon fiber-3 woven glass), and 2C-3Ac (2 woven carbon fiber-3 chopped strand mat glass fiber). The results showed 2C-3An for the best variation of hybrid laminate composite with the tensile strength of 219 MPa, with the modulus of elasticity of 6.8 GPa and the smallest density was 1.21 g/cm3.

Mechanical properties of hybrid woven roving and chopped strand mat glass fabric reinforced polyester composites

In high-performance composites’ manufacturing industries, glass fibers are one of the most important reinforcements with excellent mechanical properties. The aim of the work is to compare the mechanical behavior of two types of glass fiber reinforced polyester composites. Woven roving (W) and chopped strand mat glass fiber (C), for different layers (2, 4, and 6) respectively, were used to fabricate the composites by hand lay-up method. Moreover, the hybrid mixture of the two types of fibers was also fabricated for (2, 4, and 6) layers. The mechanical properties that are included in tensile, impact, and flexural. Also, the morphology properties were used to examine through scanning electronic microscope (SEM). The results show that the mechanical properties of the composites improved by increasing the number of layers of glass fibers. The composites W/UP have better impact strength, while C/UP composites exhibit better flexural behavior than W/UP. However, the hybrid composites WC/UP dominate the best mechanical properties. The morphology analyses supported the mechanical results. From Design of Experements (DOE), it is found that the composites follow the order WC/UP > W/UP > C/UP in terms of tensile strength, and WC/UP > C/UP > W/UP for flexural strength. While the impact strength in the order W/UP > WC/UP > C/UP composites.

Dynamic mechanical properties of Polyurethane Shape Memory Polymer Composites (SMPC) with different volume fractions of chopped strand mat glass fiber

Polyurethane shape memory polymer (SMP) are comparatively low in modulus. Hence, there is a need for incorporation of chopped strand mat glass fibers as reinforcing materials for the development of SMP composites (SMPC). In this study, glass fibers in different volume fractions which are 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 30% were used. The aim is to obtain the optimum volume fractions of glass fibers in SMPC based on the dynamic mechanical properties. The dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) was carried out to determine the dynamic mechanical properties of the composite material. The dynamic parameters which reliance to temperature such as storage modulus (E’), loss modulus (E”), damping factor (tan δ), glass transition temperature (T g) values and others will gives the data regarding the adhesion of fiber-matrix of the composite material. The result shows that upon the addition of reinforcing fibers, an improvement in storage modulus was obtained. The tan δ peak value were decrease when the fiber volume fractions were increased, which confirming the reinforcing effectiveness of glass fibers in SMPC. It was also observed that the (T g ) increase upon the addition of reinforcing glass fibers. Summarizing, 15SMPC was chosen as the optimum volume fractions of glass fibers in SMPC. The parameter of the damping vibration demonstrates main significance for civil applications for building reliability and performance enhancement. Besides, it can foresee the impacts of temperature and time towards the polymer viscoelastic performance under various conditions. This study will provide several information to determine its functional application in future research.

Effects of Abrasive Types on Grinding of Chopped Strand Mat Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composite Laminates

A grindability study of chopped strand mat glass fiber reinforced polymer laminates (CSM GFRP) has been carried out to evaluate the effects of abrasive types on grinding force ratio and area roughness at varying grinding parameters such as speed, feed and depth of cut. Performances of alumina (Al2O3) and cubic boron nitride (CBN) wheels were compared. Both wheels delivered the maximum grinding force ratios at low speed, high feed and low depth of cut. Alumina wheel produced smoother surface when grinding at low speed, low feed and high depth of cut. CBN wheel, on the other hand, gave smoother surface at high feed and low depth of cut conditions, regardless of speed. With CBN wheel, it is likely that a single grinding condition exists that maximizes grinding force ratio and minimizes area roughness. The findings indicate that CBN wheel exhibited higher grinding force ratio than alumina grinding wheel in general. CBN grinding wheel also outperformed alumina grinding wheel by producing smoother ground surface in most cases.

Quasi-Static Indentation Behaviour of Glass Fibre Reinforced Polymer

Fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) plates subject to quasi-static indentation loading were studied. The plates were fabricated from three layers of chopped strand mat glass fibre and polyester resin using vacuum infusion process. Indentation tests were conducted on the plates with loading rates of 1 mm/min, 10 mm/min, 100 mm/min and 500 mm/min using a hemispherical tip indenter with diameter 12.5 mm. The plates were clamped in a square fixture with an unsupported space of 100 mm × 100 mm. The loads and deflections at the indented location were measured to give energy absorption-deflection curves. The results showed that the loading rate has a large effect on the indentation behaviour and energy absorbed.

Fatigue properties of hemp and glass fiber composites

The fatigue properties of nonwoven randomly oriented short hemp fiber mat and chopped strand mat (CSM) glass fiber reinforced polyester composites have been studied, mainly in tension–tension mode. Despite having poorer absolute fatigue strength, the hemp fiber composites exhibited less fatigue sensitivity as compared with the CSM glass fiber composites in tension–tension fatigue. This could be correlated with the lower stiffness degradation observed during fatigue of the hemp fiber composites as compared with the glass fiber composites at the same normalized peak stress levels. Also, images recorded during fatigue loading showed that the hemp fiber composites were better at resisting crack formation and growth than the glass fiber composites. These results suggest that hemp fiber composites have the potential to replace glass fiber composites in applications where components are subjected to fatigue loads but the stress levels are of moderate value. POLYM. COMPOS., 35:1926–1934, 2014. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers

<sup></sup>Quasi-Static Flexural and Indentation Behavior of Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composite Sandwich Panel

Recently, Composite Sandwich Panel (CSP) technology considerably influenced the design and fabrication of high performance structures. Although using CSP increases the reliability of structure, the important concern is to understand the complex deformation and damage evolution process. This study is focused on the flexural and indentation behavior of CSP made of chopped strand mat glass fiber and polyester matrix as face sheets and polyurethane foam as foam core subject to flexural and indentation loading condition. A setup of three-point bending and indentation test is prepared using different strain rates of 1mm/min, 10mm/min, 100mm/min and 500mm/min to determine the effects of strain rate on flexural and indentation behavior of CSP material. The load-extension, stress-extension response and energy absorption of the panel show the relation between the flexural and indentation behavior of panels to strain rate as by increasing the strain rate, the flexural properties and the energy absorption of panel are increased.

Influence of Bias Voltage on Corrosion Resistance of TiN Coated on Biomedical TiZrNb Alloy

Recently, Composite Sandwich Panel (CSP) technology considerably influenced the design and fabrication of high performance structures. Although using CSP increases the reliability of structure, the important concern is to understand the complex deformation and damage evolution process. This study is focused on the flexural and indentation behavior of CSP made of chopped strand mat glass fiber and polyester matrix as face sheets and polyurethane foam as foam core subject to flexural and indentation loading condition. A setup of three-point bending and indentation test is prepared using different strain rates of 1mm/min, 10mm/min, 100mm/min and 500mm/min to determine the effects of strain rate on flexural and indentation behavior of CSP material. The load-extension, stress-extension response and energy absorption of the panel show the relation between the flexural and indentation behavior of panels to strain rate as by increasing the strain rate, the flexural properties and the energy absorption of panel are increased.

Mechanical Properties of Palm Fibre Reinforced Recycled HDPE

Recently, recycled thermoplastic polymers become an alternative resource for manufacturing industrial products. However, they have low mechanical properties compared to the thermosets. In this paper, an attempt has been made to enhance the mechanical properties of recycled high density polyethylene (HDPE) with chopped strand mat (CSM) glass fibres as a synthetic reinforcement and with short oil palm fibres as a biodegradable (natural) reinforcement. The effects of volume fraction of both synthetic and natural fibres on tensile, compression, hardness, and flexural properties of the HDPE were investigated. The failure mechanism of the composite was studied with the aid of optical microscopy. Tensile properties of the HDPE composites are greatly affected by the weight fraction of both the synthetic and the natural fibres. The higher strength of the composites was exhibited when at higher weight fraction of both natural and syntactic fibres which was about 50 MPa. Date palm fibre showed good interfacial adhesion to the HDPE despite the untreated condition used. On the other hand, treatment of the fibres is recommended for higher tensile performance of the composites.

Impact strength of denture polymethyl methacrylate reinforced with different forms of E-glass fibers

Objective. The purpose of this in vitro study was to determine the reinforcing effect of different forms and concentrations of E-glass fibers on impact strength of denture polymethyl methacrylate. Materials and method.A total of 91 rectangular specimens (84 specimens for test groups and seven for control group) of a heat-cured acrylic resin were fabricated. The test specimens were prepared by modifying the polymethyl methacrylate with the addition of different concentrations (2.5%, 3%, 4%, 5% by volume) of three types (chopped strand mat, woven and continuous unidirectional fibers) of E-glass fibers. The impact strength was evaluated using the Charpy method. Results. While the 5% continuous glass fiber added test group showed the highest mean impact strength, the lowest value belonged to the 2.5% woven glass fiber containing group. When the impact strength values of chopped strand mat and continuous unidirectional glass fiber added groups at all concentrations were compared with the control group, the differences were statistically significant. The impact strength values of the woven glass fiber added groups at all concentrations were higher than that of the control group. However, the difference was non-significant. Conclusion. The impact strength of PMMA was enhanced by including E-glass fibers, increasing parallel with the fiber concentration.

On the effect of abrasiveness to process equipment using betelnut and glass fibres reinforced polyester composites

Tool wear reduction is very important to the machining of fibre reinforced polymeric composites due to the hardness and abrasive nature of synthetic fibres. In this work, the impact of abrasiveness of treated betelnut fibre reinforced polyester (T-BFRP) composite on the wear of processing tools is evaluated against that of chopped strand mat glass fibres (CSM-GFRP). It was observed that the predominant wear mechanism of the T-BFRP composite was plastic deformation and fibre detachment. As for CSM-GFRP composite, there was high amount of fractured polyester and presence third body abrasive particles. T-BFRP composite caused less damage on the testing equipment compared to the CSM-GFRP composite, with surface roughness of the stainless steel counterface being lower by about 5%.

Comparison of tensile properties and impact damage tolerance of hemp and glass fiber composites

Tensile properties and impact damage tolerance of hemp fiber and chopped strand mat (CSM) glass fiber composites have been evaluated and compared. The absolute and specific tensile properties of CSM glass fiber composites were found to be much superior to hemp fiber composites. Impact damage tolerance of hemp fiber composites was also quite low compared to CSM glass fiber composites. They lost almost half of their intrinsic strength and stiffness following an impact of 2 J energy. Considerable evidence of matrix fracture, interfacial debonding, and fiber fracture was found in the fracture surface. Following an impact at 4 J energy, hemp fiber composites lost almost 70% of their intrinsic strength and stiffness. In comparison, CSM glass fiber composites were able to endure an impact of 20 J energy for 70% reduction in their intrinsic strength and stiffness.

Wear characteristics of thermoset composite under high stress three-body abrasive

Three-body abrasive wear of chopped strand mat glass fibres reinforced polyester (CGRP) was studied for three principal orientations of the fibres, i.e. parallel orientation (P-O), anti-parallel orientation (AP-O) and normal orientation (N-O). The tests were carried out under high stress conditions. A correlation between the specific wear rate and mechanical properties was established. As a result, CGRP composite exhibited better wear characteristic in P-O than in AP-O and N-O. Different wear mechanisms were observed on the worn surfaces of the materials, including pitting, micro- and/or macro-cracks, as well as breakage and debonding of the fibres.

Fracture behaviour of glass fibre-reinforced polyester composite

Fracture toughness and critical energy release rate of polyester-reinforced glass fibres were investigated using linear elastic fracture mechanics approach. The effect of fibre volume fraction of chopped strand mat glass fibres in the matrix on the composite properties was considered. Finite-element analysis using FRANC2D/L was adopted for further verification. The results showed a dramatic increase in the values of fracture toughness and critical energy release rate with increasing fibre content. 60% vf of glass fibres enhanced the fracture toughness and critical energy release rate properties of neat polyester by ∼ 22-fold and 1200-fold, respectively. The numerical results showed an agreement with experimental ones.