Choice Of Multipliers Research Articles

Improving farmers’ livelihoods through conservation agriculture: options for change promotion in Laikipia, Kenya

ABSTRACT Across Sub-Saharan Africa, agricultural practices for sustainable intensification need to be up-scaled from project interventions to institutional mainstreaming. However, several constraints, including a general lack of resources and knowledge, limited institutional support and challenging market conditions hamper this process. The objective of this study was to develop region-specific options to promote Conservation Agriculture (CA) in the Laikipia region, Kenya. We applied the Transformative Learning Approach (TLA) to stimulate and nurture a joint learning process around CA, to diagnose hindering and supporting factors for up-scaling of CA and to develop options for change promotion. Through a series of field visits, we collected and analyzed data using elements of the TLA approach: i.e. agro-ecosystem health check, stakeholder mapping, participatory videos and the Qualitative Assessment tool for CA adoption (QAToCA). Our findings reveal that up-scaling of CA is hindered by inefficient agricultural market structures, limited access to CA specific biological (residue, seeds), and technical inputs (e.g. machinery), a lack of finances, and absence of knowledge. We recommend four options for further CA promotion in the region: localised expertise (e.g. crop-livestock integration), unbiased facilitation (e.g. careful choice of multipliers), subsidized inputs (e.g. micro-credits) and robust institutional system support (e.g. stable agricultural policies).

New optimized ASIC multiplier in 28 nm CMOS for processing the X-part of FX correlator in radio interferometry

The choice of multiplier and accumulation unit determines the performance of digital signal processors, particularly in Big-Data correlators employed in radio interferometers. This work is targeted towards reducing the multiplier-size and delay in order to achieve low-power and compact-area for interferometer correlators such as in SKA and VLBI. For this purpose different fast and hardware efficient algorithms are compared and combined to achieve a new optimized ASIC multiplier design for performing correlation in radio interferometry. Further, the optimized new multiplier design is incorporated into our previous correlation processing cell designs of CMAC, CoSMAC and PE in Balu and Hasan: IEEE. Access. 5 25353–25364, 2017. The improvement in performance is verified using the GlobalFoundries 28 nm HPP standard cell library.

Some Regularities Involved with Oxidation Numbers Stated in Formulation of Redox Systems According to GATES/GEB Principles

Formulation of Generalized Electron Balance (GEB) for redox systems according to Approach II to GEB does not require the prior knowledge of oxidation numbers of all elements in components forming a system, and in the species of the system thus formed. This formulation is involved with linear combination of charge and elemental and/or core balances related to the system in question. The skillful choice of multipliers for the balances on the step of purposeful formulation of this linear combination allows for to find important regularities for electrolytic systems of different degree of complexity. These multipliers are related to the oxidation numbers of the elements; this regularity is important in the context of the fact that the oxidation number is the contractual concept. This property is valid for redox and non-redox systems. In this context, oxidation number is perceived as the derivative/redundant concept. The paper indicates the close relationships between different rules of conservation and indicates huge possibilities inherent in the generalized approach to electrolytic systems (GATES), and GATES/GEB in particular.

Power Analysis and Optimization Techniques of an 8-bit FIR Filter from RTL through GDSII

Power dissipation in CMOS circuits has put forth many technical challenges for VLSI design engineers. Dynamic power and leakage power have increased with increase in frequency of operation and transistor scaling. Signal and image processing applications require FIR filter as a sub system which has multipliers and adders as sub units. Reducing power dissipation in FIR filter will reduce power dissipation in complex circuits. In this paper, we present design and analysis of FIR filter optimizing area, power and speed performances. The low power techniques and area optimization techniques as recommended by EDA tool vendors are evaluated and optimum constraints are chosen to get the best estimation of power and speed performances. an 8-bit FIR filter is designed using Matlab FDA tool, the HDL model developed I synthesized using ASIC design tools and physical design is carried out. Various optimization techniques at every stage is used to constrain the design for optimum implementation. Choice of multipliers and adders and their impact on power is estimated. The design oriented techniques adopted to achieve power savings up to 36% using the clock gating and using the data path operator isolation here, 7% of the power has been saved. Power targets achieved would be compared to match quantitatively with the power numbers of the same design at gate level netlist after synthesis and gate level netlist after Placement & Routing.

Hyperbolic formulations and numerical relativity: II.asymptotically constrained systems of Einsteinequations

We study asymptotically constrained systems for numericalintegration of the Einstein equations, which are intendedto be robust against perturbative errors for the freeevolution of the initial data. First, we examine thepreviously proposed `λ system', which introducesartificial flows to constraint surfaces based on thesymmetric hyperbolic formulation. We show that thissystem works as expected for the wave propagation problemin the Maxwell system and in general relativity usingAshtekar's connection formulation. Second, we propose anew mechanism to control the stability, which we call the`adjusted system'. This is simply obtained by addingconstraint terms in the dynamical equations and adjustingtheir multipliers. We explain why a particular choice ofmultiplier reduces the numerical errors from non-positiveor pure-imaginary eigenvalues of the adjusted constraintpropagation equations. This `adjusted system' is alsotested in the Maxwell system and in the Ashtekar system.This mechanism affects more than the system's symmetrichyperbolicity.

Rounding probabilities: maximum probability and minimum complexity multipliers

The choice of multipliers is studied, for multiplier methods of rounding that are based on rounding functions. Four multipliers are introduced and shown to be asymptotically equivalent, an easy-to-calculate multiplier, the exactly unbiased multiplier, the maximum probability multiplier, and the minimum complexity multiplier. The results are useful in assessing the rounding error when rounding probabilities to fractional proportions.

Exponential stability of an uncontrolled thermoelastic system with varying boundary conditions*

We show herein the uniform stability of a thermoelastic plate model with no added dissipative mechanism on the boundary(uniform stability of a thermoelastic plate with added boundary dissipation was shown in [3], as was that of the analytic case where rotational forces are negleted in [9]); both the analytic and nonanalytic cases are treated here. The proof is constructive in the sense that we make use of a multiplier with respect to the coupled system involved so as to generate a fortiori the desired estimates; this multiplier is of an operator theoretic nature, as opposed to the more standard differential quantities used for such work. Moreover, the particular choice of multiplier becomes clear only after recasting the pde model into an associated abstract evolution equation. With this direct technique, we also obtain an exponential stability estimate pertaining to the limit case in which rotational inertia is neglected, and which leads to an associated analytic semigroup.

Ocean self‐attraction and loading in numerical tidal models

The formalism for handling ocean tidal self‐attraction and loading in numerical tide models is reviewed. These forcing terms require global integrations of the tidal elevations, turning the dynamical differential equations into integro‐differential equations. Following Accad and Pekeris, many authors approximate the self‐attraction/loading terms by a simple scalar multiplier of the local tidal elevation, but the choice of multiplier is not obvious and is often confused. The one recommended by Accad and Pekeris generates large errors in the open ocean. Other scaling factors are examined here; none is recommended in general, and most serious applications should use the full integral formulation. New estimates of the self‐attraction/loading fields, based on global tidal measurements from recent satellite altimeters, are now readily available.

Linear matrix inequalities in robustness analysis with multipliers

We show that a number of standard robustness tests can be reinterpreted as special cases of the application of the passivity theorem with the appropriate choice of multipliers. We show how these tests can be performed using convex optimization over linear matrix inequalities.

Minimizing the sum of the job completion times in the two-machine flow shop by Lagrangian relaxation

A branch-and-bound algorithm is presented for the two-machine flow shop problem with the objective of minimizing the sum of the job completion times. Lower bounds and precedence constraints result from a Lagrangian relaxation of this problem. The Lagrangian subproblem turns out to be a linear ordering problem that is polynomially solvable for appropriate choices of the Lagrangian multipliers. The best choice within this class yields a lower bound that dominates previous bounds. In fact, the existing bounds correspond to particular choices of the multipliers. Several dominance criteria are given to restrict the search tree. Computational experiments show that the proposed algorithm outperforms the previously best method.

Parametric identification of nonlinear dynamic systems based on nonlinear crosscorrelation functions

The paper introduces the two-step identification method of least-squares parameter estimation based on correlation functions, for nonlinear dynamic systems with linear parameters. It deals with the identification of the input/ output parameter models working in open- and closed-loops. The relation between the structure of a model, the choice of multipliers and the necessaryshifting time domain are demonstrated. The effect of the noise to the estimation results are shown. The theoretical considerations are illustrated by digital and hybrid simulations and by the identification of a heat exchanger

An extension in optimal initial choice of multipliers in the quasi-linearization method

The method of Yeo et al to choose initial multipliers optimally for the quasi-linearization solution of optimal control problems with control bounds is extended to a wider class of optimal control problems with constraints. The constraints are inequality constraints on functions of the state and control variables, and bounds on the values of the control variables. The computational characteristics of the proposed method are demonstrated with two numerical examples. It is shown that optimal initial choice of multipliers is instrumental in increasing the likelihood of convergence of a quasi-linearization algorithm.

Optimal initial choice of multipliers in the quasilinearization method for optimal control problems with bounded controls

An algorithm to choose the initial multipliers optimally for quasilinearization solution of optimal control problems with bounded controls and constant multipliers is proposed. It uses diagonal matrices of weighting coefficients in the performance index of an auxiliary minimization problem. This auxiliary performance index comprises the cumulative error in the system constraints and the optimum conditions in the original extremization problem. The auxiliary performance index is quadratically dependent on the multipliers for given state and control functions. The resulting variational problem leads to linear Euler equations. The computational characteristics of the proposed method are demonstrated with two numerical examples.